pae 123.pdf

lOMoARcPSD|19902773 Introduction, A&P Terminology - Anatomy: To take apart (structure) - Physiology: Study of natural phenomena (function) - Form follows function - certain shapes perform certain functions Anatomic...

lOMoARcPSD|19902773 Introduction, A&P Terminology - Anatomy: To take apart (structure) - Physiology: Study of natural phenomena (function) - Form follows function - certain shapes perform certain functions Anatomical Language and Position - Anatomical Position - Facing observer, head level, lower limbs parallel, upper limbs at side, palms facing anteriorly (forward) - Prone Position - Lying flat with face and chest on the ground, back up towards the sky - Supine Position - Lying flat with face and chest up towards the sky, back flat on the ground Sectional Planes - Sagittal Planes - Divides body in left and right parts - Midsagittal = equal parts - Parasagittal = unequal parts - Frontal (Coronal) Plane - Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts - Transverse, Cross-sectional, or Horizontal Plane - Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts - Oblique Plane - Divides body along a plane other than sagittal, transverse, or coronal Directional Terms - Superior/cephalic/cranial: towards the head or upper part - Inferior/caudal: towards the feet or lower part - Anterior/ventral: nearer to or at the front - Posterior/dorsal: nearer to or at the back - Medial: near the midline or the middle - Lateral: near the side or the outside - Superficial/external: towards the surface - Deep/internal: towards the interior or inside - Proximal: nearer to the attachment point of a limb or the origin of a structure - Distal: nearer to the far end or point of a limb Anatomical Terminology - Healthcare team must share common language to communicate Downloaded by Aeeshat Raji ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|19902773 - Levels of Organization - Molecular → chemical structures within body - Cellular → cells are made up of molecules - Tissue → tissues are made up of cells - Epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective - Organ → organs are made up of tissues - System → systems are made up of organs - Organism → all body systems - Origins of Anatomical Terms - Greek, Latin, English - Body region (e.g. femur = thigh) - Shape (e.g. foramen magnum) - Function (e.g. flexor digitorum) - Clever Story (e.g. sartorius) - Discoverer (e.g vein of Galen) - Word Origins and Combinations - EGL Comparisons - Under = hypo = sub - Substances and Colors - Coll = glue (collagen) - Cyano = blue (cyanotic) - Descriptions and Directions - Brady = slow (bradycardia) - Ab = away (abduct) Planes and Directions - Sectioning Planes - Coronal = frontal - Sagittal = longitudinal - Transverse = cross, axial - Para = off to the side (e.g. parasagittal divides body into unequal left and right halves) - Standard radiographic view: - Left and Right = Patients left and patients right - Patient directly facing us - Standard MRI and CT Scans - Patient is lying on back - Looking from feet up to head - Directions - Superior/cranial/rostral = up towards the head/skull/nose - Inferior/caudal = towards the bottom/tail - Medial = towards the middle of the body - Lateral = towards the outside of the body - Distal = far away Downloaded by Aeeshat Raji ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|19902773 - Proximal = close by (e.g. knee is proximal to ankle, ankle is distal to knee) - Deep = buried within - Superficial = near the surface - Parietal = body wall - Visceral = organ - Movements - Anatomical position: palms forward, facing observer - Flexion = moving towards front (anterior) - Extension = moving towards back (posterior) Body Cavities - Surface anatomy for deep organs - Thoracic landmarks - Ribs and intercostal spaces - Right lung, left lung, mediastinum (region of the thorax between the lungs, contains the heart, trachea.. etc) - Superior, anterior, middle, posterior - Abdominal Quadrants - Right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower - 9 Abdominal Regions - Organs that move are pushed into body cavities - Body cavities are potential spaces, organs are not inside body cavities - Organs = viscera - Body wall = parietal - Heart is in the middle media Downloaded by Aeeshat Raji ([email protected])