Anatomy and Physiology Terminology L1 AG Canvas version.pdf

Introduction to the Human Body & Medical Terminology 4PY019 Dr Abhishek Gupta [email protected] MA124a Dr Abhishek Gupta Session Outcomes Define anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology and gain an insight into som...

Introduction to the Human Body & Medical Terminology 4PY019 Dr Abhishek Gupta [email protected] MA124a Dr Abhishek Gupta Session Outcomes Define anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology and gain an insight into some key anatomical structures Gain an insight into the medical terminology commonly encountered in medicine and apply this to Pharmacy practice Dr Abhishek Gupta  Anatomy and Physiology (A&P) Anatomy – science of body structure – relationships revealed by dissection (cutting apart) – The study of the structure of the body and the physical relationship between its parts. Physiology – science of body functions – textbooks usually refer to normal adult physiology – Is the study of how the systems work and the way they maintain the health of an individual. Dr Abhishek Gupta Pathophysiology & Pharmacology What is the meant by the term pathophysiology? Study of abnormalities and considers how they affect body functions often causing illnesses. What is meant by the term pharmacology? Study of drugs; what they do to us and what we do to them. Dr Abhishek Gupta  Divisions of Anatomy- 1 Gross/macroscopic anatomy: the study of structures in the body that can be seen without a microscope (naked eye) (Cambridge Dictionary). Regional anatomy: all structures in one area studied together Organises the body into defined parts. e.g. thorax, abdomen, pelvis, head and neck Systemic anatomy: the study of the gross anatomy of bodily systems Evaluates the body by defined systems. e.g. musculoskeletal, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive, lymphatic systems Surface anatomy: the study of internal body structures in relation to the overlying skin surface It deals with anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissection. Dr Abhishek Gupta  Clinical Application Non-invasive techniques used when examining surface anatomy Palpation The examiner feels body surfaces with the hands (pulse and heart rate determination). Auscultation The examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs, (listening to the lungs or heart). Percussion The examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo. https://c8.alamy.com/comp/D6HBGR/carotid-artery- https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSeAxsEAcEqmXwrpuCxsR91pTGQ83_PcQfYBw&usqp=CAU https://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/Nursing_Fundame D6HBGR.jpg ntals_II/lesson_6_Section_1.htm Dr Abhishek Gupta  Divisions of Anatomy- 2 Microscopic anatomy: the study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye. Cytology: the study of cellular anatomy Histology: the study of the structure of tissues e.g., tumour biopsy. Developmental anatomy: follows structural changes in individuals from conception through to old age. Embryology: the study of the developmental changes that occur before birth. Dr Abhishek Gupta Levels of Organization in the Human Body 1 Chemical (Oxygen atom, Hydrogen,…) 2 Molecular (water, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids,…) 3 Cellular (neurons, cardiomyocytes,….) 4 Tissue (blood, adipose tissue, cardiac tissue,…) 5 Organs (Heart, Lung,…) 6 Systems (Circulatory system, renal system,…) 7 Organism Dr Abhishek Gupta  BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY Why do we have them? Helps clinicians to describe, identify and record the exact location of disorders or damage to your body or organ. Helps you decipher medical notes/conditions Helps you give/take a professional clinical handover Anatomical position The terms used to describe locations and positions reference a person in the standard anatomical position Regions of the body Anatomical planes, sections and directional terms Dr Abhishek Gupta  Anatomical position Standard reference point Right Left The body is erect with feet together The palms face forward, with the thumbs pointing away from the body The terms left and right refer to the sides of the subject being viewed (NOT THOSE OF THE OBSERVER) Dr Abhishek Gupta  Positions of the body If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone position If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine position. Dr Abhishek Gupta  Directional Terms Explain the location of one bodily structure in relation to another Superior or Inferior SUPERIOR (cranial, cephalic) INFERIOR (caudal) Direction towards the head Direction away from the end or upper part of a head end or towards the structure or the body; above lower part of a structure or the body; below Example: the forehead is superior to Example: the umbilicus is the nose inferior to the sternum: Dr Abhishek Gupta  Directional Terms Anterior or Posterior ANTERIOR (VENTRAL) POSTERIOR (DORSAL) Direction towards or at the Direction towards or at the back front of the body; in front of of the body; behind Example: the sternum is anterior Example: the heart is posterior to to the spine the sternum Dr Abhishek Gupta https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/surface-anatomy-37192001/37192001 https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/surface-anatomy-37192001/37192001  Directional Terms Medial or Lateral MEDIAL (mesial) LATERAL Direction towards or at the Direction away from the midline of midline of the body; on the the body; on the outer side of inner side of Example: the eyes are lateral to the Example: the ulna is on the medial bridge of the nose side of the forearm https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/anatomical-position-and-directional-terms Dr Abhishek Gupta  Directional Terms Intermediate, Proximal or Distal INTERMEDIATE PROXIMAL DISTAL Between two structures; Closer to the origin of the body Farther from the origin of a Between a more medial and part or the point of body part or the point of more lateral structures attachment of a limb to the attachment of a limb to the Example: the clavicle is body trunk body trunk intermediate between the Example: the elbow is proximal to Example: the knee is distal to the sternum and the shoulder the wrist thigh https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/anatomical-position- and-directional-terms Dr Abhishek Gupta  Directional Terms Superficial or Deep SUPERFICIAL DEEP Direction towards or at the Direction away from the body body surface surface; more internal Example: the skin is superficial to Example: the pelvis is deep to the the skeleton buttock muscle Dr Abhishek Gupta  Directional Terms Ipsilateral or Contralateral IPSILATERAL CONTRALATERAL On the same side of the body On opposite sides of the body Example: the ascending and descending Example: the gallbladder and the colons are contralateral ascending colon are ipsilateral Dr Abhishek Gupta  Directional Terms Parietal or Visceral PARIETAL VISCERAL The outer wall of a body The covering of an organ within cavity the ventral body cavity Example: the parietal pleura forms Example: the visceral pleura forms the outer layer of the pleural sacs the inner layer of the pleural sacs that surrounds the lungs and covers the external surface of the lungs Dr Abhishek Gupta https://www.uvmhealth.org/healthwise/topic/zm2208  Planes and Sections Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or organs into definite areas Most common anatomical planes SAGITTAL FRONTAL TRANSVERSE Vertical plane that divides bodies Vertical plane that divides bodies into Horizontal plane that divides bodies into left and right parts front (anterior) and back (posterior) into top (superior) and bottom parts. (inferior) parts. “Median” or “Midsagittal” plane lies This plane is sometimes called “coronal” This plane is sometimes called a “horizontal” exactly in the midline of the body. plane plane or a “cross section” “Parasagittal” planes are offset from the midline Dr Abhishek Gupta  Regions of the body axial - makes up the main axis of the body (head, neck, trunk) appendicular – consists of the appendages (limbs) that are attached to the body Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Dr Abhishek Gupta Anterior view Posterior view  Main Body Cavities Axial region (head, neck, trunk) consists large cavities: Thoracic cavity cranial cavity d ✓ Pleural cavities Cranial cavity o (lung) r (brain) ✓ Mediastinum s Vertebral cavity cavity (trachea) v a (spinal cord) ✓ Pericardial e l cavity (heart) n thoracic t c cavity a Abdominal cavity r v ✓ Abdominal a l i cavity (intestines, abdominal t cavity spleen, stomach, c y etc) a v vertebral Pelvic cavity i cavity ✓ Pelvic cavity t y pelvic (bladder, reproductive SI A cavity SI A organs) Dr Abhishek Gupta  Small Body Cavities Oral and digestive cavities ✓ The oral cavity (mouth) is continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs that eventually, at the anus, opens to the exterior Nasal cavity ✓ located within and posterior to the nose Orbital cavity ✓ The two cavities that hold the eyes Middle ear cavities ✓ Two cavities carved into the temporal bone of the skull, lying just medial to the tympanic membranes. Contain the malleus, incus and stapes bones. Synovial cavities ✓ Joint cavities. Enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints. Dr Abhishek Gupta Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants Right hypochondriac: right liver lobe Right lumbar: gallbladder and ascending colon Right iliac: caecum and appendix Epigastric: left liver lobe and stomach Umbilical: small intestines and transverse colon Hypogastric: urinary bladder Left hypochondriac: stomach Left lumbar: descending colon Left iliac: initial portion of the sigmoid colon Simplified Quadrant Scheme one transverse and one median Sagittal plane, intersecting through the umbilicus: Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ). Left upper quadrant (LUQ). Left lower quadrant (LLQ). Dr Abhishek Gupta More Terminology Dr Abhishek Gupta More Terminology Dr Abhishek Gupta  The Vertebral Column Epidural injection The vertebral column is a flexible bony column that extends from the base of the skull to the small of the back It encloses the spinal cord, articulates with the skull, ribs and pelvic girdle. Provides attachment for the muscles of the back Vertebrae are connected to each other via fibrocartilage discs (intervertebral discs), bound together by ligaments Dr Abhishek Gupta https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21896-epidural