Chapter 1.pdf

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Understand the meaning and use of history 2. Appreciate the importance of history 3. Differentiate historiography and historical method 4. Distinguish samples of primary and secondary sources. 5. Critique sources using external and internal...

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Understand the meaning and use of history 2. Appreciate the importance of history 3. Differentiate historiography and historical method 4. Distinguish samples of primary and secondary sources. 5. Critique sources using external and internal criticisms 6. Analyze content of primary and secondary sources Map of Manila 205 years ago NU Former swamp areas were drained and residential places as well as commercial properties were put up in their place as the city grew and expanded in the 20th century. DANIEL BURNHAM W H AT CA N W E LEARN FROM THOSE OLD M A PS ? C O M P L I C AT E D S T O R I E S CAN BE SEEN IN PLACES A N D L O C AT I O N S M A P S A R E V E RY I M P O R TA N T OLD MAPS CAN EXPL AIN OUR STORY WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT HIST ORY? TO UNDERSTAND HISTORY Why do people do the How can we explain things we do? human behavior? Under what In what circumstances circumstances do people do they take surprising take certain actions? actions? SOCIAL SCIENCE BRANCHES Anthropology Psychology Archaeology Geography Economics Law Linguistics Sociology Political Science History HIST ORY from the Greek word Historie or Historia which means “learning, inquiry and or investigation” a branch of the Social Sciences that deals with the systematic study of significant past, a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events and which concerns people and human nature. History - chronological record of significant events, the study of past events. -Webster’s Vest Pocket Dictionary(Springfield: Merriam Webster, Inc., Publishers), p. 149  saysay (narrative or salaysay) saysay (relevance, importance) If relevant, for whom? Zeus Salazar definition: Salaysay na may saysay para sa sinasalaysayang grupo ng tao (Relevant stories/narrative of the people). NOT THE TALIANO FAMILY  refers to the study of history itself. the history writer analyzes the motives of the writer the sources of the writer HISTORIOGRAPHY the context when the history was written. Theories are applied and other historical methods. Prof. Xiao Chua/Studio 5 Designs “Dahil dito’y aking binawi at inutos ko kay Heneral Noriel na ipatupad ang kahatulan ng Consejo de Guerra, na barilin ang magkapatid, alang-alang sa kapanatagan ng bayan.” ELEMENT OF HISTORY  R E F E R S TO T HE HISTORIAN PERSON WRITING THE H I S T O RY. PLACE The location where the history was written PERIOD Refers to the context of the time when the history was written.  Refers to the basis of claims or analysis SOURCES of the historian such as documents, written or oral accounts.  N AT U R E O F HISTORY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE  History has no subject matter of its own. Of course, the subject matter of history covers all the persons and all events that have happened in the past. It is actually very broad since it does cover everything that has happened in the society including all aspects from political, economic social, culture etc.  History synthesizes knowledge from other fields. Since it covers all phenomena, History as a branch of the Social Sciences analyzes the relations of different events, their cause and effects using also the knowledge used in other fields of the Social Sciences such as Anthropology, Sociology Economics etc.  History illuminates pieces of the past. History provides for explanations of things that happened in the past. By looking at relationships of different events and phenomena, it provides explanations for seemingly unexplainable gaps. “Felipe Buencamino not yet detained based on my accusation.”  AGU INALD O’S D EADLY TELEGRAM TO H ENERAL LUNA EMERGES IN AUCT ION 2018 The historic telegram that is linked with General Antonio Luna’s assassination was just sold for P3.74 million in a recent auction held by Leon Gallery—an amount six times the original floor price of P500,000 According to a report, a lady who “sat at the far end of the room, who was on the phone bidding on behalf of a mystery buyer,” won the telegram JILL CHUA (https://nolisoli.ph/53188/heneral-luna-telegram-sold-auction-jchua-20181203/)  History is constantly changing. Since claims to historical facts are based on personal accounts, documents and artifacts, a historian makes an analysis based only on available sources of data. The historian cannot conclude something which is baseless. Unlike other Social Sciences which can gather actual and real time data or conduct experiments to test their hypothesis, historians have to rely on what is available. Therefore, when new data are discovered, previous historical accounts can be changed. March 17, 1521  History sheds light to truth. Since a historian constantly write about previous phenomena using historical sources as basis, all claims therefore supports only the truth base on the data available. This however does not preclude the fact that a historian uses also unwritten sources such as oral accounts and traditions. We can only use unwritten sources such as oral accounts and traditions if there is NO evidence or data AVAILABLE  WHY ADOLF HITLER IS NOT JOSE RIZAL’S SON Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889. If Rizal were his biological father, then Rizal should have been in Austria (with Klara Polzl) around June to August the previous year (1888). But as Rizal’s diaries, correspondences, and other pertinent records suggest, he was never in Austria in the whole year of 1888. Onboard the ship ‘City of Rome,’ Rizal sailed for Liverpool on May 16 and arrived there on May 24, 1888. A day after, he reached London. In his 10-month stay in London, he had short visits in Paris, Madrid, and Barcelona WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY? HOW D OES HISTORY LI NKS THE PAST, PRESEN T AND FUTURE? REVIEW 1.Define the meaning of History? Can history helps in building our society? Why? 2.Differentiate the concept of history reconstruction and revision. 3.How can history address our consciousness as a Filipino? Does it help us in molding our sense of identity? 4.What sources that serve as a concrete evidence in our construction of history? Provide some examples. SOURCES OF HISTORY Primary Secondary Tertiary Source Source Source PRIMARY SOURCE historical and legal documents eyewitness accounts results of experiments provides direct or firsthand statistical data evidence about an event, pieces of creative writing, audio object, person, or work of art and video recordings, speeches, and the evidences by eyewitnesses art objects. or created by people who Interviews experienced the said event or Surveys phenomena. fieldwork, Internet communications via email, blogs, and newsgroups “Felipe Buencamino not yet detained based on my accusation.” SECONDARY SOURCE interpretations of history articles in newspaper They describe, discuss, popular magazines interpret, comment upon, Book (except autobiographies) analyze, evaluate, summarize, movie reviews and process primary sources. articles found in scholarly journals products of people or writers that discuss or evaluate someone who were not part of the else's original research. event or phenomena. TERTIARY SOURCE contain information that has Almanacs been compiled from Chronologies primary and secondary dictionaries and encyclopedias sources. Directories Guidebooks Indexes Abstracts manuals textbooks  T Y PES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES ARCHIVAL MATERIAL Archives Photographs Manuscripts Maps business and personal architectural drawings correspondence Objects Diaries oral histories Journals computer tapes, legal and financial documents video and audio cassettes.  provide evidence of GOVERNMENT activities, functions, DOCUMENTS and policies at all government levels. It was already dated and analyzed SERIALS Journals Magazines Newspapers Serial Number BOOKS VISUAL AND AUDIO MATERIALS Tasaday Nomads of Marcos 1926 Documentary about the Igorots HISTORICAL CRITICISM EXTERNAL CRITICISM Authorship-author’s name in itself can provided for the test of authenticity physical examinations Date and place of publication- of sources like correct documents, manuscripts, Textual errors. books, pamphlets, maps, – Unintentional errors – Intentional errors inscriptions and Meanings of words used-words monuments. used usually changes from generation to generation INTERNAL CRITICISM You must be able to analyze and interpret the contents of documents in their real meaning. You must refrain from making your own conclusions so as not to convey their own interpretation rather than the true meaning of the content. Question the motive of the writer and question the accuracy of the document. Verify the writer of the document. The truthfulness or veracity of the document should be established *In cases of contradicting records, the historian should corroborate the facts from other claims or documents.  QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED FOR INTERNAL CRITICISM 1. How close was the author being studied? -refers to the physical location of the author of the document.  QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED FOR INTERNAL CRITICISM 2. When was the account made? -a primary source should be closer or contemporary to the  QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED FOR INTERNAL CRITICISM 3. Who was the recipient of the account?  QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED FOR INTERNAL CRITICISM 4. Is there bias to be accounted for?  QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED FOR INTERNAL CRITICISM 5. Does informed common sense make the account probable? - Is it appropriate?  QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED FOR INTERNAL CRITICISM 6. Is the account corroborated by other accounts? 6. Is the account corroborated by other accounts? -When was the artifact/document created? -What type of PS is it? -Who created it? -Why was it written/produce? 6. Is the account corroborated by other accounts? -What’s the main point of the author? -Is there any evidence? -Was it based on the point of view of the author or is it biased? AUTHORSHIP No manuscript for Sa Aking Mga Kabatà written in Rizal's handwriting exists. The poem supposedly wrote in 1869 where he was only 8 years old then. The poem contains some very mature insights for an eight-year- old boy – the “stinky fish” line notwithstanding. DATE AND PLACE OF PUBLICATION The poem was first published in 1906, a decade after his death, in a book authored by the poet Hermenigildo Cruz. TEXTUAL ERRORS In Rizal’s childhood they spelled words with a “c” rather than “k.” Further, the word “kalayaan” (freedom) is used twice. MEANINGS OF WORDS USED Kalayaan was not a common word in 1869 and there is irrefutable evidence that Jose Rizal himself did not learn the word until he was 25 years old. Rizal first encountered the word atleast by 1872 the years after the execution of GOMBURZA Zeus Salazar: “Laya/calayaan was not yet needed in writing before 1864 and even later, especially since timawa/catimaoan was still widely used back then as meaning ‘free/freedom.’” 2ND ACTIVITY Analyze the Code of Kalantiaw Article 3 Make use of the format that I just discussed – Authorship – Date and Place of Publication – Textual Errors – Meaning of Words Used. I will post it in the assignment.  ARTICLE 3 Obey ye: no one shall have wives that are too young, nor shall they be more than what he can take care of, nor spend much luxury. He who fulfils not, obeys not, shall be condemned to swim three hours, and, for the second time, he shall be scourged with spines to death.  WRAPPING - UP In one word how can you describe your learnings in today’s discussion.