Week 1 LO1.1 and 1.2 Anatomy and Physiology PDF
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2024
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This document is a lecture outline for a week one class on anatomy and physiology. It covers learning objectives related to the organization of the human body. The document presents material regarding anatomical terminology and directional terms used in medical settings.
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HIM 1013 – Anatomy and Physiology Week 1 – CLO1 Monday, December 9, 2024 Learning Objective CLO 1 - Describe the major levels of organization in the human organism from the chemical and cellular levels to the tissues, organs and organ systems ...
HIM 1013 – Anatomy and Physiology Week 1 – CLO1 Monday, December 9, 2024 Learning Objective CLO 1 - Describe the major levels of organization in the human organism from the chemical and cellular levels to the tissues, organs and organ systems 3 CLO 1 - Describe the major levels of organization in the human organism from the chemical and cellular levels to the tissues, organs and organ systems Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1.1. Describe the overview of anatomy and physiology 1.2. Identify and define basic terminology Cellular Structure and Function 1.3. Describe the cell anatomy, physiology, and cellular processes Tissues and Membranes 1.4. Identify and describe types of tissues, their functions, and locations, 1.5. Describe the body organization 1.6. Explain the importance of homeostasis in regulating and maintaining physiological processes 4 What is Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – the study of structure Physiology – the study of function What does that mean for HIM? What is Anatomy and Physiology 5 When we study a structure, we want to know what it does (physiology) and anatomy (structure) is what makes physiology (function) to happen. The structures of the body parts are so closely related to the way they function. Example: The human hand is structured with various joints and fingers that help us grasp objects, the heart chambers allow for the pumping of blood through the tubular blood vessels, the ear is built to receive sound waves Reference: Welsh, C.J. and Prentice-Craver, C. (2024). Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology. 15 th edition, McGraw-Hill Education., p. 11 6 What is Anatomy and Physiology The anatomy is studies at several levels and to different levels of details from the whole body to the molecular level Levels of hierarchy/organization – helps us understand structure by understanding the building blocks that make up the human organism and thus the various functions of the body 7 What is Anatomy and Physiology The anatomy is studies at several levels and to different levels of details from the whole body to the molecular level Levels of hierarchy/organization – helps us understand structure by understanding the building blocks that make up the human organism and thus the various functions of the body 8 External Body Parts Internal body organs 9 10 General Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position: Stands upright (erect) Eyes forward Feet apart Arms at the sides Feet and palms facing forward Thumbs pointing away from the body Little fingers pointing towards body This is needed to accurately describe the anatomical position as it would change depending on whether the person is lying down or not. Therefore descriptions are always based on the anatomical position (i.e. Thyroid is superior to the heart, sternum is anterior to the heart) Unless otherwise stated, always assume that the descriptions refer to the anatomical position Reference: Saladin, K.S. (2024). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. Tenth Edition. McGraw Hill., p.28 11 Body orientations and directional terms. Body orientations and directional terms are words used to describe the location of an anatomical structure by comparing its position to other structures within the body or within the orientation of the body itself. Body Locations Positions Directions 12 Directional Terms Anterior (or ventral) Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. E.g. Nose is anterior to the rest of face The toes are anterior to the foot. the eyes are anterior to the brain Posterior (or dorsal) Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. E.g. Buttocks are posterior to abdomen The popliteus (back of the knee) is posterior to the patella the pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Body Locations Positions Directions 13 Anterior vs Posterior Anterior/Ventral Posterior /Dorsal The front or belly side The back side Body Locations Positions Directions 14 Superior Superior vs Inferior cranial Superior (or cranial) describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper. Towards head, or uppermost (top) part. E.g. Head is superior to neck The orbits are superior to the mouth. Inferior (or caudal) describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). E.g. Chest is inferior to neck The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen. Inferior caudal Body Locations Positions Directions 15 Medial & Lateral Medial describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. Any structure close to imaginary “midline”. E.g. Nose is medial to eyes Lateral describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. E.g. Ears are lateral to eyes The thumb is lateral to the digits. Body Locations Positions Directions 16 Proximal & Distal These terms are used to describe the location of the extremities in relation to the main trunk of the body (generally called the point of reference) Proximal describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. Ex: Elbow is proximal to wrist Distal describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. E.g. Foot is distal to the knee Fingers are distal to the wrist Proximal Distal Body Locations Positions Directions 17 Superficial & Deep Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones Skin is superficial to muscle Deep describes a position farther from the surface of the body. Located internally within body The brain is deep to the skull. Intestines lie deep to abdominal muscles Body Locations Positions Directions 18 Supine vs Prone General Anatomical Terminology 19 Anatomical Position: Anatomical Planes: Reference: Saladin, K.S. (2024). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. Tenth Edition. McGraw Hill., p.28 General Anatomical Terminology 20 Directional Anatomical Terms Reference: Saladin, K.S. (2024). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. Tenth Edition. McGraw Hill., p.29 Organization of the human body – Terminology 21 Relative positional terms describe a body part’s location in relation to another body part Reference: Welsh, C.J. and Prentice-Craver, C. (2024). Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology. 15 th edition, McGraw-Hill Education., p. 22 Organization of the human body – Terminology 22 Observation of internal parts using different planes Reference: Welsh, C.J. and Prentice-Craver, C. (2024). Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology. 15 th edition, McGraw-Hill Education., p. 23 Organization of the human body 23 9 regions 4 quadrants Reference: Welsh, C.J. and Prentice-Craver, C. (2024). Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology. 15 th edition, McGraw-Hill Education., p. 24 General Anatomical Terminology 24 Understanding these terms are crucial in physical examination and clinical procedures In HIM, this is very important in medical coding of diagnoses and procedures done on a patient – this helps in identifying the most appropriate code when documenting in the patient’s record Reference: Saladin, K.S. (2024). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. Tenth Edition. McGraw Hill., p.29 Thank You