Readings In Philippine History PDF 1POL1 Prelims 2024

PRELIMINARIES Reviewer READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – 1POL1 PROF. EVARDONE I FIRST YEAR PRELIMS 2024 By definition according to the National Archives Act of 2007 TOPICS:...

PRELIMINARIES Reviewer READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY – 1POL1 PROF. EVARDONE I FIRST YEAR PRELIMS 2024 By definition according to the National Archives Act of 2007 TOPICS: (R.A. 9470): ARCHIVAL RESEARCH Archives or archival material refer to public records, papers, EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CRITICISMS IN HISTORY periodicals, books or other items, articles, or materials whether in the SOURCES ON PREHISPANIC PHILIPPINES form of electronic, audio-visual, print, which by their value which by HISTORICAL CRITIQUE their nature and characteristics, have enduring archival value that KARTILLA NG KATIPUNAN AND THE BENEVOLENT that have been selected for permanent preservation. ASSIMILATION Public records – can be accessed or used without any ethical EXAMINING THE 1898 TREATY OF PARIS permission, available for anyone who would like to use and conduct a research. –such as budget Laguna Copperplate Inscription Reading NOT included in the reviewer but is included in the exam* Private records – such as TOR, medical records ARCHIVAL RESEARCH: ITS VALUE TO SOCIAL SCIENCE Some public records can be accessed in a year, Japanese (and RESEARCH Taiwanese and Koreans) doing heinous crimes, they have By its very definition research from the French word “researche” private trials, tumagal, nagging public record - yamashita’s means “looking back”. name, tomoguchi, names, their records of crimes are available in archives – based from a credible source. When conducting research, it is important to have evidence so that your knowledge about the past is credible without any evidence, your knowledge is hearsay, undependable, not credible, cannot be Archives must have controlled temperatures, kasi may mga believed on. papel na matagal na, they are very fragile. Some archives have rules – bawal hawakan, baka masira, bawal Example: People say that martial law is a “golden era” without any take pictures, need to ask permission, you go back to a particular evidence; do not believe that. The evidence should be substantial. era, such as kung paano gumanti ang Pilipino sa kastila. One can literally go back to the past by looking at its records. These records can be found in repositories such as the archives. Ex: How do you know Rizal is small guy? His biography in which his height was written! As a place, it is: Ex: artifacts, uniforms A building, a room, storage where archival materials are kept and preserved. An archive is a place where people store their old records. As an organization (or part of an organization): Its function is to select, collect and preserve archival records and make such records available for public use. It is different from the rare books section of a library where books Not all public records are primary sources, only those that have local and national relevance. considered old or out of print are kept. Ex: Rizal love life somehow relevant kasi inspiration niya for Rare books are those publications which are characters such as maria clara – based on girlfriends of rizal. not anymore accessible and therefore have This significance influenced him to do something, and that become rare and had to be more guarded. something has relevance to our national history (noli and el fili). You cannot separate the person to his lovelife. Juan Luna is dignificant The term “document” Archival sources are authoritative sources Record – official, Document – something written Its words are more powerful than spoken ones. Resource is hard to get by in research. Pag sinabi ng archives, lahat ng records dito is credible. Pag may tatak ng symbol ng national archive, credible, pwede Refers to recorded information regardless of medium and gamitin sa kaso. (Custody or provenance) characteristics. It is frequently used interchangeably with “records”. The impact of one’s scholarship is judged by the amount of archival research is undertaken in the case of historical studies. Grades and signature of The controlling government agency for the country’s archives Rizal. is: The National Archives of the Philippines also known as the Philippine National Archives (PNA). -Reports While most records are accessible to the public, there are records Public at private reports that are considered restricted because there exists a legal impediment or standard advice issued by the Executive Director of Eg, archives lahat ng medals, records, tor, nandoon, its the Archives that such public records be withheld from public access. your personal archive – a private archive. Anything public is for the use of the national citizen. May mga bawal, such as recent dahil may legal aspects, di pwede ibalita. There are two types of archives in the country UST archives, just need letter to access. Public archives are those managed by the government. A local government may have a public archive: The main archives of the Philippines is the Philippine National Archives. When it has custody of local government records. The UST also has its own archives. The PNA contains documents from the Spanish period such as It contains records about the University including wills, lists of students, grades, personnel etc. 1. Ereccion de Pueblos 9. Asuntos Criminales 2. Cedularios 10. Presidios Importance of Archival Research 3. Bautismos 11. Marina 4. Vecindarios 12. Filipinos Ilustres It gives a view of the past. 5. Difunciones 13. Planos 6. Guia de Forasteros 14. Gaceta de Manila Just like a time 7. Varias Provincias machine where you 8. Sediciones y Rebelliones can access artifacts and records. 15. Prestacion Personal (Polos y Servicios) 16. Other documents that pertain to aspects such as health i.e. lazaretos Economic matters such as the Tobacco Monopoly, Opium Monopoly, maritima, agricola, etc.  Before 1521 Pre-Spanish or precolonial era Arrival of Magellan, but killed, colonization did not happen. 1521 Pigafetta cannot find records and writings, kaya siya nagsulat, pero hindi lang yun yung records. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (with Friar Andres de Urdaneta) 1565 333 years of colonization, pero 331 years lang daw kasi nanalo British sa manila for 2 years Di natuloy british colonization dahil sa peace treaty, british returned to spain. June 12, Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from 1898 Spain (First Philippine / Malolos Republic) 1898-1935 Treaty of Paris - Start of American rule (their official rule was started in 1901) 1935-1945 Commonwealth of the Philippines (Self-governing US Territory) Japanese occupation (Second Philippine Republic 1941-1945 madami na pictures and videos, pinepreserve na rin videos, most photos there was shot using SLR (single lens reflex) di madadaya unless may digital na ieedit. 1945 Third Philippine Republic (Post-war Republic) 1972 Declaration of martial law People Power Revolution (Freedom Constitution) 1986 freedom constitution – assess condition of 1986 Philippines under the 1973 parliamentary form of government, narealize nila kung ano ang tama, so made in 1987 constitution approved until today. New republic in 1987 Constitution 1987 If the constitution is changed, it becomes a new republic, NOT if it is just amended. Plano de Alcaiceria de Binondo Aside from the national government, local governments also keep their own archives These contain matters of local interest like history, lists of people living in the area, births and deaths, local health matters, economy, industry and events that have taken place there. There are a number of private archives such as the ecclesiastical archives The archives of the Archdiocese of Manila contain important Many of the archival documents are in the Spanish language. documents such as It is therefore necessary to know the language. 1. Baptisms 2. Foundations of parishes, dioceses and archdioceses 3. Pastoral letters 4. Reports from the various churches 5. Letters including retraction letters of Rizal and Marcelo H. del Pilar 6. Controversial matters such as brujerias (witchcraft); divorce One should also understand archival Spanish (actually happened during the Spanish period) There are many Spanish words not anymore used or the 7. conflicts within the church such as rivalries between meaning has changed. religious orders Cajon means a division in a rice field. Aside from the Archdiocesan Archives, other religious orders There are various terms indicating measurements such as maintain their own archives vara for measuring length and quintal for weight. The Spanish legua or league is different from the English The Dominicans maintain their archive for their order league. The Jesuits have theirs at the Ateneo The Recollects have an archive at their Mission House in There are also brief forms Fairview Such as: Archival documents are prized for their historic value. Dte Gde - Dios te Guarde, may Most of these are primary sources if they are reports, laws, letters, God keep you statements and statistical figures. Cbllero – Caballero Idem – same Some documents though classified as primary, may have conflicting information The researcher must be able to read between the lines and understand the intent of the writer. He could be lying or making The researcher must be careful to discern a primary document things up. from a secondary one. Not all archival documents are primary sources. The researcher should discern truth from propaganda Many archival documents are still in their original paper. Others are now available in microfilm, microfiche and digital copies Some can be accessed through the Internet In the words of William Henry Scott: One must see through the Even genealogical records can now be accessed through parchment curtain the genealogical project of the Church of the Latter Day Saints based in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA In citing archival documents the researcher must write his sources accurately by citing the box number, expediente number and document number, and topic i.e. PNA, Marianas, 1858-1898, Advertisement of putting up opium dens in the Marianas PNA, Marianas, Bundle 38, 1884 PNA, Marianas, Bundle 33, Espediente 76, ff. 1-4, 1891 Conclusion 2. Artifacts Archival research is an integral Artifacts are not history per se, more on archaeology. tool of history It unveils truth and destroys stereotypes 3. Fossils It reveals glossed-over details Paleontology, can be marine p (mga nasa tubig). By using archival materials the researcher is helping in their preservation by disseminating them as secondary material. Citing 4. Oral history them restores their importance in history. SKELETON of Magellan is still in limasawa, Miguel lopez de legazpi remains are still in san agustin church, Madami fossil sa ust, pero di alam dahil ginawang internment camp ng Japanese. External Criticism The understanding of these documents conveys to us how Filipinos see themselves and presents to us what was life was during that The problem of authenticity. (author, etc) point in history. To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents. To distinguish a hoax or misrepresentation. Ginawan ng paraan para maging sigurado ang mga totoo, dinodoktor ang primary source kasi mahal, such as paintings) Tests of Authenticity EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CRITICISM IN HISTORY 1. Determine the date of the document to see whether they are anachronistic e.g. pencils did not exist before the 16th Sources (not in powerpoint): Century. 1. Documents a. Primary – mismong event Anachronistic – bagay or words not yet exist sa panahon nay un, eg maria clara saying OMG, yey, jose rizal using a laptop. Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time 2. Determine the author e.g. handwriting, signature, seal. historical events occurred or even well after events, as in 3. Anachronistic style e.g. idiom, orthography, punctuation. memoirs and oral histories. Tablet is gamot dati, ngayon tablet is gadget na. Primary sources may include but are not limited to: letters, manuscripts, diaries, journal, newspapers, maps, speeches, interviews, documents produced by government agencies, 4. Anachronistic reference to events e.g. too early, too photography, audio or video recordings, born-digital items late, too remote. 5. Provenance or custody e.g. determines its genuineness. b. Secondary – collected Sino nangangalaga ng document – provenance Secondary sources interpret and analyzes primary sources. Ex: galing sa ph archives, authentic, buenavides archives, These sources are one or more steps removed from the authentic, recto, PARANG authentic, sa kaibigan mo, di authentic event. Secondary sources may contain pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources. 6. Semantics – determining the meaning of a text or word. Some types of secondary source include textbooks, journal articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias Eg longest sweetheart of rizal is Leonor rivera, tawag niya sa kanya is taimese, may ibat ibang meaning yung word) Langgam, Both are important, primary may be more reliable, but Ilonggo ibon, pero tagalog yung mga maliliit. need to corroborate kasi pwede may mag sinungaling. 7. Hermeneutics –determining ambiguities.  Hermeneutics - you interpret and analyze ambiguities. SECONDARY SOURCE – de Viana, Augusto. The Philippine, a story of a nation. Rex Publishing House. Internal Criticism The Problem of Credibility Relevant particulars in the document – is it credible? PRIMARY SOURCE - Alvarez, SECONDARY SOURCE – de Santiago Viana, Augusto We are talking about the document itself. AUTHENTICITY – The TEXT - In July 1896, he sent document is a memoirs written Jacinto and Pio Valenzuela to in Tagalog by the author Jose Rizal who was then in (We are talking about the document itself) himself and was translated in exile in Dapitan to share Verisimilar – as close as what really happened from a critical English. The authenticity is his views… examination of best available sources. attested by the ADMU Press and its translator. integrity of HISTORIOGRAPHY – Though the the author did not directly Ex: diploma, id, class picture. quoted S.Alvarez, he. PROVENANCE/CREDIBILITY nonetheless made used of Tests of Credibility – S. Alvarez served as a several resources such as: general of Katipunan primary sources, secondary 1. Identification of the author e.g. to determine his sources, and academic reliability; mental processes, personal attitudes. TEXT - Si Dr. Pio Valenzuela researches. His inclusion of ang lalakad sa Dapitan ang Jacinto could come from other Reliable ba siya? Example: topic is politics, author is a makikipag-usap kay Dr. Jose sources and/or his further balut vendor, not credible as a political analyst Rizal reading of S.Alvarez. compared to judges. 2. Determination of the approximate date e.g. handwriting, signature, seal. ON THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY 3. Ability to tell the truth e.g. nearness to the event, PRIMARY SOURCE – de Togores y competence of witness, degree of attention. Saravia, Jose Roca (1908). BLOCKADE 4. Willingness to tell the truth e.g. to determine if the author AND SIEGE OF MANILA. HUESCA: consciously or unconsciously tells falsehoods. Leandro Perez Printing Press. Corroboration i.e. historical facts – particulars which rest upon the (published by National Historical independent testimony of two or more reliable witnesses. Institute in 2003) Gottschalk, Louis (1969) Understanding History; a primer of historical SECONDARY SOURCE – Zaide, Sonia method. New York: A.A.Khopf M. The Philippines a Unique Nation Storing and delivering INFORMATION. When you analyze, dapat may primary and secondary source para makapag corroborate. CHAPTER END NOTE CITATIONS OF SONIA ZAIDES’S THE PHILIPPINES A Howell, Martha and Walter, Prevnier (2011). From reliable sources: UNIQUE NATION an introduction to historical method. Mhasa, New York: Cornell University Press. Sample Primary Sources and its alignment to Secondary Sources On Katipunan’s consultation to Dr. Rizal through Dr. Pio Valenzuela PRIMARY SOURCE - Alvarez, Santiago. The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General (with the original Tagalog text). Ateneo de Manila University Press.  PRIMARY SOURCE - Alvarez, SECONDARY SOURCE – de Patronato Real – The King would help the pope, bishops and Santiago Viana, Augusto vice versa. The mission of church is to evangelize and teach, state is to colonize. AUTHENTICITY – This TEXT - …(the document is an I-witness account Americans)without losing ship 3Gs – God, Gold, Glory – but the combined governance of of a Spanish who served his or a man. The Spanish church and state not effective because of abuses. The Malolos country as a volunteer during casualties of Admiral Patricio Constitution separated church and state. blockade and siege of Manila. Montojo were 167 killed and 214 wounded. PROVENANCE/CREDIBILITY – Sources on Philippine History before the Spanish Colonization de Togores is an active HISTORIOGRAPHY – S. participant of the event though Zaide used primary and A. ARCHEOLOGY emphasized his Spanish beliefs secondary sources and cited compared to the American those at the last part of the Gather source of evidence first, examined, could bring a lot of accounts. book. The author tried to information about our culture before the coming of the Spaniards. balance the accounts from TEXT – Chapter VI of the different sides, that of Dewey document narrates the May 1 and Montojo as cited in the 1. Manunggul Jar – 710-890 B.C. battle viewed from the walls. end notes. Nonetheless, 2. Tabon Cave – 22.600-24,00 years ago Saravia’s account may or may 3. Homo luzonensis - lived on the island of Luzon at least Not a single Spanish ship had not confirm either Montojo or 50,000 to 67,000 years ago fallen into enemy hands… Dewey’s claims, though he 4. Angono Petroglyphs – 2000BC was a Spanish volunteer. 5. Butuan Boat - 320 AD, 1250 A.D., Future historian could include 6. Laguna Copper Plate – 892 or 900 A.D. an I-witness account from a Filipino. B. TRADITIONAL RITUALS AND PRACTICES SOURCES ON PREHISPANIC PHILIPPINES They still carry a kind of tradition that they inherited from previous generations. They could mirror that culture of our ancestors, even Code of Kalantiaw is a HOAX because it used terms that before the coming of the Spaniards such as tattooing practices, were not present during the time it covered; making its dances, drawings in the caves (arts). credibility questionable. C. ARTS (Archeology) Race – physical feature of a certain nation: 1. Boxer Codex – late 16th century A.D. Four physical features: Boxer Codex is a manuscript of a lot of paintings, drawings on Caucasian – those in American, Europe, some in people, things, animals, in the pacific, especially in Thailand, Russia Indonesia, China, including the Philippines. This was under the Austronesian – Short, makapal bibig, mata not broad, provenance of Charles Boxer and he donated it in this library. found in Southeast Asia Could find info about early natives, visayans, and early tagalogs. Mongoloid – singkit na mata, found in East Asia D. WRITTEN ACCOUNTS (On customs, history, and traditions of Japanese vs Chinese difference: the natives) Negroids - Lips are thick, circle eyes, and dark-skinned; 1. Fr. Juan Placencia’s Accounts commonly found in Middle Asia and Africa. 2. Antonio Pigafetta’s Accounts Mestizo – product of two different races 3. Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos Las Islas Filipinas Rizal is AUSTRONESIAN and MONGOLOID. There are already written accounts when the Spanish came, together w/ Catholic missionaries, many arrived such as Intramuros – city within walls. Jesuits, Dominican, Franciscan, they wrote historical accounts. Other wrote historical accounts in Ilocos, some Padre Pedro de Valderrama – priest who conducted first mass wrote about local history, even in Mindanao. These are in Limasawa in the Philippines. good sources of primary source info in PH history. Luckily, already translated in English in the National library, and they Augustinians were the first religious order to arrive in the edited the translations by Blair and Robertson (Filipiniana Philippines (1565), followed by Franciscans (1577), Jesuits section Blair and Robertson). (1581), Dominicans (1587?), Recollects (1606).  Gutenberg.com is the link, providing a soft copy of the Mangyan poem translated by Antoon Postma Blair and Robertson’s history of the Philippines based on Kayaman: Panoramas of Philippine primeval pub. 1986 the primary source written by eyewitnesses such as Placencia, Pigafetta, and de Morga. They also mention The poem gives us information on a travel of our loved ones. their observation of PH culture before they arrived here, interviewed a lot of natives. So you will be going now Manunggul Jar Starting on a journey far Your eyes will enjoy the trip Material: Terracotta Many things you will behold, But I who will stay behind Dimensions: Here within this four-walled room Height – 66.5 What thoughts will I entertained – Max. width – 52.5 cm Just looking up at the roof, Just looking down at the floor Weight – 656 grams Robert Fox described the jar in his landmark work on the Tabon Date: 710-890 B.C Caves: Provenance: Manunggul cave, Lipuun point, Palawan “The burial jar with a cover featuring a ship-of-the-dead is perhaps Can be found today in, center of attention in national museum, unrivalled in Southeast Asia; the work of an artist and master potter” excavated during scholarly study of Robert fox. They went to This vessel provides a clear example of a cultural link between the palawan and they discovered a lot of caves, in one of them, they archaeological past and the ethnographic present. The boatman is found jars. This was the most preserved jar. When they discovered steering rather than padding the "ship." The mast of the boat was not it, was not in 100% good condition, had to do something to make it recovered. Both figures appear to be wearing a band tied over the a jar that we see today in the national museum. crown of the head and under the jaw; a pattern still encountered in burial practices among the indigenous peoples in Southern Philippines. The manner in which the hands of the front figure are Jar served as container for food and water, but Manunggul is a folded across the chest is also a widespread practice in the Islands burial jar, a coffin, an urn of today. when arranging the corpse. Secondary burial: if somebody dies, the dead body should be Tabon Cave, Quezon Palawan placed somewhere first. If skeletons already, they put the skeletons inside the jar. But in urns, you put ashes. One of the earliest human remains in the archipelago is a fossilized skull-cap (frontal bone) that belongs to a female estimated to be On top of the jar cover or lid is a boat with 22,000 years old. It was discovered together with a right mandible two human figures representing two souls (jaw) and teeth in Tabon Cave, Palawan by Robert Fox of The on a voyage to the afterlife. The boatman is National Museum. seated behind a figure whose hands are Carbon dating, the fossils and bones emit a kind of element crossed on the chest. known as carbon, and it could tell us when using an apparatus. “Life after death” – a kind of revelation that our ancestors had this belief. Not like barbarians that believe that life ends in this planet These fossils of modern man (Homo sapiens sapiens) were recently when we die. dated using the new direct dating methods. Crossed hand – man is already dead. The one rowing the boat Skull-cap does not have full paddle because not in 100% condition when they found it. Tabon Cave, Quezon Palawan 14500 BC The skull-cap is now dated to 16,500 The burial jar which is unrivaled in Southeast Asia and considered as years (14,500 B.C.) and the mandible to the work of a master potter, signifies the belief of early Filipinos in life 31,000 years (29,000 B.C.). The oldest after death. It is dated to the late Neolithic Period, about 890-710 B.C human fossil recovered by the National Museum during the re-excavation of the Tabon Cave is a tibia (bone of the lower leg) that dates back to 47,000 years (45,000 B.C.).  Palawan is near Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, so you can This manuscript is not photos nor videos nor AI, but drawings and logically conclude that there is people in our islands and paintings with color via Spaniards and a Filipino clerk, patapon na neighboring countries, there was already maritime trade and yung manuscript until Charles boxer purchased manuscript. They communication using boats such as balangay, a mode of also included drawings from Tagalogs in Visayas. transportation via water. Recreating/analyzing it would create you this narrative of maritime trade. Provenance Angono Petroglyphs Date: ca. 1590 The earliest prehistoric rock drawings studied extensively were those Contributor: Boxer, C. R. (Charles found at the boundary of Angono and Binangonan, Rizal Province. Ralph), 1904-2000, former owner. The site is a rock shelter or a shallow cave about 63 meters wide, 8 meters deep and 5 meters at its highest point. One hundred twenty Source: Boxer mss. II seven human figures scattered on the wall were made by engraving Identifier: Lilly Library LMC 2444 lines using a piece of stone on the surface of the rock shelter. The cuts vary from ten centimeters down to faint lines figures. The figures PURL: consist of circular heads, with or without necks set on a rectangular or v-shaped body. http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/general/VAB8326 The linear arms and legs are usually flexed. Some incisions on the Boxer Codex:16th Century Filipinos Looked Like rock wall are triangles, rectangles and circles. Rock art is closely The Bisayans are accustomed to paint their linked with a system of belief of a particular group of people. It is bodies with some very elegant tattoos. They symbolic, not decorative. do this with iron or brass rods, the points of which are heated on fire. These are done in In here, they found this in some cave in Angono. The wall of the manner illuminations, paintings all parts of the cave here you can find a lot of carvings/petroglyphs of the body, such as the chest, the stomach, human or animal figures such as bark of tree or other stone to legs, arms, shoulders, hands, and muscles, carve an image in both interior and exterior of the cave. and among some, the posteriors.“ Angono, Rizal 2000 BC (New Stone Age) Masakit magpa-tattoo dati. Rock art in the Philippines is rare. Samples A pair of gold-embellished Visayan Noble of these drawings were reported in places couple. "shimmering sashes of woven gold such as Penablanca Caves in Cagayan with ornate repousse buckles.. while lighter Valley; rock outcroppings in Alab, Bontoc, cloth waistbands adorned with cord Mt. Province; and caves in Singnapan weights...rattled with every step.." Basin in Ransang, Palawan. Boxer Codex If you go to bsp museum, they store 14th century up to 17th century gold. Men and women in the noble class had plenty of Professor Charles R. Boxer purchased this manuscript volume in gold as jewelries or swords made out of gold. 1947 from the sale of books and manuscripts from Lord Ilchester's library at Holland House. It dates from the late sixteenth century and A Tagalog Noble couple dressed in gold accessories. "The dress of contains about 270 pages of text, written probably by a Spanish and the women is not as neat nor as elegant as that of the Bisayans, possibly by a Filipino clerk, and drawn from a variety of sources. because they wrap a cotton or taffeta mantle around the body with There are also seventy-five colored drawings of the inhabitants of very little polish. They wear jackets and China, the Philippines, Java, the Moluccas, the Ladrones, and Siam; skirts in the same way we have eighty-eight smaller drawings of birds and fantastic animals; and a described of the Bisayans. They also double-fold drawing depicting a Spanish ship off one of the Ladrone wear their dress skin-tight, gathering it at islands surrounded by the small canoes of the natives of the island. the waist and breast because they use The text of the volume consists of contemporary accounts describing no chemise or stockings...All carry over these places, their people and customs, and the European contact their dress some small mantles, which with them. (From: Rebecca Cape and Stephen Cape, The Friends of reach to the waist, these are of colored the Lilly Library Newsletter 23 (Fall 1994).) cotton, and some are of satin, taffeta, and damask obtained from China.“ Still retain the tradition of textile-making (panghahabi).  This symbolizes that we are civilized because we have writing, bananas],198 and others which were smaller and more delicate, and how to make jewelries, communicate with others. We are not two cocoanuts. They had nothing else then, but made us signs with barbaric, wrong conclusion with no basis at all. their hands that they would bring umay or rice,199 and cocoanuts and many other articles of food within four days. Antonio Pigafetta’s Accounts Cocoanuts are the fruit of the palmtree.200 Just as we have bread, wine, oil, and milk, so those people get everything from that tree. Title: The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume XXXIII, 1519-1522 They get wine in the following manner. They bore a hole into the heart of the said palm at the top called palmito [i.e., stalk], from which Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their distils a liquor201 which resembles white must. That liquor is sweet peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related but somewhat tart, and [is gathered] in canes [of bamboo] as thick as in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, the leg and thicker. They fasten the bamboo to the tree at evening for economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from the morning, and in the morning for the evening. That palm bears a their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the fruit, namely, the cocoanut, which is as large as the head or nineteenth century thereabouts. Author: Antonio Pigafetta Mass on March 31, 1521 Editor: Emma Helen Blair Translator: James Alexander Robertson Early on the morning of Sunday, the last of March, and Easter-day, the captain-general sent the priest with some men to prepare the Lots of foreigners even before the arrival of the Spaniards due place where mass was to be said(241) together with the interpreter to to maritime trade. Their voyage from Spain from 1519-1522, tell the king that we were not going to land in order to dine with him, mahaba libro na yan. but to say mass. Pigafetta’s Accounts Therefore the king sent us two swine that he had had killed. When the hour for mass arrived, we landed with about fifty men, without our The Project Gutenberg EBook of The body armor, but carrying our other arms, and dressed in our best Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, Volume clothes.(242) Before we reached the shore with our boats, six pieces XXXIII, 1519-1522, by Antonio Pigafetta were discharged as a sign of peace. We landed; the two kings embraced the captain-general, and placed him between them. We went in marching order to the place consecrated, which was not far Pigafetta’s Chart of the islands of Samar, etc. (p. 102-105) from the shore. Before the commencement of mass, the captain sprinkled the entire bodies of the two kings with musk water.”243 At dawn on Saturday, March sixteen,(196) 1521, we came upon a high land at a distance of three hundred leguas from the islands of May baptism din during April, but not all, such as those in Latroni—an island named Zamal [i.e., Samar]. Mactan, refused to pay tribute to the Spanish crown, a battle was ensued (Battle of Mactan). The following day, the captain-general desired to land on another island which was uninhabited and lay to the right of the abovementioned island, in order to be more secure, and to get water The mass was offered up. The kings went forward to kiss the cross and have some rest. He had two tents set up on the shore for the as we did, but they did not offer the sacrifice.244 When the body of sick and had a sow killed for them. On Monday afternoon, March 18, our Lord was elevated, they remained on their knees and worshiped we saw a boat coming toward us with nine men in it. Therefore, the Him with clasped hands. The ships fired all their artillery at once captain-general ordered that no one should move or say a word when the body of Christ was elevated, the signal having been given without his permission. When those men reached the shore, their from the shore with muskets. After the conclusion of mass, some of chief went immediately to the captaingeneral, giving signs of joy our men took communion.245 The captain-general arranged a because of our arrival. fencing tournament,246 at which the kings were greatly pleased. Then he had a cross carried in and the nails and a crown, to which San ang Mazawa by Pigafetta? Leyte? Or Butuan? March 31, immediate reverence was made.247 He told the kings through the 1521, unang pasko ng pagkabuhay ni Kristo. Officiated by interpreter that they were the standards given to him by the emperor Padre Pedro Valderama. his sovereign, so that wherever he might go he might set up those his tokens. [He said] that he wished to set it up in that place for their Five of the most ornately adorned of them remained with us, while benefit, for whenever any of our ships came,248 they would know the rest went to get some others who were fishing, and so they all that we had been there by that cross, and would do nothing to came. The captain-general seeing that they were reasonable men, displease them or harm their property ordered food to be set before them, and gave them red caps, mirrors, The captain-general had him asked to declare whether he had any combs, bells, ivory, bocasine,(197) and other things. When they saw enemies, so that he might go with his ships to destroy them and to the captain’s courtesy, they presented fish, a jar of palm wine, which render them obedient to him.250 they call uraca [i.e., arrack], figs more than one palmo long [i.e.,  asked for baptism amid her tears.313 We named her Johanna, after the emperor’s mother; her daughter, the wife of the prince, Catherina; the queen of Mazaua, Lisabeta; and the others, each their [distinctive] name. Counting men, women, and children, we baptized eight hundred souls.314 The queen was young and beautiful, and was entirely covered with a white and black cloth. Her mouth and nails were very red, while on her head she wore a large hat of palm leaves in the manner of a parasol,315 with a crown about it of the same leaves, like the tiara of the pope; and she never goes any place Baptism on April 14, 1521 (157-) without such a one.316 She asked us to give her the little child Jesus to keep in place of her idols;317 and then she went away. On Sunday morning, April fourteen, forty men of us went ashore, two of whom were completely armed and preceded the royal banner.307 That king’s name was Raia Humabon. Before that week had gone, all the persons of that island, and some from the other island, were The captain told the king through the interpreter that he thanked God baptized. We burned one hamlet which was located in a neighboring for inspiring him to became a Christian; and that [now] he would more island, because it refused to obey the king or us. We set up the cross easily conquer his enemies than before. The king replied that he there for those people were heathen. Had they been Moros, we wished to become a Christian, but that some of his chiefs did not would have erected a column there as a token of greater hardness, wish to obey, because they said that they were as good men as he. for the Moros are much harder to convert than the heathen. Then our captain had all the chiefs of the king called, and told them that, unless they obeyed the king as their king, he would have them killed, and would give their possessions to the king. They replied that they would obey him. The captain told the king that he was going to Spagnia, but that he would return again with so many forces that he would make him the greatest king of those regions, as he had been the first to express a determination to become a Christian. Given Christian names, an exchange of gifts to show hospitality because Magellan’s men faced several challenges in their voyage. 3G, God, Gold, Glory, (Patronato real) or real patronage with the state and church supporting each other. A large cross was set up in the middle of the square. The captain told them that if they wished to become Christians as they had declared Sebastian Elcano completed the Voyage when Magellan died in on the previous days, that they must burn all their idols and set up a Mactan. cross in their place. They were to adore that cross daily with clasped Circumnavigation of Magellan proved that the Earth was not flat. hands, and every morning after their [i.e., the Spaniards’] custom, they were to make the sign of the cross (which the captain showed Continued under Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, named las islas filipinas them how to make); and they ought to come hourly, at least in the named sources of references. If you were called a filipino before, morning, to that cross, and adore it kneeling. you not native (indio), but Spanish born in the islands The captain led the king by the hand to the platform while speaking these good words in order to baptize him. He told the king that HISTORICAL CRITIQUE: he would call him Don Carlo, after his sovereign the emperor; the prince, Don Fernando, after the emperor’s brother; the king of Juan de Plasencia, O.S.F., Customs of the Tagalogs (Garcia, Mauro Mazaua, Johanni; a chief, Fernando, after our chief, that is to say, the (1979). Readings in Philippine History. Manila: Filipiniana Book captain; the Moro, Christoforo; and then the others, now one name, Guild) and now another. Five hundred men were baptized before mass. Importance of the TEXT After the conclusion of mass, the captain invited the king and some of the other chiefs to dinner, but they refused, accompanying us, There are at least three major discursive issues that can be extracted however, to the shore. The ships discharged all the mortars; and from the document, Customs of the Tagalogs written by Juan de embracing, the king and chiefs and the captain took leave of one Plasencia in 1589, if we are to put socio-political context into the text: another.312 The Doctrina Christiana contains catechism such as the After dinner the priest and some of the others went ashore to baptize sacraments. the queen, who came with forty women. We conducted her to the platform, and she was made to sit down upon a cushion, and the a. first, the issue of authorship; other women near her, until the priest should be ready. She was b. second, the discourse of power in colonial writing; and shown an image of our Lady, a very beautiful wooden child Jesus, c. third, the logic of binarism or the Occident-Other and a cross. Thereupon, she was overcome with contrition, and dichotomy. These are interrelated threads that probably constitute major Pastoral Organizer: Father of the Filipino Barangay segments of colonial historical writing in the Philippines. a. Basic Principles behind the Reduccion System Importance of the TEXT Reduccion is a settlement strategy employed by Spaniards to The authorial voice or authorship plays a pivotal role in putting enable evangelization. (All in one spot) meaning(s) to this colonial text. The author, Juan de Plasencia was, in the first place, not a native Tagalog but a Franciscan missionary The church is at the center of the settlement, having a bell which who first arrived in the Philippines in 1577. rings if there is a religious activity. Augustinians founded schools such as Colegio de San Agustin, In front of the church is the plaza which was a saint. they are more on missionaries. San Agustin is the oldest existing church in Intramuros. Aside the church comes the city hall (municipio), where town He was tasked by the King of Spain to document the customs and mayor is doing work in his office, such as cedulas or other traditions of the colonized (“natives”) based on, arguably, his own government activities. observations and judgments. Notably, de Plasencia wrote the Doctrina Cristiana, an early book on catechism and is believed to be Aside the church is a school (parochial) the first book ever printed in the Philippines. Behind the church are the houses, in which if your house is near Such initiatives were an accustomed practice of the colonizer during the church, you are rich, and as you get farther, you either the Age of Discovery to enhance their superiority over the colonized become poor or bandits. and validity of their so-called duties and legacies to the World. In contrasts, Americans used urban planning. In this particular text, de Plasencia tried to avoid discussing the “conflicting reports of the Indians” through an “informed observation” b. Carta Al Rey 1585 to obtain the “simple truth.” c. Building a basic Christian Communities National history is open and generalized, there is dichotomy The Ethnographer between Spanish and Filipino revolutionaries. a. Relacion de las Costumbres However, the Remontados from Samar rebelled against Spain b. Ynstruccion de las costumbres because of typhoon and pests. Antiguamente ten_an _ las naturals de Panpanga. This “truth,” however, is debatable, and the manner of how he Defender of the Rights of the Native Filipinos actually arrived to his reports is even more problematic. Author’s Background The text foregrounds two important figures: the observer (de Plasencia) himself, with his own background, subjectivites and Fray Juan was born to the illustrious family of the biases; and the observer’s subject (Tagalogs), seen as the “Other,” a Portocarreros in Plasencia in the region of Extremadura, metonymic amalgam of communal characteristics, local customs and Spain in the early 16th century traditions, etc. In colonial situations, the relationship of these figures Died in 1590 – the colonizer and the colonized – flows in both but unequal Suit up the Franciscan habit at a very young age directions; the former being the dominant, while the latter is the Fray Juan de Plasencia came together with the first batch inferior one of Franciscan missionaries in the Philippines. In the list of missionaries bound for the Philippine Islands which was Promoter of Language Inculturation dispatched from the Casa de la Contratacion of Seville, dated May 21 1577, the name Fray Joan de Puerto a. Linguistics works Carrero, del convento de Villanueva de la Serena was The Cathechist mentioned Fray Juan de Plasencia came together with the first batch a. Cathechism de la Doctrina Cristiana 1581 of Franciscan missionaries in the Philippines. In the list of b. The Tocsohan of Plasencia As Practiced missionaries bound for the Philippine Islands which was c. Other Cathechetical works dispatched from the Casa de la Contratacion of Seville, The Pedagogue: Promovedor Singular de las Escuelas dated May 21 1577, the name Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convento de Villanueva de la Serena was mentioned works: Historical Background of the Document Tribal gathering-Tagalog: barangay; as they are classed, by their language, among the Malay nations. Barangay is a Written this document upon the request of Santiago de Vera, boat; dato is the head of it. governador general from 1584-1590, head of the Franciscan in the Philippines, Fray San Pedro Bautista. Barangay came from the Word “Balangay” which was a boat. His document was used by the alcaldes mayor of the provincial Latin/Greek means gruder!? (searched in the internet, found governadors as basis of their policies and rule to the natives. “gubernare” meaning to “steer” or “govern”), to paddle, lead in a certain direction. Context of the Document Customs of the Tagalogs Barangays were not subject to one another except in friendship and relationship. This is corroborated in the Some dato had fisheries; no one could fish or trade without Laguna Copperplate paying unless he belonged to the barangay/village Inscription, in which there Investigations for crimes were made and sentences passed were only Tagalogs, no must take place in the presence of those of his barangay Ilocanos, etc. Conflict between two chiefs – convoked judges to act as arbiters. Themes of the Customs of the Tagalogs Pag hindi nagkasundo yung mga datu, there will be war, a Relacion delas costumbres que los indios solian tener en estas tribal war in the provinces, kung sino talo, siya alipin. yslas hecha (4 Categories by Placencia) As Political Unit Marriage Laws – condemned to death the ff: Social Stratification Worship 1. A man of low birth who insulted the daughter or wife of a chief Priestesses were known as Catalnon / Babaylan. 2. Witches; their children and accomplices became slaves All other offenses were punished by fines in gold which if AS POLITICAL UNIT not paid, exposed the culprit to serve. Chiefs – datos; governed the people and captains of the wars, and whom people obeyed in reverence Pag di mabigat, may babayaran lang imbes na ipapapatay. Datos were the ones na nangunguna sa giyera to protect the SOCIAL STRATIFICATION (IN TAGALOG REGIONS) barangay. Three Castes They only headed around 30-100 families per datu. 1. Nobles – free-born; maharlica Subject who committed any offense or spoke against the Nobles include the family of datus. dato’s wives and children was severely punished Datos were chosen para mapagtatanggol nila barangay nila. 2. Commoners – aliping namamahay Their children is next in line, similar to how power given to 3. Slaves – aliping saguiguilir monarch is transferred to his children. Nakatira sa bahay ng Maharlika. If there is no datu, there will be a contest (paligsahan). The datu often engages in polygamy. Philippine culture practices slavery differently unlike in America or Africa, where slaves are treated like animals. Chiefs – ruled over few people; sometimes hundred houses to even less than thirty. Social and Economic Stratifications At the time, there was no age of marriage. 14 years old NOBLES palang pwede na depende sa datu. Nobles – free-born; maharlica He is the 3 branches of the government, based on elder do not pay tax or tribute to the dato, but must accompany advice. the dato in war at their own expense Not money, buth more on barter, agriculture, jewelries.  the dato offered a feast and afterward they divided the INHERITANCE spoils The legitimate inherited equally the lands which they inhabited were divided among the whole barangay especially the irrigated portion Parents gave a dowry to any son in order to marry him to a chief’s daughter Pinaghahatian ito kahit matalo, kung sino mauna sa If one had children by two or more legitimate wives, each lugar, sila magdetermine ng territory, datu and elders child received the inheritance and dowry of his mother ang ng dedecide. If a Maharlica had a child with his slave as well as with his legal wife, the former had no share in the inheritance tingues or mountain ridges- owned in common by the If there were two children, the legitimate one had two parts barangay of share, and the one of the inaasaua is one part. If there’s no children with the legitimate wife, the inaasaua will inherit Status (seems)is forever but becomes slaves through all. marriage Inaasaua is the illegal wife. Girl (noble) to boy (slave), but not the other way around. Dowries are given by the men to the women’s parents. At ALIPING NAMAMAHAY their death, the dowry will be divided equally among children They are married and serve their masterdato or maharlica If the wife has neither father, mother nor grandparents, she A.N. accompanied their master even beyond the island and enjoys her dowry. rowed for him In case of divorce, if the wife left the husband, all the dowry Live in their own houses and are lords of their property and fell to the husband; when the husband left his wife, he lost lands the half of the dowry Their children inherit it and can’t be made slaves WORSHIP ALIPING SAGUIGUILIR They served their master in his (master) house and No system of reduccion. cultivated lands; may be sold Captives in the war; inherited; owed debt – 5 or more taels No temples consecrated in performing sacrifices; simbahan may be a place of adoration only during festival or worship. Knowledge on the difference between ALIPING NAMAMAHAY They celebrate in the large house of a chief; with roof or and ALIPING SAGUIGUILIR sibi, lamps o sorihile on the posts of the house During the Spanish period, the alcades mayor do not know The whole barangay and family join inworship called the difference – children of AN would make use of them as nagaanitos AS if married to maharlica, mother and children became free Baguio: “Bul-ul” – sitting wooden statues. DEBTS AND LOANS They worship Bathala whose title signifies all powerful Half the cultivated lands and all their produce belonged to the master – provide food and clothing but enslaving the Bathala is Indian-based. culprit and children until the fine is paid. If the culprit has relatives or friends to help him pay the They worship sun, moon, and some worship stars debt, he will no longer be AS but AN. They had no established calendar system; it is determined It the creditor were not served, the culprit had to pay by the cultivation of the soil, counted by moons, and the double. different effect produced upon the trees when yielding flowers, fruits and leaves. MARRIAGE Maharlica marries a slave AN or AS - children will be Animistic – belief in the spirits of things. divided; 1, 3 and 5 either male or female belonged to the father; even numbers belonged to mother; if the maharlican Offering sacrifice was to proclaim a feast, and offer to the father becomes a slave as well as his children devil what they had to eat; the poetic song sung during Maharlica after marriage could not move from one village rituals are performed by the officiating priest, male or without paying fine of gold female, who is called catalonan.  The catalonan is often female. Comparison with Secondary Source William Henry Scott Renato Constatino Distinction of priests: Seven basic documents were used The Philippines: a past for the study: revisited 1. Catalonan – honorable among natives Miguel de Loar- ca's Relacicirz de 2. Mangangaway – or witches who deceived by pretending las Islas Filipinas CHAPTER III- to heal the sick (1582); Baranganic Societies 3. Manyisalat – same with no. 2; had the power of applying Juan de Plasencia's Relacicin de las remedies to lovers that they would abandon and despise costumbres yue Most villages boasted their own wives 10s indios se han tener en estas islas only thirty to one 4. Mancocolam – duty was to emit fire to cause illness and and hundred houses (quoting death Irzstrucciorz de las costunzbres que Plasencia) 5. Hocloban – greater than mangangaway; they use charms antiguamente tenian 10s naturales de la Pampanga Barangay stratification to kill, destroy and heal. en sus Pleitos was not rigid… Others – Silagan, magtatangal, osuang, mangagayoma, sonat, (1589); pangatohan, bayoguin, Pedro Chirino's Relacibn de las Islas Debt peonage cannot be Filipinas (1 604); equated to slavery as it Manner of Burying the dead (based on Juan Plasencia) chapter eight of Anto- nio de Morga's existed in Europe Sucesos de las The dead is buried beside his house Islas Filipinas; They mourn for 4 days before internment the anonymous late sixteenth The death is laid in the boat as coffin century Boxer manuscript; Ancient way of burying the dead. unpublished Historia dc las Islas e Indios de las Internment is ilalagay muna sa ilalim ng lupa, tas sa Bisayas ( 1688) of Francisco Alcina. boat, pwede ipaanod, some buried, some mummified. Father Plasencia describes Filipinos Barangay was not a as being divided into four social political unit (quoting Comparison with Primary Sources conditions or "estates": principales, George Weightman) hidalgos, pecheros, and esclavos. Fr. Pedro Chirino, SJ These appear to be functional Ritual and administrative divisions as he conceived them, for distinctions did not He stayed here for 14 years and was a “missionary to the he separates the common tribute- connote a class society Tagalos and Pintados and was superior of the Jesuit payer (pechero) from the "true" colleges in Manila and Cebu”. He studied civil and canon slaves, calls the principales "datus," law in Sevilla and com- ments that they are "like Chirino found that the Philippines had become a brighter knights" (como caballeros), that is, place, even the weather had improved since the natives holder of an office, not members of a had converted to Catholicism: class. In a separate treatise on custom law, however, he only It seems, however, that now since they have become distinguishes three estates: those of Christians, the seasons are not quite the same, for at ruler, ruled, and slave, as Doctor of Christmas it gets somewhat cooler. The years, since the Canon Law Antonio de hlorga also advent of the Spaniards, have been determined by the did, and like Morga does not equate latter, and the seasons have been given their proper principal with datu. names, and they have been divided into weeks. (Chirino 190) Contribution and Relevance of the Document Promotes language inculturation and cathechism Pastoral Organizer- the Father of the Filipino Barangay; basic principles behind the reduccion system The ethnographer Defender of the rights of the native Filipinos  Hermano Pule documentary Emilio Dizon Jacinto Need bishop blessing to make a congregation, he Author of the Kartilla ng Katipunan asked lay lawyers of Domingo/Santiago, tumulong sa kanya. Pero inabandon siya noong gagamit siya ng High regard in terms of person, character, paggala; madaming dahas (force). forms, sa kaibigan, nakakatanda, magulang. For Hermano Pule, he took the road of a bloody revolution, pero he believes kwentong bayan, Considered to be the ‘Utak ng Katipunan” paggamit ng anting-anting, such as Cavite He was the editor of the Kalayaan, the official newspaper of Syncretic religion – halo halong paniniwala, pinugutan the KKKANB ng ulo yung governor of tayabas, dun nagalit spain He was the author of Kartilla, Liwanag at Dilim, Pahayag, Whether church and state are on the same side, Ang Kasalanan ni Cain, Pagkatatag ng Pamahalaan sa killing is not a solution. Hukuman ng Silangan, and Samahan ng Bayan at To prove someone is loyal, deal pain, hazing Pangangalakal A battle ensued, pule Attended San Juan de Letran College and transferred in Quartel – hinihiwalay yung katawan UST to study law. Death sentences: Pugutan ng ulo, four course driven, Died on April 16, 1899 in Majayjay, Laguna (fever/malaria) pinugutan ng ulo linagay ulo niya sa barangay, nasa at the age of 24 monument Pseudo names: Brains of the Katipunan, Pingkian, Yung ulo niya, a bloody revenge by the spanpiards Dimasilaw Revolution, a pocket resistance of Pule was not Kartilla ng Katipunan successful This is one in the revolutions of Philippine history, his Mga Aral nang Katipunan ng The Katipunan Code of vision was just to become a priest, not given freedom mga A.N.B. Conduct to be a part of Religious congregation 1.. Ang kabuhayang hindi 1. The life that is not ginugugol sa isang malaki at consecrated to a lofty and Pocket revolution – small scale, sa certain city or banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy reasonable purpose is a tree province only, natatalo kasi konti lang, walang national na walang lilim, kundi damong without a shade, if not a unity makamandag poisonous weed. 2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa 2. To do good for personal gain KARTILLA NG KATIPUNAN AND THE BENEVOLENT sarili, at hindi sa talagang and not for its own sake is not ASSIMILATION nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, virtue. ay di kabaitan. The Kartilla ng Katipunan was first mentioned in the 3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay 3. It is rational to be charitable minutes of the supreme assembly’s meeting in December ang pagkakawang gawa, ang and love one's fellow creature, 1895. pagibig sa kapua at ang isukat and to adjust one's conduct, ang bawat kilos, gawa’t acts and words to what is in pangungusap sa talagang itself reasonable. Minutes of the meetings, pati sinulat ni E. Jacinto used as Katuiran. reference 4. Maitim man at maputi ang 4. Whether our skin be black or kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y white, we are all born equal: Kartilla – primer, kung ano gagawin, do’s and don’ts, magkakapantay; mangyayaring superiority in knowledge, wealth palatuntunin na susundan mo kapag sumali ka sa Katipunan ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa and beauty are to be yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di understood, but not superiority Isang bata yung gumawa ng primer, Andres Bonifacio bata rin, mahihigtan sa pagkatao. by nature. pero ginamit niya kay Emilio Jacinto, pero di natapos. 5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa 5. The honorable man prefers sarili; ang may hamak na honor to personal gain; the The original title was “Mga Aral ng Katipunan Ng Mga Anak kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita scoundrel, gain to honor. ng Bayan” sa sarili sa puri. Realizing the importance of a primer to indoctrinate the 6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y 6. To the honorable man, his panunumpa. word is sacred. members of the society in its ideals, Emilio Jacinto 7. Huag mong sasayangin ang prepared one which he called Kartilla, a word adopted from panahun; ang yamang nawala’y 7. Do not waste thy time: wealth the Spanish cartilla which at the time meant a primer for magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t can be recovered but not time grade school students. panahong nagdaan na’y di na lost. muli pang magdadaan. Value of time 8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at 8. Defend the oppressed and kabakahin ang umaapi. fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.  9. Ang taong matalino’y ang 9. The prudent man is sparing in it was the first formal and official declaration of the United may pagiingat sa bawat words and faithful in keeping States commitment to grant independence to the sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim secrets. Philippines. ang dapat ipaglihim. 10. Sa daang matinik ng 10. On the thorny path of life, The law provides that the grant of independence would kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang man is the guide of woman and come only "as soon as a stable government can be patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; the children, and if the guide established" which gave the United States Government the kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa leads to the precipice, those power to determine when this "stable government" has sama, ang patutunguhan ng whom he guides will also go iaakay ay kasamaan din. there. been achieved. 11. Ang babai ay huag mong 11. Thou must not look upon It aimed at providing the Filipino people broader domestic tignang isang bagay na libangan woman as a mere plaything, but autonomy though it reserved certain privileges to the lamang, kundi isang katuang at as a faithful companion who will United States to protect their sovereign rights and interests. karamay sa mga kahirapan share with thee the penalties of From nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo life; her (physical) weakness will ng buong pagpipitagan ang increase thy interest in her and https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/549/today-in- kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin she will remind thee of the philippine-history-august-29-1916-the-philippine-autonomy- ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi mother who bore thee and act-of-1916-wasapproved sa iyong kasangulan. reared thee. Jones Law replaced the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa 12. What thou dost not desire (Philippine Bill of July 1, 1902) that served as the de facto asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay done unto thy wife, children, huag mong gagawin sa asawa, brothers and sisters, that do not initial constitution of the Philippine Islands after it was anak, at kapatid ng iba. unto the wife, children, brothers ceded by Spain to the United States by virtue of the Treaty and sisters of thy neighbor. of Paris. 13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y 13. Man is not worth more Among the salient provisions of the Autonomy Act of 1916 wala sa pagkahari, wala sa because he is a king, because was the creation of an all Filipino legislature which created tangus ng ilong at puti ng his nose is aquiline, and his mukha, wala sa pagkaparing color white, not because he is a the Philippine Senate to replace the Philippine Commission kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas *priest, a servant of God, nor which had served as the upper chamber of the legislature. na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; because of the high prerogative US Congressman William Atkinson Jones, authored the wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, that he enjoys upon earth, but Jones Law) kahit laking gubat at walang he is worth most who is a man nababatid kundi ang sariling of proven and real value, who Full text can be accessed on this link from wika, yaong may magandang does good, keeps his words, is https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones- asal, may isang pangungusap, worthy and honest; he who does law-of-1916/ may dangal at puri; yaong di not oppress nor consent to August 29, 1916 [Public, No. 240]  TITLE - AN ACT TO napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong being oppressed, he who loves marunong magdamdam at and cherishes his fatherland, DECLARE THE PURPOSE OF THE PEOPLE OF THE marunong lumingap sa bayang though he be born in the UNITED STATES AS TO THE FUTURE POLITICAL tinubuan. wilderness and know no tongue STATUS OF THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINE but his own. ISLANDS, AND TO PROVIDE A MORE AUTONOMOUS 14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na 14. When these rules of conduct GOVERNMENT FOR THOSE ISLANDS. ito at maningning na sumikat shall be known to all, the ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan longed-for sun of Liberty shall EXAMINING THE 1898 TREATY OF PARIS dito sa kaabaabang rise brilliant over this most Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng unhappy portion of the globe 1898 Treaty of Paris matamis niyang liwanag ang and its rays shall diffuse nangagkaisang magkalahi’t everlasting joy among the A Treaty of Peace between the United States and Spain. Message magkakapatid ng ligaya ng confederated brethren of the from the President of the United States, Transmitting a Treaty of walang katapusan, ang mga same rays, the lives of those ginugol na buhay, pagud, at who have gone before, the Peace between the United States and Spain, Signed at the City of mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis fatigues and the well-paid Paris, on December 10, 1898. nang natumbasan. Kung lahat sufferings will remain. If he who ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig desires to enter (the Katipunan) Description pumasuk at inaakala niyang has informed himself of all this matutupad ang mga tutungkulin, and believes he will be able to Book containing the text of the Treaty of Paris (1898) and maitatala ang kaniyang perform what will be his duties, accompanying papers, including statements from government ninanasa sa kasunod nito. he may fill out the application officials, protocols from the conferences in Paris, France, and reports for admission. on colonies, protectorates, and states acquired by the United States via the treaty. 1916 Jones Law (American Period) Physical Description: 11, 677 p. ; 24 cm. On August 29, 1916, the Jones Law or the Act of Congress Creation Information: United States. Senate. 1899 known as the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, was approved. Context This book is part of the collection entitled: General Collection and was provided by the UNT Libraries Government Documents Department to the UNT Digital Library, a digital repository hosted by the UNT Libraries. It has been viewed 5510 times, with 117 in the last month. More information about this book can be viewed below.