Philosophy and Paradigm Shifts

Study Notes

A paradigm shift is a change in the basic assumptions and practices of a scientific discipline or a field of study.
It represents a move from one set of principles and methods to another.
The text presents science and religion as examples of different paradigms.

Science: Driven by data and evidence, focused on empirical study of the world.
Religion: Relies on revelation from God, focuses on morality and understanding the divine.

Science: Strength lies in understanding the physical world; limitation in addressing existential questions and moral problems.
Religion: Strength in providing moral guidance; weakness in explaining the physical world.

Philosophy is reflective and seeks to understand the deeper meaning and principles of reality.
It explores questions that science and religion cannot fully address, such as the meaning of life and the nature of existence.
Philosophy is "the love of wisdom" and aims to gain a deeper understanding of the world through reason and critical thinking.

Primary Reflection: Views individuals based on their attributes and roles (e.g., name, student number).
Secondary Reflection: Considers the whole being of an individual, encompassing all aspects of their existence.

The allegory of the cave illustrates the idea that our perception of reality can be limited and that true knowledge requires critical thinking and a willingness to challenge assumptions.
It is a metaphor for the journey of the soul towards enlightenment.

Etymological Definition: Derived from Greek words "philos" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom).
Lexical Definition: Philosophy explores ultimate reality, underlying causes, and principles through reason.
Historical Definition: Contrasts with the ambitions of merchants, athletes, and politicians, who pursue wealth, fame, and spectacle, respectively.
Ostensive Definition: Defines philosophy by pointing to or showcasing its core activities, such as reflection and questioning.

Philosophy is an ongoing process of questioning, wondering, and reflecting, rather than a static set of doctrines.

Wonder or Awe: Recognizing the mysteries of the world and seeking deeper understanding.
Act of Questioning: Inquiring about the nature of reality and our place within it.
Transcendental Reduction: Examining one's own experiences of the world to gain insights into its nature.

Encourages Self-Examination: Philosophy prompts us to reflect on our beliefs, values, and actions.
Challenges Existing Views: It encourages us to question assumptions and strive for truth.
Improves Quality of Thinking and Life: Engaging in philosophical inquiry can lead to deeper understanding and better decision-making.

Truth is linked to knowledge and understanding, while opinion is based on personal beliefs and perspectives.
Truth is considered objective and unchanging.