Philosophy PDF

Philosophy SIR, NEO AUSTEIN FLORES WEEK 1: PARADIGM SHIFT Paradigm Shift - set of standard pattern, framework Science Religion data driven, evident based involves the receiving of is the empirical study of revelation from God...

Philosophy SIR, NEO AUSTEIN FLORES WEEK 1: PARADIGM SHIFT Paradigm Shift - set of standard pattern, framework Science Religion data driven, evident based involves the receiving of is the empirical study of revelation from God. the world. Monotheism- One God is investigative. Polytheism- Many God Strength-Physical World Strength- Morality Weakness-Physical World But Science... cannot answer everything Science is Religion Accepts in this world. Investigative and Believes looks at reality partially. Philosophy is cannot solve a basic moral Reflective or political problem. Philosophy Gabriel Marcel's 2 Types of Reflection The armchair is the principal piece Primary Reflection of apparatus of a philosopher; for It sees persons not according to their the philosopher is strictly an being but as something associated armchair thinker. with predicates. reasoning, logic and critical Human is defined according to one’s thinking own name, student number or even Strength-Existential,deep address and etc.. conversation about life, holistic Secondary Reflection view It looks not on man only through his Philosophers needs predicates, but on his whole being, the conversation. totality of his being a person. Philosophy is reflective  Plato's Allegory of the Cave Etymological Definition of Lexical Definition of Philosophy Philosophy Philosophy is the study of the GREEK WORDS ultimate reality, causes and PHILO + SOPHIA principles underlying being LOVE + WISDOM acquired through the use of human “Love for Wisdom” reason alone” Historical Definition of Philosophy The “HOW” of Philosophy Merchants - “lovers of gain or pleasure.” Ostensive Definition of Philosophy Athletes and Politicians - “lovers of Ostensive comes from the Latin fame.” word ostendere, which means to Audience - “lovers of Spectacle.” show or to point out. One defines a 3 Types of People in Real Life term by pointing it or by showing it 1.The one who wants to be rich. out. 2.The one who wants to be famous. 3.The one who wants to understand The Starting Point of Philosophizing and reflect what life is really all 1. Wonder or Awe about The most important thing in philosophy Socratic/Socrates Motto: is that we are able to reflect on our “An unexamined life is not worth living.” human activities. Philosophy is not just a textbook 2. Act of Questioning knowledge Asking relevant questions. Asking Philosophy is basically an attitude, an questions by recognizing and being activity of the human mind and heart. aware of our own activities will lead us Wisdom is the active utilization of to deliberate reflection. knowledge.  WEEK 2: THE VALUE OF PHILOSOPHY 3. Transcendental Reduction Improving the quality of your “my” very own experience of the thinking (philosophizing) about it, phenomenon you can improve the quality of your life. WEEK 3: DETERMINING TRUTH FROM OPINION “How you think influences how you Truth is connected with the pursuit of act.” knowledge. Because the very meaning of the phrase “to know” is to have in one’s The Value of Philosophy mind the truth about the object one is What is the value of philosophy? trying to know. To know is to have the 1. Philosophy encourages us to truth. examine our lives Truth is eternal, it doesn’t change 2. Philosophy helps us to challenge our views and beliefs “How to Think About the Truth” by in order to achieve the truth. Mortimer Adler 3. Philosophy helps us to 1. To know something is to doubt analyze our daily experiences (Skepticism) in life by reflecting on it. 2. Truth is dependent on the person Marcelian's Philosophical Reflection (Relativism) Primary Reflection 3. Truth is what works (Pragmaticism) Dissolving the unity, analyzing the 4. Truth is what corresponds from the real meaning or function of the mind with the reality (Realism) object Rationalism Secondary Reflection Necessary Truth Put all things into unity, synthesizing A-Priori the object and giving it a more Knowledge is based on reason personal meaning. Existence of innate ideas Rene Descartes; Baruch Spinoza; The Husserlian Phenomenological Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz; Method Immanuel Kant; G.W.F Hegel 1. Epoche Empiricism It means removal or bracketing Empirical Truth of the biases we have with the A-Posteriori object. Knowledge is based on experience. Phenomenological Reduction Tabula Rasa 2. Eidetic Reduction John Locke; George Berkeley; David Eidetic comes from Greek word Hume; John Stuart Mill; Bertrand “eidos” means “shape or Russell essence” applying your experiences  Opinion my judgments, and to accept in them It is a kind of judgment that is nothing more than what was presented to based on someone’s viewpoint. my mind so clearly and distinctly that I It is a statement that holds an could have no occasion to doubt it. element of personal belief. It is To achieve the truth, we must doubt not based on evidence. our senses since our senses are It is not always true but rather it fallible and unreliable, that is, we must may or may not be true and avoid our perceptual illusion. The mostly used in an argument. objective of Descartes is certainty, OPINION VS KNOWLEDGE and this can be possible through the Knowledge consists in having the method of doubt. The opposite of truth and knowing that you have it, truth is uncertainty. That is why truth because you know why what you is related with certainty. This is what think is true is true. we mean by the skepticism of Opinion consists in not being sure Descartes. that you have the truth, not being The Methodic doubt is derived from sure whether what you say is true or the idea of doubting a belief. It is not false. a feeling but rather it is a rational Opinions can be true or false. insight. Opinions can be right or wrong. Evaluating Opinions 1. Authority and Source Knowledge can’t be false, knowledge Questions to consider to evaluate the can’t be wrong. If something is authority and source of the statement/s. knowledge, it’s impossible for it to be Who is the information's source? false knowledge or wrong knowledge. What are his/her credentials, background, and reputation? WEEK 4: PHILOSOPHICAL METHODS AND EVALUATING OPINIONS Is she an expert on the subject? What is the source of the assertion? Philosophical Methods Is the source trustworthy? 1. Socratic Method 2. Relevance and Reliability This is where in two Questions to consider to evaluate the interlocutors took turns in relevance and reliability of the statement/s. questioning and answering. How trustworthy is the person making the Truth is arrived at by means of claim? this dialectical method of asking How long has he or she spent studying and responding, gradually the issue? eliminating the questionable. How extensive is his/her knowledge of the 2. Methodic Doubt subject? According to Rene Descartes, Is there any unsupported generalization in the first rule is to accept the claim? nothing as true which I do not Is the information supplied actually clearly recognize to be so; that relevant to the conclusion? is to say, carefully to avoid precipitation and prejudice in  3. Context and Purpose Questions to consider to evaluate the context and purpose of the statement/s. Goodluckkk:) What is the author's or source's “ thank u for not” main and secondary objective? giving up! What are the target readers or audiences? Is the message meant to convince or persuade, or is it simply propaganda? What is the context in which the opinion is expressed? 4. Preconception and Bias Questions to consider to evaluate the preconception and bias of the source. Is the person taking a position biased in favor of or against the issue? Is she biased, preferential, or prejudiced in favor of or against a particular issue? Is the language used provocative or emotional? Are proofs provided, or is the foundation merely a preconceived notion? 5. Hasty generalization and Assuption Questions to consider to evaluate the hasty generalization and assumption of the source. Is there an effort made by the source to prove or support the opinion? Is it possible to obtain genuine documents? Is the information a single point of view or a collection of numerous relevant points of view? Is there enough evidence to support the conclusion? Are all of the significant variables taken into account?