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This document discusses the definition and significance of studying history, validation of historical data using other sciences, importance of memory and national identity in studying Philippine history. It touches on various schools of thought and theories in historical analysis.
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Definition and Significance of Studying History A. Definition of History Weheartheword“istorya”whichsoundsthesamewithhistoriainSpanishorhistorie inGreekwhichimpliesaninquiry.Ifwelookathistoryorkasaysayan,itisrootedintwo word...
Definition and Significance of Studying History A. Definition of History Weheartheword“istorya”whichsoundsthesamewithhistoriainSpanishorhistorie inGreekwhichimpliesaninquiry.Ifwelookathistoryorkasaysayan,itisrootedintwo words:salaysay,whichmeansanarrativeorastoryandsaysayormeaning.Fromthis, wederivedthedefinitionofkasaysayanorhistoryasanarrative(whichcanbewritten, visual, oral, or a combination of all three) about past events that have meaning to a certain group of people in a given time and place. We can say that true history only happenedifwefindthemeaningofaneventwhichwillprovideusthepowertochange our lives. B. History validates the truth of other sciences Now, I would like you to study the data on the highlights of the April 2020 Labor Force Survey below: “Unemployment rate rose to 17.7 percent accounting to 7.3 million unemployed Filipinos in the labor force in April 2020. This is a record high in the unemployment rate reflecting the effects of Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) economic shutdown to the Philippine labor market. Unemployment rate in January 2020 was 5.3 percent while in April 2019, it was recorded at 5.1 percent”. How does history help explain such data like this? From January to April 2020, there wasanincreaseintheunemploymentrate.WeareawarethatonJanuary30,2020,the Department of Health reported the first case of COVID-19 in the country and the first local transmission of COVID-19 on March 7. The history of the disease will help us validatetheincreasein unemploymentrate.Now,othersciencesconsiderthehistoryof the disease to come up with plans and actions to help stop the spread of the virus. C. Significance and the necessity to study Philippine History So why study history? One primary reason of studying Philippine history is the importance of memory. As Ocampo, (2012) mentioned: “I walk out of a building: I step out into a busy street, and I run over by a jeepney with a reckless driver. I am rushed to the hospital in an unconscious state. From the ID cards that the hospital staff find in my wallet (granting that it hasn’t been stolen yet!) they are able to inform my family. The problem arises when I finally regain consciousness. What if my memory has been erased, like a valuable computer file damaged by a virus? The only clue to my identity are the ID cards in my wallet, I am confronted by the worried faces of people who claim to be my loved ones, but I do not recognize them. Worse, I do not even know who I am. Can you imagine how painful this will be for both sides?” From this illustration, I hope you understandthesignificantroleofmemoryinknowing our identity. Like history,formingarelationshipandidentitywillnotbepossiblewithout our memory. If we Filipinos see our past and recognize our individual identity then, history will contribute to national identity. Furthermore, history gives us a way of looking at the world’s situation and equipping us with knowledge on how to deal with it. To conclude, we are alllivinghistoriesbecausewealsomakeourownhistory.Evenif we live in societies with complex cultures, history will tell our national identity as Filipinos. It is very important to remember that history is a separate and yet related discipline to other sciences that help in nation building. We must remember the linkages betweenthepastandpresentbecausethatisthereasonwhyHistorymatters.“Itisnot just 'useful', it is essential.” _____________________________________________________________________ _ Historiography Review: What is History? According to Edward Hallett Carr (1961), history is the interaction of two elements (the historian and the facts) that continuously converse with the past and the present. Ignite time! Let’s do a thinking exercise. 1. Is it possible for two historians to have a different interpretation of a single event in history? If the answer is yes, then we can say that history is based on the historian’s interpretation. This reminds us to examine the dates, the different interpretations of the author and the circumstances surrounding the historical writings. 2. What is the writing of history called? The writing of history is called HISTORIOGRAPHY. According to Gottschalk (1950), Historical Method is the process of critically examining and analyzing the record and survivals of the past. The imaginative reconstruction of the past from the data derived by that process is called historiography or the writing of history. Using both historical method and historiography, the historian works on the closest reconstruction of the past. 3. How is history written? Jose Arcilla (1998) summarized the writing of history into four parts: 1. The first task is for the historians to look for artifacts or things from the past. 2. Then they have to validate whether the remnants or relics are genuine. 3. After which, the historians interpret these evidences. 4. Finally, they will try to find the connection of these artifacts with other remnants or relics. With this, a mental picture of the past is created. “Historiographyis the history of history” We study how the discipline of history has developed. We do not study historical topics or biographies of great people in history We study how historians “do” history Historiography Concerned with how historians have presented history (interpretations) Focuses on how and why historical interpretations have changed over time Draws connections between different interpretations Explains why the changing interpretations are significant Historical Methodology The selection of an event or phenomenon for investigation The collection of probable sources of information on that event The examination of these sources for genuineness (either in whole or in part) The extraction of incredible particulars from the sources (or parts of sources) proved Genuine. “When you study historiography, you do not study the events of the past directly but the changing interpretations of those events in the works of individual historians. (Gaddis, 2004)” ______________________________________________________________________ Schools of Thought in Philippine History What differences in views might we encounter as we study Philippine History this year? The way we think and react may be influenced by the way weweretaughtand exposed in our homes, schools, communities. Our backgrounds may also create prejudices and biases. Letustakenotethatbias,thoughnotnecessarilybad,maydistortourperception and keep us from looking at other points of views and evidences. II. Lesson Proper Central Idea: “Facts are integral to the study of history, but equally important is the meaning we give historical information (Viloria (2005).” Accordingly,historiansandevennon-historianspursuetomakesenseofthepast.They presenteventsbyanalyzingitsgeneralcausesorbycomparingitsstageswithpatterns ofevolutioninothercountries.Adoptingthisprocessmakeshistoryascience.However, they do not aim for the same kind of results as you do in your science experiments. Scientists can verify their conclusion by repeating their experiments which historians cannotdosincetheyusedatathathadtakenplaceinthepast.Whathistorianscando is to insist that history be writtenasscientificallyaspossibleandthattheevidencebe analyzed in a manner that is similar to that employed byscientists.Sinceweallhave biases,agoodhistorianmustbeawareofhisownprejudicesandmustavoidamyopic approach and be flexible and willing to change positions if the evidence warrants it. Theories: This part focuses on the Theories of StudyingHistoryaspresentedbyBenoy(n.d.)in his powerpoint. CYCLICAL ‘History Repeats Itself” - Herodotus - Thucydides - Roman Empire - Renaissance (Machiavelli; Guicciardini) - Dynasties of China PROGRESSIVE “The World Can be Made Better” - St, Augustine - Karl Marx - Ibn Khaldun - Socialism - Communism EVERY MAN “Cumulative Efforts of the Many Shape the World” - Pantayong Pananaw - Social History - Anthropology ECOFEMINISM Concept of gender to analyse the relationships between humans and the natural world - “New Age” - Gaia – earth as a woman ETHNOCENTRISM Judging another culture from the perspective of one’s own - “Manila-centric” - China’s Middle Kingdom POSTMODERNISM “There are No Facts, OnlyInterpretations” - Nietzsche - Foucault History is written in different perspectives which may be influenced by the mental attitude,geographical,economicandculturalbackgroundofthewriter.Therearecertain biasesineverywrittenhistoryandasscholars,weshouldbeawareoftheseandtryto haveabalancedunderstandingofthepastandstrivetoalwayssearchforwhatistrue and relevant. --------- According to Luis Camora Dery (2002) the history of a place or country consists of many histories, and these histories are linked, interacting to each other and simultaneously occurring at any given place and time. It should be in this conceptual framework that one should understand the meaning and significance ofthestatement that there are many histories as there are historians. The past could be viewed from many perspectives according to what aspect of it that the individual historian wants to emphasize. ______________________________________________________________________ Historical sources (primary, secondary, and tertiary) In an article entitled “Getting started: ReadingPrimarySources,”themainwork ofhistoriansisdescribedasstudyingthesourcesthatthepasthasleftbehindinorder totellanaccuratestoryaboutit.Ahistorian’saccountofthepastcanconvinceonlyifit is supported by crediblehistoricalsourcesasevidenceforanyideaandinterpretation. This is why historians read a lot from other historians’ writings, and more importantly andenjoyably,theystudythesources,whichare“theactual‘stuff’ofhistory”(University of Cambridge Faculty of History, 2020). From the same article, itcanbegleanedthathistoricalsourceisanyleftoverof the past.Assuch,aleftovermaybeadocument,building,artwork,orevensomething ephemeralasatrainticketorapairofshoes.Theseareconsideredsourcesduetothe informationtheyprovidewhichincreaseourknowledgeofthepast.Oncehistoriansuse these sources to interpret and to make sense of the past, these sources become historical evidence. It must be noted that the answers these sources give depend on whathistorianswanttoknow.Forinstance,atrainticketisusefulasproofofmigration andcostoflivingatagiventime;apairofshoescanprovethefashiontrend,customer taste, class difference, or production patternoftheperiod.Inotherwords,theutilityof sourcesdependsuponthequestionshistoriansask.Forthisreason,somethingis‘good historical evidence’ only based on the evidence it provides (University of Cambridge Faculty of History, 2020). The article "What Are Historical Sources?" describes historical sources as “something that tells us about history.” A source could be an artifact from a certain period that provides relevant information. The three types of sources are: primary, secondary, and tertiary (N.A., 2020). Primary source is defined as “an original document that contains firsthand informationaboutatopicoranevent.Examplesincludehistoricaldocuments,dataand research results, original works of art, video footage and photographs, works of literature, interview transcripts, eyewitness accounts, newspaper articles and autobiographies, blogs articles, tweets and other social media entries, lab notebooks and case studies (University of Washington Libraries, 2020). Other examples are as follows: archives, photographs, audio and video recordings, films, journals, letters, diaries, speeches, scrapbooks, published books,newspapersandmagazineclippings, government publications, oral histories, records of organizations, autobiographies and memoirs, printed ephemera, artifacts, and research data (University of California Libraries Irvine, CA (2020) as cited in Apponequet Regional High School (2020). On the other hand, secondary source is as “an interpretation, analysis, discussion or evaluation of an event or issue that is based on primary source evidence.” Assuch,thissourcetypederivesconclusionsorbuildsoncurrentknowledgebylisting, summarizing, comparing and evaluating information and studies on a topic. Oftentimes, discoursesorreviewsdoneinascholarlymanneraresecondarysources.Presentinga topic and providing historical context entail the use of secondary sources. Some examples are: biographies, bibliographies, journal articles, literary criticism, monographs, reviews of books, and newsletters (University of Washington Libraries, 2020). Differently stated, the topic and its use determine if a source is primary or secondary. Forexample,atextbookinchemistryissecondaryifconsideredinthefield of chemistry asittreatstheparticularsciencebutdoesnotcontributeanythingoriginal to it. In another example, textbooks in history may be considered primary sources to trackhowthedisciplineevolvedovertime(UniversityofMassachusettsBostonHealey Library, 2020). Still a third type is tertiary source. Tertiary sources are “sources that index, abstract, organize, compile, or digest other sources”. If a textbook or reference material isdesignedtolist,repackageinformation,synthesizeorsummarize,itistertiary.Inmost casesatertiarysourceisnotascribedtoaspecificauthor.Sourcesofthistypeinclude almanacs, fact books, Wikipedia, guidebooks, directories, handbooks, manuals, abstracting and indexing sources (University of Minnesota Crookston,2020). In the article “Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources” (Lumen Academic Writing I,n.d.), a clear illustration of the three types of sources are shown as follows: Cautionmustbeobservedthat“primarysources,eveneyewitnessaccounts,are not necessarily accurate.” As all other types of sources, accuracy has still to be evaluated and established. In the same manner, a source mostly taken assecondary maystillbeconsideredasprimarydependingontheresearchproject.Thismeansthat asourcemayeitherbeprimaryorsecondarydependingonthediscipline.Ontheother hand, tertiary sources are best avoidedinresearchproject,sincethetasktoconsider, decideon,rearrange,andsummarizesecondhandinformationiswhatthestudentsare expected to do when doing research. If required to use specific type of sources, a studentneedstocheckwiththeteachertomakesurethetypesandquantityofsources will meet the research requirements (Ohio State University Libraries Pressbooks, n.d.). Insummary,historicalsourcesareveryessentialmaterialsusedtounfoldevents, accounts, and secrets of the past. Primary sources are information in its original form, not translated or published in another form; secondary sources are a restatement, analysis, or interpretation of original information; and tertiary sources are a summary or repackagingoforiginalinformation,oftenbasedonsecondaryinformationthathasbeen published, thus are so far from firsthand information. In studying history or doing research project, it is important to understand the distinction between these types of sourcesandtoobservethesourcerequirementsoftheresearchassignments.Thiswill ensurethatstudentsareabletopracticethescholarlyuseofreliablehistoricalsources and avoid the fake news going around these days. ______________________________________________________________________ Historical Methodology Studying the world, the things around us, and even the past, requires a disciplined approach and an analytical mind to arrive at a truthful and correct result in a systematic manner. This applies not only to the natural sciences but also to the social sciences such as history. We need to follow procedures and to look for evidence from facts. This is generally referred to as the scientific method. As the name suggests, scientific method is an orderly and careful process of finding answers to questions and of discovering relationships of cause and effect on observable reality. It follows a set of organized steps such as: asking questions, carefully gathering and examining evidence, and seeing if all the available information can be combined into a logical answer. Whether done in a classroom or in a research setting, these steps help to achieve focus in answering the question (Science Buddies, 2020). In the social sciences, particularly in history, this framework is called historical method. As used by professional historians, historical methodology is the process by which evidence are gathered and ideas about the past are formulated. Just like natural sciences, it involves critical thinking, formulating hypotheses based on evidence and testing them in order to construct an account of the past (Study.com, 2020). Simply stated, doing historical research means using scientific method of inquiry to historical problems. The reason is that historical method, being a scientific one, demands professional historians to gothrough stages akin to those used in experimental research, such as stating and delimiting the problem, and selecting the sources. In addition, they always look for the primary sources in history (and in current events as well). Equally important, historians train themselves not to accept these sources at face value but use analysis and criticism to test their validity and reliability. Historical methodologyinvolves doing these common steps: 1. Formulate the question.The question serves as the objective or the topic around which the entire historical research revolves. The main question can then be broken down into specific questions or objectives to make it simpler and easier to answer or to achieve. 2. Look for evidences.Guided by the main question as the topic and aided by the specific questions, the next step is to gather data needed to find the answers. Data consists of facts and information obtained from a wide range of primary sources such as interviews, artifacts, photographs, birth certificates, marriage contract, letters or other primary source documents. 3. Assess the evidence.It is necessary to check if the primary materials collected are genuine and authentic as sources. Make sure these sources are valid, correct, relevant and useful to provide answer to the main question. 4. Interrogate the evidence.To determine the reliability, critical analysis of the information in the source itself is important: how it reflects the events and developments of the topic, how the present context influences its description of the topic, and how the information connects with other sources at that time. Historical criticism of the sources must be used, both external and internal criticism. This process involves evaluating the trustworthiness of the sources and will be discussed further below. 5. Writing the historical narrative.With the information gathered, construct your written narrative. Make sure content is complete, organized, and developed based on the format and that all research questions or objectives have been answered or achieved. Historical Criticism Source criticism or information evaluation is the process of evaluating the reliability of an information source. As a scientific method in itself, it involves a set of criteria originating from the historical-critical method, but is useful in all information retrieval (Wikimedia Commons, 2020). The task of criticism is to “determine what relation the materials still before us bears to the acts of will it testifies” Its result is not equal to “exact historical fact,” but the ability to place “the materials in such a condition as renders possible a relatively safe and correct judgment” (Droysen, 1893). The mental process called historical criticism is of two kinds: internal and external. 1. External criticismrefers to the process of determining if a source is authentic by checking its validity (Reference, 2020). Its use serves to establish if a document can be traced back to the purported originator and if it is consistent with known facts. It studies the form of the document (Tosh, 2000). Specific things to be searched include real author, date of publication or writing, place of publication, and the reason for the survival of the source. 2. Internal criticism,on the other hand, checks “the reliability of an authenticated source after it has been subjected to external criticism.” (Reference, 2020) It is an attempt to establish the author’s meaning and to make a judgement as to the intentions and prejudices of the writer (Tosh, 2000). In particular, the following are sought out: vantage point of the account as either eyewitness or secondhand, reason for its writing, literal meaning, internal consistency, and possible connotations. The two techniques is shown in Figure 1. ThephotographaboveisthatofaLantaka,acommontypeoffirearmproduced and used in pre-colonial Philippines. Suppose you are doing a historical study on the pre-Hispanic/pre-colonial firearms of the Philippines and you come across this artifact,whatquestionswillyouasktodeterminetheexternalvalidity(externalcriticism) and reliability (internal criticism)? Bywayofexternalcriticism,youmaywanttoask:whowerethemakersofthese weapons,howdidthesesurvive,wherewerethesemade,andwhereweretheseused. To critique internally, you may ask questions like: what were theseweaponsmadeof, aretheseconsistentwiththematerialsusedforsimilarweaponsatthattime,whywere these made, and why were they designed this way. Let’s take other examples: The four (4) images above show various perspectives of one event. The first photo shows the handwritten notes of the former President Ferdinand E. Marcos containing some of his thoughts leading to his declaration of martial law. The second one captures the signature portion of Proclamation No. 1081 placing the Philippines under Martial Law on September 21, 1972. The third image contains figures on the humanrightsabusesundertheMarcosdictatorship.Andthefourthoneisaphotoofa propaganda tarpaulin showing that the dictator did not impose death penalty to a Filipino during and after Martial law. Withdifferentpointsofviewononespecifichistoricalevent,allthemorereason is there to perform historical analysis, both external and external, to come up with a balancedperspectiveoftheevent.Forexternalcriticism,pointstoaskinclude:whothe writer was, his/her background, the social context, etc. And for internal criticism questions could be: were the things written about have factual basis or evidence or were these simply opinions, are there biases in the statements, etc. An important point to consider here is the need to carefully examine the perspective orpointsofviewoftheauthorsofprimarysources.Thereasonisthatany personcreatingordescribingahistoricaleventhashisownperspectiveorpointofview. Factors that may influence a person’s historical perspective and interpretation include age, gender, social position, beliefs and values (History Skills, 2020). Thus there is a need to analyze and understand the author’s point of view. This constitutes what is called historical perspective which Sexias and Morton (2013) define as “attempting to seethroughtheeyesofpeoplewholivedintimesandcircumstancesfarremovedfrom our present-day lives.” This perspective, however, needs to be evaluated in terms of existing evidence. It is only afterameticulousevaluationcanthehistoricalinformation be adjudged as valid, hence reliable. As a summary, historical methodology is very much similar to the scientific method, and it is in fact, using the scientific method of inquiry into history. There are organized steps to observe to ensure that theobjectiveoftheresearchundertakingis realized.Inaddition,justliketrainedhistorians,studentsneedtodevelopthediscipline of always seeking out for the primary sources. Once this is done, the next task is to subject these sources to critical analysis using both external and internal criticism, in order to thresh out their validityandreliability.Thisensuresthatbiasesinherentinthe ideas and interpretations of the authors are identified so as to produce an evidenced-based historical narrative. ______________________________________________________________________ Philippine Geography Cartography: The Science of Map Making Cartography is the study and practice of making maps. Maps have been with humans for an extremely long time due to its importance to human movement, war advantage and many more. In the field of cartography, map projection, the means of flattening a spherical globe into a plane in order to make a map, is perhaps most significant element in map making Imago Mundi: World’s Oldest Surviving he Imago Mundi is believed by most historians to be the oldest surviving map in the T world dating back its creation to the 6th century BC (Photo Courtesy: Billock, J. (2017) Since man created a flat illustration of its spherical world, thereby various projections have been created as an attempt to recreate a “perfect” flat representation of the spherical Earth. Cartographers attempted to produce various maps to give geographers and other scientists studying the Earth’s surface many perspectives in “looking” at the surface of the planet. Map Projections: Various Looks to Our Earth Map projectioncan be easily defined as abovementioned however, in detail, it is actually a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of positions on the surface of the Earth to a flat sheet of paper, a map (Ghaderpour, 2014). The most common and widely-used map projections are the following: 1. Equal-area Projection –this preserves the area (the size) between the map and the model of the Earth. In other words, every section of the maps keeps a constant ratio to the area of the Earth which it represents. Albers (conical equal-area), Bonne (azimuthal) and Lambert (cylindrical equal-area) are best applied on local area of the Earth however, some are best for world maps as the Mollweide, Hammer-Aitoff, Boggs euphormic and Eckert IV. A Mollweide map projection (Photo Credits: Stirnemann, J. (2006) 2. Conformal Projection –these projection maintains the shape of an area with respect to the visual appearance and recognition. During the transformation from spherical to flat, shape is highly maintained. Mercator, Lambert conformal and stereographic are examples of conformal map projection. A Mercator map projection (Photo Credits: Šavrič, B., et. al. (2015) 3. Conventional Projections –this kind of projection are neither equal-area not conformal since they were designed for a specific function based on a specific application. Some examples of this projection are conic, gnomonic, azimuthal equidistant, Miller, polyconic, Robinson and plate carree. An azimuthal equidistant map projection used to map earthquake locations relative to the location of the Arabian Peninsula (Photo Credits: Yao, Z., et.al. (2017) Philippines in Various Map Projections As we have seen above, various map projections “sees” the world in various perspectives and various foci and various cartographers are developing more projections to better illustrate a spherical Earth in a 2D flat map. It is now interesting to see how the Philippines is illustrated in these various perspectives and how its appearance and shape compare to other Asian neighbors in this varying map projections. Honest to confess that sometimes different projections sometimes distort the shapes and appearances of land forms to conform to the specific arrangements of latitudes and longitudes however if a projection wanted to preserve the shape and appearance of land forms sometimes the position of the longitudes and latitudes are not maintained. A Miller map projection used to map locations of extreme-event magnetic observatories (Photo Credits: Love, J., et.al. (2016) In the Mercator and Gall-Peter Projections The Mercator projection was created by the Flemish cartographer, Gerardus Mercator in 1569. Mercator was born in Rupelmonde, Flanders on March 5, 1512. He was renowned for creating a map that is extremely useful for navigators as this maps has straight lines which equates to straight paths on the seas making plotting navigation paths easier for most explorers since this time it was the high time of explorations and adventures to lands outside the European continent (Edwards, 2015). Mercator later added his works on the Mercator map projection to his collection of maps which he created since he started. He named his collection – Atlas (Edwards, 2015). The Mercator projection is widely used in classrooms and navigation due to its straight latitude and longitude positioning however the downside of this projection is the heavy distortion of the shape and appearance of the land forms. Example is when we zoom in to the Philippines which has a land area of 343,448 sq. km. it is actually larger than Italy (294,190 sq. km.) Great Britain (229, 848 sq. km.) and even larger than North Korea (120,538 sq. km.) and South Korea (100,210 sq. km.) combined with a total land area of 220,748 sq. km. Mindanao, Philippines’s second largest island which has a land area of 97,530 sq. km. is larger than Ireland which has a land area of 84, 421 sq. km. only (Lasco, G., 2015). The heavy distortion of the image is caused by the presentation of “rhumbs, imaginary lines that cut all meridians at the same angle, as straight lines...” (Sterbenz, 2013). The Mercator projection also exaggerates the size of the countries as it closes to the poles. Thus, the continental United States, Canada, Greenland, Europe, Russia, and Australia are far larger compared to countries farther to the poles (Lasco, 2015). Most of these countries are colonizers thus perpetrating a thought that the map is somehow “racist” (Dodgson, 2017). Since cartographers have seen the downside of the Mercator projection of heavy distortion of sizes and land areas, cartographers began challenging Mercator projection and penned their very own projections. Arno Peters, in 1974, brought the projection to the world in an international conference calling the map “Peters World Map” (seemingly putting credits to him alone thus the controversy). However, the map projection has been already described by James Gall early of 1855 and published a paper about it in 1885. The name Gall-Peters Projection was first used by Arthur Robinson in 1986 during the American Cartographic Association conference. The Gall – Peters projection is primarily penned to create a flat representation of the world with respect to the size of the countries. This projection is known to illustrate “accurately” the sizes of the countries. However, the downside of this map is now again heavy distortion towards the north-south poles. However, as many schools in the world shifted to Gall-Peters Projection, many cartographers and geographers still are not satisfied with this shift as Mercator projection is heavy in size distortion still the Gall-Peters projection is also guilty of such distortion towards the poles. In the Conventional Projection Note that the Asian mainland in the map slightly bends to the left while the Philippines maintains its perpendicularity relative to the assigned 0° longitude. This distortion is observed due to the specific use of the map (as it is an example of conventional projection) to pinpoint the location of Clark Air Base relative to other parts of the world. Due to the Earth’s spheroidal (oblate spheroid) shape it is extremely difficult to illustrate it in a flat surface of the map hence distortions and variations are given features of every maps possible. The Philippines, in various map projections, is a victim to undeliberate distortions and alterations. The Philippines is of course mapped in the map but the quest still continue, not in how are we imaged in the map but how do we stand out in the map of the world’s destiny. ______________________________________________________________________ Formal Discussion: Plate Tectonics In comprehending the formation of the islands in the Philippines, it is very important to understand the dynamics of Plate Tectonics. Plate Tectonics is simply the movement of the seven (7) major plates of the world. These seven (7) major plates are as follows; 1 Pacific Plate.– includes roughly the entire Pacific Ocean; approximately around 103,300,000 sq. km. 2. North American Plate – includes North America, Greenland and parts of Siberia; approximately 75,900,000 sq. km. 3. Eurasian Plate – includes most of Eurasia; approximately 67,800,000 sq. km. 4. African Plate – includes Africa west of the East African Rift; approximately 61,300,000 sq. km. 15 mins. Social Science 1 | Page 2 of 4 . Antarctic Plate – includes Antarctica and near 5 surrounding bodies of water; approximately 60,900,000 sq. km. 6. Indo-Australian Plate – a major plate formed in the fusion of Australian and Indian Plates often considered as separate plates; approximately 58,900,000 sq. km. 7. South American Plate – includes most of South America and huge part of South Atlantic; approximately 43, 600, 000 sq. km. The Tectonic Plates of the World Photo Courtesy: Herve, M. (2005) Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics: Basic Knowledge hese tectonic plates, 67 miles thick are constantly T moving, colliding with or moving away from each other. This movement of large chunks of land mass is possible due to the churning of magma found underneath the crus of the Earth. he Science of Subduction T The movement is either rising of plates or sinking of plates. The lighter plate moves above the heavier plate, this process is called subduction. Subduction forces the magma to rise from the interior of the planet and escapes into a violent eruption. When the resultant eruption occurred in submerged sections of the crust over an extended period of time, it leads to the formation of island arcs. Photo Courtesy: Nakada, S. (2018) Volcanic Archipelago: Volcanism as a Geoheritage Characteristic of Japan Social Science 1 | Page 3 of 4 hilippine Archipelago Formation P Philippines and Surrounding Major Geological Features: Due to the location of the Philippines which lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire, volcanic activity in the islands is strong and offers a glimpse to the country’s volcanic origin. The formation of the islands is the result of the collision of the Indo-Australian Plate, Eurasian Plate and a minor plate, the Philippine Sea Plate (includes the Taiwan, Indonesia and the Philippines). This collision is believed to have occurred millions of years ago resulting to the formation of the original island arc. Later, the original island arc is believed to have collided with the Sundaland forming a series of islands in the archipelago. hoto Courtesy: Lagmay, AM (2014) Brief Communication: On the P Source Characteristics and Impacts of the magnitude 7.2 Bohol earthquake, Philippines Plate Convergence towards Sundaland This dynamics of plate tectonics today gave rise to the islands of the Philippines and until today the movement of the tectonic plates and the process of subduction creates more islands and give birth to new land formations. hoto Courtesy: Rangin, C. et. al. (1999) Plate convergence P measured by GPS across the Sundaland/Philippine Sea Plate deformed boundary he Philippines having twenty-two (22) active T volcanoes and situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire is undoubtedly most alive in terms of geological movements underneath. It is therefore safe to assume that this extremely volcanic active scenario had influenced the origin of our archipelago that is further enhanced by the plate tectonic movements continuously affecting the geological landscape of the country. ___________________________________________________________________ According to the Article 1 of the 1987 Philippine onstitution: C “The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the 8 mins. Social Science 1 / Page 2 of 4 rchipelago, regardless of their breadth and a dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines”. The process of determining the boundaries of the Philippines is based on the Archipelagic Doctrine that states that the Philippine is an archipelago, therefore, it shall be regarded as a single unit, so that the waters around, between, and connecting islands of the archipelago, irrespective of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the state, and are subject to its exclusive sovereignty. The Archipelagic Doctrine was the result of the efforts of the Philippine Permanent Mission to the United Nations on March 1995 led by Arturo Tolentino who headed the delegation of the Philippines to the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). UNCLOS also determined the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in 1982. This states that any state has jurisdiction up to 200 nautical miles from the baselines where the territorial seas are measured, except in cases where the external boundaries of the zone coincides with EEZ of a nearby state. Figure 1 below shows the limits of the national territorial domain of the Philippine archipelago which passed from the sovereignty of Spain to the United States by virtue of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. ource: Chan, et al. (1997) S The Philippines has an Exclusive Economic Zone that covers 2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq. mi). It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its Social Science 1 / Page 3 of 4 s hores. This is due to the 7,641 islands comprising the Philippine archipelago. eing a Filipino, it is important to study the B geography of our country in order for us to understand its history. We should be acquainted with the important characteristics of the Philippine Archipelago-its exact location, size, shape, and types of climate. And most of all, we must be aware of the various demarcation of the Philippine Territorial Limits. Like the Archipelagic Doctrine, The EEZ is equally important as it provides the country the right to explore, benefit from, maintain and manage its own national resources. However, it is equally important to acknowledge that a state ho has jurisdiction in the EEZ should permit maritime vessels as well as aircrafts from other states to pass through EEZ. eographically, the Philippines is divided into G three (3) major islands namely, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao which are also divided into seventeen (17) regions, 81 provinces, 144 cities, 1,491 municipalities, and 42,028 barangays. It is important to note that the Philippines is divided into regions. Below are the reasons for regionalization: 1. To efficiently manage the country; 2. To have an equal standard of living; and 3. To easily facilitate the delivery of the basic services. eography, socio-economic development, G and transportation and communication are just some of the bases for regionalization. The Philippines is known for its beautiful natural harbors for ports. Aside from ports, the country boasts of its river systems, such as the Cagayan River in Northern Luzon, Rio Grande de Mindanao, and the Agusan River, both found in Mindanao. The Philippines is also famous for its lakes, like the heart-shaped Laguna de Bay, Taal in Batangas, Naujan in Mindoro Oriental, Bulusan and Buhi in the Bicol region, and Mainit and 12 mins. Social Science 1 / Page 2 of 7 anao in Mindanao. Waterfalls in the country are L not only for tourist’ attractions because of its beauty and grandeur but also for power generation like the Maria Cristina Falls that can be found in the province of Lanao del Norte in Mindanao. The Cagayan River Rio Grande de Mindanao Social Science 1 / Page 3 of 7 Agusan River The Laguna de Bay Taal Lake, Batangas Bulusan Lake, Bicol Social Science 1 / Page 4 of 7 agsanjan Falls, Laguna Maria Cristina Falls, P Lanao Source: ttps://www.slideshare.net/bestinenarsus1/geography-and- h natural-resources-of-the-philippines ot only that the Philippines is known for its N wondrous waterfalls, rivers, and lakes. The fertile land in the country is the primary source of livelihood. The rich fertile land in the country is the primary source of livelihood, particularly farming. Vast farmlands are distributed throughout the entire archipelago from the Cagayan Valley to Central Luzon extending up to South-Western Bicol. In the Visayas area, Panay and Negros islands are filled with rich valleys and plains suitable for agriculture. Further south, agricultural plains in Cotabato, Davao, Bukidnon and Agusan are teeming with the bounties from the land. Agricultural products such as corn, rice, coconut, sugarcane, tobacco, and abaca are the country’s major source of income. When it comes to mineral resources, our country boasts as one of the world’s top producer of nickel that is abundant in the provinces of Davao, Surigao del Norte, Cotabato and Agusan region. Nueva Ecija, Ilocos Norte, Cotabato, and Camarines Norte are areas rich in iron while copper is abundant in Batangas, Zambales, Negros, Mindoro, and Panay. Social Science 1 / Page 5 of 7 here are several ways where we can protect T and preserve these natural resources that the country has. What we need is the willingness to act and participate in different activities towards protecting and preserving the environment. he Philippines is an archipelago consisting T of 7,641 islands and islets stretching almost a thousand miles from North to South. The country as extensive river systems and has an irregular h coastline that can accommodate large ships. Aside from this, the Philippines is rich in natural resources. The fertile plains and rich valleys produce diverse crops for local consumption and export. The country is divided into 17 regions for efficient administration, equality in terms of the standard of living, and for facilitating the delivery of basic services such as public education, public health, and other public services. ______________________________________________________________________ Periodization eriodization is the process of categorizing the past in a P discrete, quantified division of time to attain systematic and organized facilitation of study and analysis of events. It provides convenient terms for different periods of time with stable characteristics. However, the determination of time periods varies. *To simplify, periodization is a system of organizing historical information by dividing time into different periods using specific basis. Basis of Periodization: . Beginning of writing 1 Using this as basis, there are two periods: prehistoric period and historic period. Prehistoric period is the time before the beginning of a writing system and historic period is the time when a system of writing started. usiamarch. 4th primary SS Unit 5 Prehistory. A https://quizlet.com/es/383961553/4th-primary- ss-unit-5-prehistory-50-with-images-flash-cards/. 2. Geologic time- the history of the earth’s physical structure and its accompanying processes. 5 1 mins. Soc Sci 1 | Page 3 of 8 eological time scale. Digital Atlas of Ancient Life. Paleontological Research Institution. G https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/learn/geological-time/geological-time-scale/. Note: Ga- (giga-annum) billion years, Ma (mega-annum) million years, and Ka (kilo-annum) thousand years. 3. Tool technology- this type of periodization makes use of the cultural and material developments of people. Some basic periods using this basis are: Stone Age and the Metal Age. - Stone Age- this includes Old Stone Age and New Stone Age. Rigby, S. (2019). Stone age chewing gum reveals history of Scandinavia. ttps://www.sciencefocus.com/news/stone-age-chewing-gum-reveals-history-of- h scandinavia/. - Old Stone Age (Palaeolithic Age) - people used crude stone tools and their way of life was basically nomadic, moving from one place to another hunting and gathering food. Soc Sci 1 | Page 4 of 8 len, S. Palaeolithic- Old Stone Age. Short History Website. A https://www.shorthistory.org/prehistory/palaeolithic-old-stone-age/. - Neolithic Age- people were able to refine their crude stone tools; they developed agriculture, hence they became food producers instead of just being food gatherers. With available food supply, they begun living in settlements and learned to domesticate animals. argaritoff, M. (2019). Scientists find 8,000 year old food residue that reveals what M Neolithic people ate for dinner. https://allthatsinteresting.com/neolithic-diet. - Metal Age- in this time, people discovered the use of etals and made them into tools that proved to be more m efficient than stones; the basic divisions of this age include: Copper Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. raselahistoria. Metal Age. https://sites.google.com/site/eraselahistoria/home/1o-eso- E ciencias-sociales/la-prehistoria/metal-age. . According to Christian calendar 4 - BC- Before Christ and AD or Anno Domini “In the Year of the Lord” Soc Sci 1 | Page 5 of 8 istorians later preferred the use of BCE- Before Common H Era (instead of BC) and CE or Common Era (instead of AD) to avoid reference to a specific religious faith. riscoll, K. (2017). What do bp, bc, bce ,ad, ce, and cal mean?. D https://www.artobatours.com/articles/archaeology/bp-bc-bce-ad-ce-cal-mean/. 5. Number of years- this makes use of the following: - Decade means 10 years: - Century means a hundred years: and - Millennium is a period of a thousand years. onverting time. Online Math Learning, Inc. C https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/convert- time.html. . Rise and fall of civilization- This pertains to the following 6 divisions: - Ancient Period- refers to the time when the early civilizations in the world were established; - Medieval Period (also known as the Middle Ages)- pertains to AD (or CE) 500-1500; - Modern Age- ushered in by the period of Renaissance; and - Post-modern- period after the Modern Age mostly distinguished through its economic and cultural conditions and innovations. Soc Sci 1 | Page 6 of 8 Cole, T. (2018). Lost star of myth and time: The rise and fall of civilizations. ttps://www.ancient-origins.net/history-important-events/rise-and-fall-of-civilizations- h 0010609. Periodization in Philippine History: In studying Philippine history, we commonly use the periodization labels like Prehistoric Period, Ancient Times, Spanish Colonial Period, American Colonial Period and Post-War Philippines. We note, however, that a big chunk of our history focuses on the history of foreign colonizers in our country and relegates to the background the history of our people. A new perspective was thus developed in the study of Philippine history. This has been referred to as “Pantayong pananaw” or the “we” perspective. Dr. Zeus Salazar, a professor of history from the University of the Philippines was a major proponent of this perspective. Dr. Salazar highlighted the importance of studying our country’s history based on the perspective and experiences of the Filipinos rather than that of foreigners. He argued that we should focus on our interconnection, values, practices, culture, behaviour, wisdom, aspirations, and identity. The argument of Dr. Salazar is important in the restructuring process of our periodization and history as a nation. Much of Philippine history is viewed from the perspective of the foreigners (i.e. Spanish period, American period, etc.) which resulted to the misconception that it was the foreign colonizers who brought enlightenment and civilization to our country. Thus, there is a need to restructure this using our perspective as Filipinos to focus on our very own experiences as a people. As an example, before the arrival of the Spaniards, the natives were practicing varied cultures. They possessed the characteristics of civilization such as system of writing, technology, government, specialized workers, etc., but this is not discussed in the perspective of the foreigners for they argued that the natives were barbaric and primitive. Thus, using the “pantayong pananaw” redirects us to use the Filipino perspective, provides us with deeper insights into our identity as a people, and frees us from colonial imprints. Why study periodization in history? eriodization is an attempt to arrange history for easy P referencing and learning. Studying history needs organization and systematic order of chronology for convenience and systematic analysis. 2 mins. Soc Sci 1 | Page 8 of 8 It is also important for everyone since it is easier to identify certain periods and events using specific time frame that contains common basis and characteristics. Using a Filipino perspective in periodization of Philippine history provides: 1. easier understanding of categorization of events in Philippine history; and 2. strengthened awareness, understanding, and appreciation of our own experiences as a people free from colonial imprints. ________________________________________________________________ Peopling Process: myths, legends, and theories. earning the peopling process is necessary to understand the L dispersal of early people which is proven to be connected culturally and genetically. This would also help us understand the evolution and migration patterns not just of humans, but also of plants and animals. Explanations about the peopling process in the Philippines have been controversial. There are different legends, myths, and theories that explain this. Myths and legends have been made by people of long ago to provide them explanations about the world and their experiences in the distant past. They form part and parcel of their society’s narratives which reflected their culture. Theories, on the other hand, are plausible explanations based on facts, but needing further proof based on scientific evidences and findings. In the past, Henry Otley Beyer’s wave of migration theory had been used to explain the peopling of the Philippines but this had already been refuted based on new evidences. In recent times, prominent theories include Felipe Landa Jocano’s core population theory (also referred to as evolution theory), Peter Bellwood’s “Out- of- Taiwan” Austronesian theory, Wilhelm Solheim’s “Island Origin usantao theory, and the MtDNA theory. There are also more recent N archaeological evidences that shed light on the peopling in our country. Below are some examples of myths and legends: 1. Myths and legends 1.1. Early Filipinos sprang from the soil like wild plants; 1.2. Filipinos were created by the sun (claimed to be their father); 1.3. Produced from certain base metals by the magic of an alchemists; 1.4. God baked people out of clay; the perfectly baked were Filipinos (referring to the skin color as the perfect result); and 1.5. Malakas and Maganda (stepped out of a bamboo after a bird’s pecking). * Myths and legends are mostly considered part of literature and are not scientifically proven. 2. Theories For theories on the peopling of the Philippines, those propounded include Jocano’s core population theory (referred to as evolution theory), the “Out-of-Taiwan” Austronesian theory by Peter Bellwood, “Island Origin” Nusantao theory by Wilhelm Solheim, the MtDNA theory, and the archaeological discoveries in the Philippines. 15 mins. Soc Sci 1 | Page 3 of 7 .1. Core Population/ Evolution theory 2 - F. Landa Jocano argued that the people in the Philippines were end results of the evolution process and the movement of people. His theory refuted Henry Otley eyer’s wave of migration theory of the past which B explained that the peopling of the Philippines was brought about by the three waves of migration by the Negritos, Indonesians, and the Malays and that we Filipinos descended from the Malay race. Jocano’s evidence disproving this was the skull cap (dated 16,500 years) and mandible (jawbone; dated 31,000 years) he and other members of a team headed by Dr. Robert B. Fox found in Tabon Caves in Palawan in 1962. He argued that there is no way to determine whether the skull cap belonged to Negritos. He added that, iti is erroneous that the Filipino culture is Malay-oriented since no group among the three (Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays) is culturally dominant; they stand co-equal as culture groups. In addition, later archaeological investigations in the Tabon Cave Complex yielded other skeletal remains. A tibia (bone of the lower leg) was found which dates back to 47,000 years. This is concrete evidence, therefore, that there were already people in the Philippines 47,000 years ago. 2.2. “Out-of- Taiwan” Austronesian theory (Austronesian refers to a family of people having similarities in language, culture, and based on recent researchers, DNA-spanning the areas from Taiwan to New Zealand, from Madagascar to the Eastern Islands). - Peter Bellwood formalized the theory of Austronesian origins of the peopling process in the Philippines. He argued that the Austronesians crossed the strait separating China (via boat) from Taiwan and they reached Luzon through Batanes Islands spreading towards Borneo, Celebes and the Pacific Ocean (Bellwood, 1997). This is why it is also called as the “Out-of-Taiwan” theory. 2.3. “Island Origin” Nusantao theory (nusa means “south island” and tao means “man”). - According to Wilhelm Solheim II the Nusantao theory (also known as the “island origin theory”) provides a clearer model in the interpretation of an inter-island communication and influences in the area of the Pacific r egion. He argued that natives of Southeast Asia including the Philippines are descendants of the Nusantao who were known as maritime-oriented people Soc Sci 1 | Page 4 of 7 nd they spoke a language related to, or pre-Austronesian a (non-maritime Austronesian speakers were not considered as part of the Nusantao). This theory mostly focused on the maritime contact and trading system of pre-historic Southeast Asia with the emphasis on cultural trait distributions among the Southeast Asians. He argued that there were four subareas or “lobes” that intertwined the peopling process of the Philippines; Northern section is known as Taiwan, next is in Northern Luzon and Palawan, Northern Vietnam, and lastly in South China (Solheim, 2006). - A related study was made by Dr. Stephen Oppenheimer from the Oxford University School of Anthropology. He wrote that a huge ancient continent called Sundaland existed which extended the Asian landmass as far as Borneo and Java. This Sundaland was submerged after three major floods following the last Ice Age. The submerging of the Sundaland resulted in the flooding and rise of sea levels, creating the Java and South China Seas and the thousands of islands of Indonesia and the Philippines. Furthermore, this resulted into population dispersals, forcing the early inhabitants to escape in boats and move to less-flood prone areas. This population dispersal helps explain the peopling process in many parts of Asia. .4. Peopling of the Philippines based on MtDNA 2 A group of scientists in Taiwan worked on a research on genetic identity and mapping. These scientists studied the DNA in the mitochondira of blood cells which is an indicator of genetic ancestry and identity. Protein types (called haplotypes) found in mitochondria are passed down through mothers across generations. Austronesians have a unique type of haplotypes called E Haplotype. In December 2011, an archaeological find of an 8,000 year old man, believed to be an ancestor of the Austronesians was found in Liangdao Island in Taiwan. Laboratory analysis of the mitochondrial DNA (MtDNA) of this Liangdao Man revealed that he had pure source of the E Haplotype, a characteristic found among the Austronesians. This theory is related to Bellwood’s idea that Austronesians came from Taiwan and eventually navigated their way to the Philippines. Another MtDNA study made by Arenas, Gorostiza, and et al. showed that the peopling of the Philippines by the early settlers was more than 60,000 years ago with patterns of long distance dispersal from both north and south migration routes. Fossil records proved that around Soc Sci 1 | Page 5 of 7 0,000-50,000 years ago, modern humans reached 4 Philippines and the genus Homo was estimated around 67,000 years ago. Source: Arenas, M., Gorostiza, A., Baquero, J.M. et al. (2020). The Early Peopling f the Philippines based on mtDNA. Sci Rep 10, 4901. o https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61793-7. he image shows the result of a research, based on mtDNA T (Mitochondrial DNA) including the sample size of subjects from different provinces in the Philippines. It showed four (4) possible routes of early peopling in the archipelago; Northern route- from Taiwan through the Luzon Strait, Southwest route- from Borneo through Palawan, Central route- from east of Borneo crossing the Sulu area going to Western Mindanao and lastly, the Southeast route from Sulawesi through Southern Mindanao to Sangihe Islands (Gorostiza, Baquero, et al., 2020). .5. Archaeological discoveries 2 In 2007, excavations made by a team of Filipino, French, and Australian archaeologists in Callao Caves, Cagayan unearthed a foot bone. This foot bone had been dated to be about 67, 000 years old. he Filipino in this team was Dr. Armand S. Mijares who, together T with the other team members, came back in 2011 in Cagayan and found more skeletal remains. These fossils have been named Homo luzonensis (or Callao Man). In 2018, the discovery of stone tools together with a butchered rhinoceros in Kalinga before the arrival of modern humans (Homo sapiens) created a great impact in archaeological studies. The artifacts found in Kalinga were remarkable for the rhinoceros bones with tool marks have been dated to be around 709,000 years old. The researchers are still trying to search for the human species that butchered the rhino and made the discovered stone tools. One thing for sure though, these archaeological evidences will restructure the Soc Sci 1 | Page 6 of 7 theories of how the Philippines was peopled by early settlers (Gresko, 2018). tudies and theories on the peopling process of the Philippines S and the other parts of the globe are still works in progress. The peopling process is a puzzle that needs a thorough and long process of research to fill the gaps. Fortunately, fossil evidences, artifacts, genetic tracing, and language analyses help piece the puzzle and fill the gaps slowly. In more recent times, there is indeed a rapid development of studying the origins of people with the aid of different experts in the fields of archaeology, linguistics, biology, genetics, anthropology, palaeontology and the like. However, one major dilemma the Philippines is facing is the lack of Filipino 4 mins. Soc Sci 1 | Page 7 of 7 r esearchers to do this. At the same time, equipment and funding are other issues faced by the country resulting to problems in research and therefore, our lack of deep understanding of our prehistoric past. Political Life ong before the encounter with the Westerners, the native L Filipinos had their own government system. The barangay was the unit of government and consisted of 30 to 100 families. The word barangay comes from the Malay word balangay, a boat, (as shown below), which transported the native families to the shores. In the present Philippines, barangay is considered as the smallest administrative division of Philippine government. ource: Ramirez, Nelson P. (September 11, 2018). S Balangay [photograph]. Pressreader. Retrieved from: ttps://www.pressreader.com/philippines/manila- h times/20180911/281762745149053 barangay is nothing without its leader who governed the A people. In the precolonial Philippines, the leader of the barangay was called chieftain and he held vast powers: executive, legislative and judiciary. He was the commander of war and he had the power 12 mins. Social Science 1 / Page 2 of 5 to collect tax (buwis) from the people under his jurisdiction. While it is true that a chieftain was powerful, he was still guided by the council of elders in lawmaking. If a law was made by the chieftain, the town cryer called umalohokan, will announce the approved law to the community. The chieftain also stood as a judge in dispute settling in the community. The trial of a case was held in public and the council of elders stood as the “jury”. Agoncillo (1990) listed the trial by ordeal practiced by the native Filipinos as follows: 1. Dipping the suspects’ hands in a vessel with boiling water. The man whose hand was scalded the most was considered the guilty one. 2. Giving lighted candles to the suspects. The man whose candle died out first was the guilty one 3. Suspects plunging into the river or lake. He who came to the surface first was guilty. 4. Chewing uncooked rice. The man whose saliva came out the thickest was the culprit. 5. Ordeal by combat (bultong). The vanquished in the wrestling contest was guilty. The loser is declared the culprit had no other choice but to accept his fate as the native Filipinos believed that the trial by ordeal was intervened by the divinity. Meanwhile, in a trial of a case, the accuser and the accused person faced each other with their witnesses in the public. The oath must be taken by the witness such form as: “May the crocodile devour me If I tell a lie”, “May I die here and now if I do not tell the truth”, and so forth. In this trial, the party who had the most number of witnesses was usually declared to be the winner. Ignite time! Let’s do a thinking exercise. 1. What were the ordeals adopted to determine the innocence or guilt of a person? 2. Why did the natives resort to this kind of ordeal? 3. Are you in favor of this practice? Defend your answer. conomic Life E The early native Filipinos had their own unique way of living suitable to their given natural environment. The early Filipinos practiced agriculture. he main source of nourishment was to raise rice, coconut, sugar cane, cotton, banana, hemp, orange and many kinds of fruits and vegetables. According to Agoncillo (1990), cultivation during the precolonial Philippines was done in two ways: the kaingin and tillage. The former was done by burning shrubs and bushes to clear the land, while the latter was done through plowing and harrowing the land before planting the crop. he native Filipinos also practiced irrigation as shown in the T succeeding page. Social Science 1 / Page 3 of 5 ource: Nunes, R.M. (n.d.). World heritage Ifugao rice S terraces in Batad, northern Luzon, Philippines [photograph]. Shuttershock. Retrieved from: ttps://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/world- h heritage-ifugao-rice-terraces-batad-634025597 he Banawe Rice Terraces found in Banawe, Mountain T Province is a living testimony of how civilized the native Filipinos were. The rice terraces is sustained by the irrigating ditches of stone-walls built by the natives before the coming of the colonizers. It measures 19,312 km and is one of the Wonders of the World. Aside from agriculture, the native Filipinos also involved themselves in industries such as fishing, mining, shipbuilding, logging, and livestock raising. Furthermore, the native Filipinos engaged into barter system. A system where no currency was used, instead, goods were bought and sold by exchanging goods. efore the coming of the Spaniards, the Filipinos had a B civilization of their own. A barangay was ruled by a chieftain who held wide powers. The economic life during the pre-colonial times was not much different from that found today in the rural areas. Agriculture, fishing, weaving, pottery, mining, and lumbering are still being practiced up to this day. If you want to know more about the Political Institutions and Economic Life of Early Filipinos, watch the Gintong Pamana videos episode available on this link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amFkFwsVIcs&t=33s. Please read the social and cultural life of the early Filipinos for the next lesson. ____________________________________________________________________ Cultural Life hen the Westerners arrived in the Philippines, they observed that W the native Filipinos had their mode of clothing of their own, suitable to their natural environment. For male, they had their upper attire kanggan, a black or blue jacket with short sleeves and bahag, a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist, own between the thighs. d For women, a baro or camisa, a jacket with sleeves and saya for Tagalogs, a loose skirt. The Visayans had their counterpart called patadyong as well. The color and the style of the natives’ attire indicates social status as shown below. ource: Boxer Codex S Depicts Ancient Filipinos during Initial Contact with the Spanish and Chinese Explorers ource: Josemeijitcapa. (2018). Boxer Codex: The Boxer Codex made S by Spanish and Chinese Explorers Depicts Ancient Filipinos during Initial Contact [photograph]. Reddit. Retrieved from: https://www.reddit.com/r/ArtefactPorn/comments/7tbamm/the_box er_codex_made_by_spanish_and_chinese/ 5 1 mins. Social Science 1/ Page 2 of 4 or the kanggan, red was reserved for the chieftain; while either F blue or black for the people under the chief. The same applies to the putong worn by the male natives, red putong was for the native warrior who had killed in a war. But an embroidered putong was only for the native warrior who had killed at least seven in a war. A putong was a headgear wrapped around the head and symbolized manliness in the precolonial period. However, in the precolonial period, sandal and shoes were not introduced yet. Instead, native Filipinos were barefooted. Tattooing was not new to Filipinos. In fact, when the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines, they called the Visayans, pintados or painted ones and their islands Islas del Pintados or Islands of the Painted People. Batuk was the general term for tattoos – or patik in some places – and it also meant the marking of snakes or lizards, or any design printed or stamped on (Scott, 19494). The tattooing was done by a skillful artist called mambabatuk. Men and women of these times had their tattoo on their body as it was a form of adornment. For men, it was a symbol of manhood and valor in war. intados P Source: Margaux. (May 12, 2018). Boxer Codex: This is What 16th century Filipinos Looked Like [photograph]. The Visual Traveler. etrieved from: https://www.thevisualtraveler.net/2018/05/boxer- R codex-this-is-what-16th-century.html t present, traditional tattooing is still being practiced in the A Philippines. The Butbut tribe of Buscalan, Kalinga takes pride of Whang-od Oggay, who is the oldest mambabatok in the country. Aside from tattooing, another form of ornaments worn by the native Filipinos were armlets called kalumbiga, rings, earrings, belts, pendants made of gold. One interesting fact about the native Filipinos especially among the Visayans was the practice of sangka or gold tooth filling. Gold was very common that it can be easily found along the river banks. The native Filipinos lived in houses with basically no difference from the ancient and barrio houses found in rural areas today. Precolonial houses were made of word, bamboo and nipa palms suitable in a tropical country. Other native Filipinos built their houses on treetops and boats as well. Social Science 1/ Page 3 of 4 ocial Life S The precolonial Philippine society was divided into classes. The Tagalogs had a three-class social hierarchy. The ruling class: maginoo, including the chieftain; the freemen: timawa or maharlika; the dependents: aliping namamahay or aliping sagigilid. The namamahay had his own family and house and served his master during planting and harvest season. The sagigilid, on the other hand, had no property of his own and could not marry without the latter’s consent (Agoncillo, 1990). De Las Islas in Scott (1994) described that among the Visayan society were, chieftest: datos, who are like knights; and those like citizens, timaguas or timawas and the slaves, oripes or oripun. The native Filipinos reinforced social structure. People belonged to the higher class had the privilege to wear body ornaments and luxurious clothing. While the lower-class were disregarded in the society and in the word of Scott (1994), “nobody dared to spit in their resence.” p Furthermore, the women generally shared the same customary laws enjoyed by men. The right to own and inherit properties, the right to engage in trade and industry, and even succeed to the chieftainship of a barangay in the absence of a male heir (Agoncillo, 1990). Ignite Time! Let’s do a thinking exercise. Were there real slaves during the pre-colonial period in the Philippines? There were no real slaves during the pre-colonial period since dependents can move up and down the social ladder upon payment of debts or by purchase. Summary of the lesson efore the coming of the Spaniards, the Filipinos had a unique B civilization of their own. Natives had their mode of clothing and ornaments that symbolized power and rank. They built houses that can stand the tropical country. The native Filipino society was also dictated by the social hierarchy that separated the lower class Filipinos from the upper class Filipinos. If you want to know more about the Cultural and Social Life of the Early Filipinos, watch the “Gintong Pamana” available on this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37D8bIzXLbs Please read the Religion, Education & Arts of the native Filipinos for the next lesson. Religious Beliefs If you have been to the National Museum of Anthropology, you will find there the magnificent Manunggul Jar. It is a burial jar, a container for bones of the dead, found in Manunggul Cave, Palawan on March 1964. The manunggul jar is important for a number of reasons as this jar dated back to the late Neolithic Period (around 710 BC). In the words of Fox (1970), “ The burial jar with a cover featuring a ship-of-the-dead is perhaps unrivalled in Southeast Asia; the work of an artist and master potter. This vessel provides a clear example of a cultural link between the archaeological past and the ethnographic present. The boatman is steering rather than padding the "ship." The mast of the boat was not recovered. Both figures appear to be wearing a band tied over the crown of the head and under the jaw; a pattern still encountered in burial practices among the indigenous peoples in Southern Philippines. The manner in which the hands of the front figure are folded across the chest is also a widespread practice in the Islands when arranging the corpse”. 5 1 mins. Social Science 1| Page 2 of 6 Manunggul Jar ource: Filipiknow.(2020).15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in S Philippine History.[Photograph]. Retrieved from. https://filipiknow.net/archaeological-discoveries-in-the-philippines/ The manunggul jar is among the material evidences that would prove that native Filipinos believed in life after death and the immortality of soul. They practiced Animism. They believed in Bathalang Maykapal or Bathala, the Supreme Being who is the master of all beings. Minor deities also existed such as the god of agriculture, Idiyanale; the god of death, Sidapa; the god of fire, Agni; the god of rainbow, Balangaw; the god of war, Mandarangan; the goddess of harvest, Lalahon; the god of hell, Siginarugan (Agoncillo, 1990). The native Filipinos were also cautious as they believed in the interconnectedness of the unseen with the living. Thus, animals were unharmed, rocks and old trees were respected and not be cut down, kitchen wares were left for them as a sign of veneration. Crocodiles were venerated because of their obvious danger and native Filipinos would offer food as they cross the river. These practices are still present today as Filipinos would still say, “Tabi – Tabi po. [Excuse me]” when going out at night as a sign of respect and reverence for the unseen beings, deities and spirits. urthermore, native Filipinos also believed in soul-spirits. Among F the Visayans, diwata were the gods and goddesses. Larawan was the image carved in gold, ivory and stone to honor the memory of a dead relative among the Tagalogs and bulol among the Ifugaos. Offering and prayers for the gods, goddesses and spirits were to be made by shamans or spirit mediums called babaylan, baylan or katalona, a woman or male occasionally. According to Scott (1994), the worship or paganito took place in private homes or fields; at grave sites, or sacred spots outside the community; or along beaches or streams where little rafts could be launched, aboard which were diseases and bad luck, or live pests like locusts or rats. Upon the death of a relative, native Filipinos adopted burial practices as they believed in life after death. To prepare the dead for his/her journey in the Other World, golds and other heirloom valuables were placed in the coffin. Among the Tagalogs, San Buenaventura Social Science 1| Page 3 of 6 escribed in Scott (1994) that graves were dug alongside houses or fields d and each mourner threw handful of soil in, saying “Dumamay sa iyo ang sakit ko [In there, let my sorrows end]” and on the way home, they took a bath in running water. Among the Visayans, they dug grave sites near the house or into the banks of upstream rivers. Moreover, professional mourners were hired and a slave might be stationed to guard the chieftain’s grave for the rest of his life, to guard it from sorcerers or aswang. In present times, superstitious beliefs or pamahiin still surround the Filipinos. Roman Catholicism did not completely convert the Filipinos, instead its faith was incorporated with the practice of animism of the Filipinos. arriage Customs M Weddings in the pre-colonial Philippines also existed. The wedding ceremony of the chieftain or datu was the most important event in the barangay as it signifies contract or alliance of two powerful royal families. Among the Visayans, a settlement of a bride-price called bugay was done. According to Scott (1994), “bride-price” rather than “dowry” because it was set by the bride’s family, bargained down like goods in a marketplace, and was not conjugal property. The difference from dowry, bugay was a particular good or property to be given to the bride’s parents to be enjoyed within the kin group. Dowry, on the other hand, was a property brought by the bride into her soon to be family. Marriage contract was not far different from what is being practiced today. Native Filipino negotiated in the girl’s house and the man brought male relatives as negotiators. The discussion between two families started when the father tossed a betel nut in the bowl. On the wedding day, the bride and groom were to be seated beside one an
