(1) SS113 - Module 1.pdf

The Contemporary World SS113 Course Pack Davao del Norte State College Academic Year 2022-2023 Preface It is a visible fact that the world has been constantly changing due to globalization. When we talk about globalization, it encompasses all aspects of our lives and the thing...

The Contemporary World SS113 Course Pack Davao del Norte State College Academic Year 2022-2023 Preface It is a visible fact that the world has been constantly changing due to globalization. When we talk about globalization, it encompasses all aspects of our lives and the things around us intertwined with each other in different degrees and aspects. It can be economic, political or in socio-cultural level. Yet, as a consequence to this phenomenon we are facing in this contemporary world, new ideas, innovations, and even problems and issues emerged. These concepts are diverse and should be seen in a multi-faceted lens where all of us should participate in tackling and providing solutions even in our own little ways. This subject will discuss topics about geography, history, economics, culture and political science as we form our understanding towards globalization along the way. The aim of studying the contemporary world is to guide you, the young generation to become critical thinkers as you engaged in the current events and issues around us with the hope of developing your awareness, life competencies, construct knowledge, mindfulness and sense of accountability towards our evolving world. Lastly, the authors behind this course pack The Contemporary World, hopes that this set of modules will help you, the students of Davao del Norte State College, to cope with the challenging times we are in and to find light in continuing your education even while on a distant and blended learning. Padayon! Social Science Faculty Davao del Norte State College CLASS REMINDERS Welcome to The Contemporary World! Please take note of the following reminders before going through the modules.  This course will take you to different aspect and parts of the world, so be ready to widen your imagination and sharpen your critical thinking skill.  The course pack composes of several modules, where each module contains two or more lessons.  Each lesson has a preliminary activity that will help you open your understanding on the lesson to be discussed.  After Abstraction or the lesson discussion, you will have to answer or do an activity provided under the Application. Most of the times, answering the questions or doing the tasks are offline, but there are times that we really have to go online especially for research purposes and further readings.  Do not pressure yourself! Each lesson has a time frame of one week or two so that you have enough time to finish your work.  Be responsible and manage your time wisely.  We are all in this together! Your instructors are your guides in this learning journey, always keep in touch with them in any possible way you can for announcements and further instructions. Do not be shy to contact them for clarifications about the subject.  Online communication medium will be established for every class, so always be updated and keep in touch with your classmates.  Always be respectful. Be polite when communicating with your teachers and even with your classmates. We may have a different platform of learning right now, but our good values must always be maintained whatever and whenever happens.  Enjoy the course! Keep going and always look at the brighter side of every situation. Learning can be done everywhere as long as we are determined to continue.  TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPIC PAGE MODULE 1 Lesson 1 Defining Globalization ……………………………………………. 1-8 Lesson 2 Origins and History of Globalization ……………………………… 9-21 MODULE 2 Lesson 3 The Global Economy ……………………………………………… Lesson 4 Market Integration ………………………………………………… Lesson 5 Interstate System …………………………………………………… Lesson 6 Global Governance ………………………………………………… MODULE 3 Lesson 7 The Global Divides ……………………………………………….. Lesson 8 Asian Regionalism ………………………………………………… MODULE 4 Lesson 9 The Intercontinental Drift: Culture, Media and Globalization …….. Lesson 10 Globalization of Religion ………………………………………… Lesson 10 The Global City ……………………………………………………. Lesson 11 Global Demography ……………………………………………….. Lesson 12 Global Migration…………………………………………………… Lesson 13 Sustainable Development…………………………………………. Lesson 14 Global Food Security………………………………………………. Lesson 15 Global Citizenship ………………………………………………  MODULE 1 Understanding Globalization LESSON 1 Defining Globalization LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:  Define globalization  Differentiate the competing conceptions of globalization  Identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions TIME FRAME: one week INTRODUCTION What is globalization? Why do we need to study globalization? In this lesson, we will be exploring the meanings of globalization and as well as understand deeper the similarities among the meanings referred to globalization. Let‟s start navigating! ACTIVITY Before we go on with our discussion, take a good seat to continue reading this module. While seated, create a concept map by writing ten words or phrases that you think is related to the word „globalization‟. Oops! No peeking of dictionary or surfing the internet. This is a personal evaluation of your thoughts about the term „globalization‟. Globalization 1 ANALYSIS Now that you‟re done with your concept map, let us go through some questions and answer them based on your experience. After answering them on your mind, proceed to abstraction for the discussion of the first lesson.  Have you heard the term „globalization‟ before?  Are we talking about the world when we discuss about globalization?  Do you think you are involved in globalization? How?  Is technology a part of globalization? How about our governments? Our culture?  What is the similarity among the words you listed on your concept map? ABSTRACTION What is Globalization? In the advent of technologies, we see the growth on transports and communications. This means, people and countries can exchange information and goods in an easy way, this process is called “globalization”. Globalization represents the global integration of international trade, investment, information technology and cultures. Government policies designed to open economies domestically and internationally to boost development in poorer countries and raise standards of living for their people are what drive globalization. http://www.sociocosmo.com/2013/07/globalization-good-or-bad-for-indian.html 2 In our world history, they introduced around centuries the idea of concept of globalization; traders explore to buy rare commodities such as salt, spices and gold, which they would then sell in their home countries. The 19 th century Industrial Revolution brought advances in communication and transportation that have removed borders and increased cross-border trade. The Silk Road, when trade spread rapidly between China and Europe via an overland route. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), globalization can be defined as “the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples and countries. It is generally understood to include two inter-related elements: the opening of international borders to increasingly fast flows of goods, services, finance, people and ideas; and the changes in institutions and policies at national and international levels that facilitate or promote such flows.” Moreover, Thomas Friedman defined globalization as “the inexorable integration of markets, transportation systems, and communication systems to a degree never witnessed before - in a way that is enabling corporations, countries, and individuals to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before. For the Committee for Development Policy (a subsidiary body of the United Nations Organization), globalization from an economic point of view can be defined as: “(…) the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, the flow of international capital and the wide and rapid spread of technologies. It reflects the continuing expansion and mutual integration of market frontiers (…) and the rapid growing significance of information in all types of productive activities and marketization are the two major driving forces for economic globalization.” In simple economic concept, the flow of products and services with few barriers in the integration of market, investment and trade between nations. At some point, culture is also assimilated and trade as they exchange ideas and traditions. The spread of Korean pop culture across the world will advance the exchange of ideas, art, 3 language and music like other millennials experiencing nowadays are some of the best example. Manfred Steger gave the best academic explanation of globalization when he described it as "the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and world-space."¹ Expansion refers to “both the creation of new social networks and multiplication of existing connections that cut across traditional political, economic, cultural, and geographic boundaries.”² These different connections happen at different levels. For example, social media and other new technologies have made it easier for people to connect with each other around the world, while international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are networks that bring together social workers and activists from all over the world.³ Intensification refers to the expansion, stretching, and acceleration of these networks.4 Not only are global connections multiplying, but they are also becoming more closely-knit and expanding their reach. For example, there has always been a strong financial market connecting London and New York. With the advent of electronic trading, however, the volume of that trade increases exponentially, since traders can now trade more at higher speeds. The connection is thus accelerating. Apart from this acceleration, however, as the world becomes more financially integrated, the intensified trading network between London and New York may expand and stretch to cover more and more cities. After China committed itself to the global economy in the 1980‟s, for example, Shanghai steadily returned to its old role as a major trading post.5 The final attribute of this definition relates to the way people perceive time and space. Steger notes that “globalization processes do not occur merely at an objective, material level but they also involve the subjective plane of human consciousness.6 In other works, people begin to feel that the world has become a smaller place and distance has collapsed from thousands of miles to just a mouse-click away. In other words, people start to feel like the world is getting smaller and that distances that used to be thousands of miles away are now just a click away. People can now email a friend in another country and get a reply right away, making the distance between them seem less important. Because of cable TV and the internet, people have a better understanding of what is going on in other parts of the world. 4  Manfred further differentiated globalization, globality and globalism. While globalization is a process, globality signifies a future social condition characterized by thick economic, political and cultural interconnections and global flows that make currently existing political borders and economic barriers irrelevant. On the other hand, globalism means globalization as an ideology reflecting shared ideas, norms, values accepted as truth. He adds that there are three kinds of globalism namely: Market globalism advocates promise a consumerist, neoliberal, free-market world. This ideology is held by many powerful individuals, who claim it transmits democracy and benefits everyone. However, it also reinforces inequality, and can be politically motivated. Justice globalism envisages a global civil society with fairer relationships and environmental safeguards. They disagree with market globalists who view neoliberalism as the only way. Religious globalism strives for a global religious community with superiority over secular structures. Globalization from the Ground Up Large, interconnected processes can be perplexing. Indeed, globalization is dispersed and transitory, making it difficult to judge or comment on. Some researchers avoid discussing globalization in its entirety. Instead, they want to discuss "multiple globalizations." Arjun Appadurai an anthropologist believed that different kinds of globalization occur on multiple and intersecting dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes.” An “enthnoscape”, for example, refers to the global movement of people, while a “mediascape” is about the flow of culture. A “technoscape” refers to the circulation of mechanical goods and software; a “finanscape” denotes the global circulation of money; and an “ideoscape” is the realm where political ideas move around. Although they intersect, these various scapes have differing logics. They are thus distinct windows into the broader phenomenon of globalization. Appuradai‟s argument is simple: there are multiple globalizations. Depending on what is being globalized, a different dynamic (or dynamics) may emerge. So while it is important to ask “What is globalization?” it is likewise important to ask “What is/are 5 being globalized?” Depending on what is being globalized, the vista and conclusions change. The term globalization has been defined in many ways and in various aspects, but one thing that makes them all similar in concept is the idea of being connected with one another closer and faster than ever before. How Do We Make Globalization More Just? The ability of countries to rise above narrow self-interest has brought unprecedented economic wealth and plenty of applicable scientific progress. However, for different reasons, not everyone has been benefiting the same from globalization and technological change: wealth is unfairly distributed and economic growth came at huge environmental costs. How can countries rise above narrow self-interest and act together or designing fairer societies and a healthier planet? How do we make globalization more just? According to Christine Lagarde, former President of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), “debates about trade and access to foreign goods are as old as society itself ” and history tells us that closing borders or protectionism policies are not the way to go, as many countries doing it have failed. 6  Lagarde defends we should pursue globalization policies that extend the benefits of openness and integration while alleviating their side effects. How to make globalization more just is a very complex question that involves redesigning economic systems. But how? That‟s the question. Globalization is deeply connected with economic systems and markets, which, on their turn, impact and are impacted by social issues, cultural factors that are hard to overcome, regional specificities, timings of action and collaborative networks. All of this requires, on one hand, global consensus and cooperation, and on the other, country-specific solutions, apart from a good definition of the adjective “just”. References: Mendoza, Cheryl C. et al. 2019. “Work text in The Contemporary World.” Nieme Publishing House Co. Ltd https://youmatter.world/en/definition/definitions-globalization-definition-benefits-effects-examples/ Manfred B. Steger, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction, Third edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013) 15. Manfred B. Steger, “Ideologies of Globalization,” Journal of Political Ideologies 10, no.1 (2005): 11-30. Lisandro E. Claudio and Patricio N. Abinales, “The Contemporary World,” Globalization: A working Definition (2018), 6-7. 7  APPLICATION Instruction: Based on Appadurai‟s explanation of globalization, identify which type of globalization is being shown in each scenario. 1. Nathalie together with her parents migrated to US to find a better job and security. 2. Jonelyn a Filipino student who dress, looks, and sounds like Korean because of hallyu wave. 3. The adaptation of K-12 curriculum in the Philippines educational system. 4. Rhea went to the bank to have money exchanged. 5. Samsung and iPhones are the top mobile phone brands purchased globally. Explain what would be the working definition of globalization for your course? 20 points \ 8  LESSON 2 Origins and History of Globalization LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:  Trace the history of globalization  Value the importance of evolution of globalization  Relate globalization to their daily lives TIME FRAME: one week INTRODUCTION Now that we understood the meaning of globalization, we will now proceed to the next lesson of tracing the beginning of globalization and soon relating this phenomenon to our daily lives. This may be a long read so focus and take note of the important details such as how we have been connected to other countries even before. ACTIVITY List ten things/song/food/practices/technology/words that do not really originate from the Philippines but is commonly visible among Filipinos. Identify each of them where did they originated. Example: Foreign Item/Practices/Words Origin of Country the word „hasol‟ in Bisaya USA (an English word “hassle” which we used since American occupation) siopao China (xiao long bao) 9 ANALYSIS Now that you‟re done with the activity, let us go through some questions and answer them.  What‟s the origin (country) of the most items that you listed?  How did you know about their origins? Where did you learn about it?  Is it important to study history of the things that is around us? Why?  Can globalization be traced back?  Will tracing our history helps us in the present and future times? ABSTRACTION A Brief History of Globalization When Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba in 2018 announced it had chosen the ancient city of Xi‟an as the site for its new regional headquarters, the symbolic value wasn‟t lost on the company: it had brought globalization to its ancient birthplace, the start of the old Silk Road. It named its new offices aptly: “Silk Road Headquarters”. The city where globalization had started more than 2,000 years ago would also have a stake in globalization‟s future. Alibaba shouldn‟t be alone in looking back. As we are entering a new, digital-driven era of globalization – we call it “Globalization 4.0” – it is worthwhile that we do the same. When did globalization start? What were its major phases? And where is it headed tomorrow? 10 So, when did international trade start and how did it lead to globalization? Silk roads (1st century BC-5th century AD, and 13th-14th centuries AD) People have been trading goods for almost as long as they‟ve been around. But as of the 1st century BC, a remarkable phenomenon occurred. For the first time in history, luxury products from China started to appear on the other edge of the Eurasian continent – in Rome. They got there after being hauled for thousands of miles along the Silk Road. Trade had stopped being a local or regional affair and started to become global. That is not to say globalization had started in earnest. Silk was mostly a luxury good, and so were the spices that were added to the intercontinental trade between Asia and Europe. As a percentage of the total economy, the value of these exports was tiny, and many middlemen were involved to get the goods to their destination. But global trade links were established, and for those involved, it was a goldmine. From purchase price to final sales price, the multiple went in the dozens. The Silk Road could prosper in part because two great empires dominated much of the route. If trade was interrupted, it was most often because of blockades by local enemies of Rome or China. If the Silk Road eventually closed, as it did after several centuries, the fall of the empires had everything to do with it. And when it reopened in Marco Polo‟s late medieval time, it was because the rise of a new hegemonic empire: the Mongols. It is a pattern we‟ll see throughout the history of trade: it thrives when nations protect it, it falls when they don‟t. 11 Ancient silk roads Image: Flickr Spice routes (7th-15th centuries) The next chapter in trade happened thanks to Islamic merchants. As the new religion spread in all directions from its Arabian heartland in the 7th century, so did trade. The founder of Islam, the prophet Mohammed, was famously a merchant, as was his wife Khadija. Trade was thus in the DNA of the new religion and its followers, and that showed. By the early 9th century, Muslim traders already dominated Mediterranean and Indian Ocean trade; afterwards, they could be found as far east as Indonesia, which over time became a Muslim-majority country, and as far west as Moorish Spain. The main focus of Islamic trade in those Middle Ages were spices. Unlike silk, spices were traded mainly by sea since ancient times. But by the medieval era they had become the true focus of international trade. Chief among them were the cloves, nutmeg and mace from the fabled Spice islands – the Maluku islands in Indonesia. They were extremely expensive and in high demand, also in Europe. But as with silk, they remained a luxury product, and trade remained relatively low volume. Globalization still didn‟t take off, but the original Belt (sea route) and Road (Silk Road) of trade between East and West did now exist. 12 Age of Discovery (15th-18th centuries) Truly global trade kicked off in the Age of Discovery. It was in this era, from the end of the 15th century onwards, that European explorers connected East and West – and accidentally discovered the Americas. Aided by the discoveries of the so-called “Scientific Revolution” in the fields of astronomy, mechanics, physics and shipping, the Portuguese, Spanish and later the Dutch and the English first “discovered”, then subjugated, and finally integrated new lands in their economies. The Age of Discovery rocked the world. The most (in)famous “discovery” is that of America by Columbus, which all but ended pre-Colombian civilizations. But the most consequential exploration was the circumnavigation by Magellan: it opened the door to the Spice islands, cutting out Arab and Italian middlemen. While trade once again remained small compared to total GDP, it certainly altered people‟s lives. Potatoes, tomatoes, coffee and chocolate were introduced in Europe, and the price of spices fell steeply. Yet economists today still don‟t truly regard this era as one of true globalization. Trade certainly started to become global, and it had even been the main reason for starting the Age of Discovery. But the resulting global economy was still very much siloed and lopsided. The European empires set up global supply chains, but mostly with those colonies they owned. Moreover, their colonial model was chiefly one of exploitation, including the shameful legacy of the slave trade. The empires thus created both a mercantilist and a colonial economy, but not a truly globalized one. First wave of globalization (19th century-1914) This started to change with the first wave of globalization, which roughly occurred over the century ending in 1914. By the end of the 18th century, Great Britain had started to dominate the world both geographically, through the establishment of the British Empire, and technologically, with innovations like the steam engine, the industrial weaving machine and more. It was the era of the First Industrial Revolution. 13  The “British” Industrial Revolution made for a fantastic twin engine of global trade. On the one hand, steamships and trains could transport goods over thousands of miles, both within countries and across countries. On the other hand, its industrialization allowed Britain to make products that were in demand all over the world, like iron, textiles and manufactured goods. “With its advanced industrial technologies,” the BBC recently wrote, looking back to the era, “Britain was able to attack a huge and rapidly expanding international market.” The resulting globalization was obvious in the numbers. For about a century, trade grew on average 3% per year. That growth rate propelled exports from a share of 6% of global GDP in the early 19th century, to 14% on the eve of World War I. As John Maynard Keynes, the economist, observed: “The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole Earth, in such quantity as he might see fit, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep.” Keynes also noted, a similar situation was also true in the world of investing. Those with the means in New York, Paris, London or Berlin could also invest in internationally active joint stock companies. One of those, the French Compagnie de Suez, constructed the Suez Canal, connecting the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean and opened yet another artery of world trade. Others built railways in India, or managed mines in African colonies. Foreign direct investment, too, was globalizing. While Britain was the country that benefited most from this globalization, as it had the most capital and technology, others did too, by exporting other goods. The invention of the refrigerated cargo ship or “reefer ship” in the 1870s, for example, allowed for countries like Argentina and Uruguay, to enter their golden age. They started to mass export meat, from cattle grown on their vast lands. Other countries, too, started to specialize their production in those fields in which they were most competitive. But the first wave of globalization and industrialization also coincided with darker events, too. By the end of the 19th century, the Khan Academy notes, “most [globalizing and industrialized] European nations grabbed for a piece of Africa, and by 1900 the only independent country left on the continent was Ethiopia”. In a similarly 14 negative vein, large countries like India, China, Mexico or Japan, which were previously powers to reckon with, were not either not able or not allowed to adapt to the industrial and global trends. Either the Western powers put restraints on their independent development, or they were otherwise outcompeted because of their lack of access to capital or technology. Finally, many workers in the industrialized nations also did not benefit from globalization, their work commoditized by industrial machinery, or their output undercut by foreign imports. The world wars It was a situation that was bound to end in a major crisis, and it did. In 1914, the outbreak of World War I brought an end to just about everything the burgeoning high society of the West had gotten so used to, including globalization. The ravage was complete. Millions of soldiers died in battle, millions of civilians died as collateral damage, war replaced trade, destruction replaced construction, and countries closed their borders yet again. In the years between the world wars, the financial markets, which were still connected in a global web, caused a further breakdown of the global economy and its links. The Great Depression in the US led to the end of the boom in South America, and a run on the banks in many other parts of the world. Another world war followed in 1939-1945. By the end of World War II, trade as a percentage of world GDP had fallen to 5% – a level not seen in more than a hundred years. Second and third wave of globalization The story of globalization, however, was not over. The end of the World War II marked a new beginning for the global economy. Under the leadership of a new hegemon, the United States of America, and aided by the technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution, like the car and the plane, global trade started to rise once again. At first, this happened in two separate tracks, as the Iron Curtain divided the world into two spheres of influence. But as of 1989, when the Iron Curtain fell, globalization became a truly global phenomenon. 15  In the early decades after World War II, institutions like the European Union, and other free trade vehicles championed by the US were responsible for much of the increase in international trade. In the Soviet Union, there was a similar increase in trade, albeit through centralized planning rather than the free market. The effect was profound. Worldwide, trade once again rose to 1914 levels: in 1989, export once again counted for 14% of global GDP. It was paired with a steep rise in middle-class incomes in the West. Then, when the wall dividing East and West fell in Germany, and the Soviet Union collapsed, globalization became an all-conquering force. The newly created World Trade Organization (WTO) encouraged nations all over the world to enter into free-trade agreements, and most of them did, including many newly independent ones. In 2001, even China, which for the better part of the 20th century had been a secluded, agrarian economy, became a member of the WTO, and started to manufacture for the world. In this “new” world, the US set the tone and led the way, but many others benefited in their slipstream. At the same time, a new technology from the Third Industrial Revolution, the internet, connected people all over the world in an even more direct way. The orders Keynes could place by phone in 1914 could now be placed over the internet. Instead of having them delivered in a few weeks, they would arrive at one‟s doorstep in a few days. What was more, the internet also allowed for a further global integration of value chains. You could do R&D in one country, sourcing in others, production in yet another, and distribution all over the world. The result has been a globalization on steroids. In the 2000s, global exports reached a milestone, as they rose to about a quarter of global GDP. Trade, the sum of imports and exports, consequentially grew to about half of world GDP. In some countries, like Singapore, Belgium, or others, trade is worth much more than 100% of GDP. A majority of global population has benefited from this: more people than ever before belong to the global middle class, and hundred of millions achieved that status by participating in the global economy. 16 Globalization 4.0 That brings us to today, when a new wave of globalization is once again upon us. In a world increasingly dominated by two global powers, the US and China, the new frontier of globalization is the cyber world. The digital economy, in its infancy during the third wave of globalization, is now becoming a force to reckon with through e-commerce, digital services, 3D printing. It is further enabled by artificial intelligence, but threatened by cross-border hacking and cyber-attacks. At the same time, a negative globalization is expanding too, through the global effect of climate change. Pollution in one part of the world leads to extreme weather events in another. And the cutting of forests in the few “green lungs” the world has left, like the Amazon rainforest, has a further devastating effect on not just the world‟s biodiversity, but its capacity to cope with hazardous greenhouse gas emissions. But as this new wave of globalization is reaching our shores, many of the world‟s people are turning their backs on it. In the West particularly, many middle-class workers are fed up with a political and economic system that resulted in economic inequality, social instability, and – in some countries – mass immigration, even if it also led to economic growth and cheaper products. Protectionism, trade wars and immigration stops are once again the order of the day in many countries. As a percentage of GDP, global exports have stalled and even started to go in reverse slightly. As a political ideology, “globalism”, or the idea that one should take a global perspective, is on the wane. And internationally, the power that propelled the world to its highest level of globalization ever, the United States, is backing away from its role as policeman and trade champion of the world. It was in this world that Chinese president Xi Jinping addressed the topic globalization in a speech in Davos in January 2017. “Some blame economic globalization for the chaos in the world,” he said. “It has now become the Pandora‟s box in the eyes of many.” But, he continued, “we came to the conclusion that integration into the global economy is a historical trend. [It] is the big ocean that you cannot escape from.” He went on the propose a more inclusive globalization, and to rally nations to join in China‟s new project for international trade, “Belt and Road”. 17 It was in this world, too, that Alibaba a few months later opened its Silk Road headquarters in Xi‟an. It was meant as the logistical backbone for the e-commerce giant along the new “Belt and Road”, the Paper reported. But if the old Silk Road thrived on the exports of luxurious silk by camel and donkey, the new Alibaba Xi‟an facility would be enabling a globalization of an entirely different kind. It would double up as a big data college for its Alibaba Cloud services. Technological progress, like globalization, is something you can‟t run away from, it seems. But it is ever changing. So how will Globalization 4.0 evolve? We will have to answer that question in the coming years. Article written by Peter Vanham, Head of Communications, Chairman’s Office, World Economic Forum. 17 January 2019 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/01/how-globalization-4-0-fits-into-the-history-of-globalization/ 18 APPLICATION History and Origins of Globalization Name: ___________________________________ Program/Year/Set: __________ Date Submitted: _______________________ Score: ____________ Instruction: Trace the history of globalization by identifying the significant events/ discovery that led to the advancement of globalization by using the graphic organizer below. 19 MODULE ASSESSMENT True or False Instruction: Write True if the sentence is correct or False if the sentence is wrong. ________1. WHO define globalization as „the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples and countries. ________2. Thomas Friedman defined globalization as “the inexorable integration of markets, transportation systems, and communication systems to a degree never witnessed before.” ________3. Exchange of information and goods in an easy way, this process is called globalization. ________4. Globalization is an event that occurred in unprecedented pace and gives definition to the world‟s market. ________5. Globalization has contributed to global warming, climate change and the overuse of natural resources. ________6. Some politicians argue that globalization is detrimental to the middle class, and is causing increasing economic and political polarization to developed countries. ________7. United Nations defines economic globalization as “increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies.” ________8. Globalization can cause either advantage or disadvantage to a certain country. ________9. The spread of CoVid-19 nowadays can be an issue about globalization. ________10. Understanding globalization leads to knowing that we are also contributing to this phenomenon. 20 Essay Writing Instruction: Summarize the following topics below. Maximum of 30 words each. Write down the significance of the Silk Road. What is/are the highlight/s when we talked about Industrial Revolution? Emphasize the impact of the two world wars to globalization. Describe the features of globalization that we are experiencing right now. MODULE SUMMARY There are plenty of ways to define globalization and the common ground of all these definitions is that it always tackles about linkages of all sorts of things in various aspects and degrees. Even our small actions can be considered a part of it, such as purchasing a foreign product and using it or by disposing properly our waste which could help save our global environment or by just listening to foreign songs and later on learning other cultures through it. The ways that people, goods, services, information, culture and places are connected is not new, the reality is that the world has been connected a long time ago and the ties among us have just been evolving and getting stronger throughout the years. “It is not the strongest or the most intelligent who will survive, but those who can best manage change.” Leon C. Megginson 21