ORAL-COMMUNICATION-reviewer.pdf

ORAL COMMUNICATION Reviewer by: Espinar 🦖🦖 Oral Communication - Is a process consisting of sound representations which involves speaking and listening. Communication - The process of understanding and sharing meaning (Pearlson & Nelson, 2000) -...

ORAL COMMUNICATION Reviewer by: Espinar 🦖🦖 Oral Communication - Is a process consisting of sound representations which involves speaking and listening. Communication - The process of understanding and sharing meaning (Pearlson & Nelson, 2000) - Sending and receiving of information, can be one-on-one or between groups of people (Caroline, 2023) ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS Sender - The person who conveys his thought, ideas, or message to the receiver Message - The subject matter of communication. Encoding - The process of converting messages into communication symbols. Media - Carrier of message Decoding - Translating the encoded message into an effective language Receiver - The person who receives the message Feedback - Ensures that the receiver has understood and received the message Noise - Presence of a disturbing factor that may lead to a misunderstanding of message. Noise may vary: Physical (Environmental noises), Psychological (Noises inside the head) & Physiological(Noises made by the body, sneezing) Settings - Venue of the communication. Formal settings require decency, while informal may not. ————————————————————————————————————— Linear Communication Model - Depicts one-way communication & is used to communicate with the masses. Good for audience persuasion and propaganda setting. Aristotle’s Model - Speaker-centered model, used for speeches Laswell’s Model - Used as an analysis tool for evaluating the communication proces and components. Shannon-Weaver’s Model - Introduced the concept of noise and feedback, based on communication through old-telephone Berlo’s SMCR Model - The source, message, channel & receiver are influenced by different factors. Interactive Communication Model - The feedback may get delayed when the messages are exchanged between the sender & receiver. Use medias like internet Schramm’s Model - Added the “field of experience” which is based on beliefs, values, and learned meanings.  Westley and Maclean Model - Communication starts with the environment. PARTS: X = Environmental Factors F = Feedback A = Sender X¹ = Sensory Experience B = Receiver X² = Object of Orientation (Sender) C = Gatekeeper X³ = Object of Orientation (Receiver) Transactional Communication Model - Model where the feedback plays an important role & the sender/receiver can exchange roles. Generally used for direct personal communication in which two-way feedback is immediate. Helical Model - Communication progresses with age as our experience and vocabulary increase. ————————————————————————————————————— Effective Communication - Communication is about understanding the emotion and intentions behind the information. - It is also a two-way street. It's not only how you convey a message so that it is received and understood by someone in exactly the way you intended, it's also how you listen to gain the full meaning of what's being said and to make the other person feel heard and understood. Skills to become better at communicating: 1. Listening skills 2. Friendliness 3. Open mindedness 4. Feedback 5. Non-verbal communication Skills to get better at listening: 1. Pay attention 2. Ask questions 3. Rephrase statements 4. Repeat as needed Communication Barriers - Are any factors that prevent us from effectively exchanging and understanding messages. PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS Lack of trust - When trust is missing, the message may be misinterpreted or doubted Introvert Nature - Introverts might find it challenging to express themselves. CULTURAL BARRIERS Cultural Differences - People with different cultures may have varied ways of expressing themselves, leading to misunderstanding. Language Differences - Speaking different languages makes it difficult to convey the intended message. ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS Work Environment - A noisy environment can hinder effective communication External Environment - Factors outside the workplace like personal stresses or distractions, can also create barriers to communication LISTENING BARRIERS Active Listening - Absence of active listening can lead to the receiver missing the essence of the message Misinterpretation - Without clarification, the meaning of the message can be misconstructed. ————————————————————————————————————— Verbal Communication - Is the words and sounds that come out of our mouths when we’re speaking. Non-Verbal Communication - Is a form of sharing ideas, insights, etc. without the use of words. TYPES OF NON VERBAL COMMS 👍🖕 1. Body Language - also known as body kinetics Emblem - Body movements which have direct translation into words. Illustrator - Used to accent, to emphasize or reinforce words.Pointing directions Regulators - Signs showing control of the back and forth natures of speaking and listening. Head nods Display of Feelings - A person’s face and body movements may convey how intense his emotion is. Adaptors - Used in adapting to the communication situation. These are implied meanings that the speaker would like to mean. 2. Paralanguage - This refers to the ways of saying something. It includes such characteristics as rate, pitch, volume, and quality 3. Body Types - Body types can also communicate a message. Wells and Suiegel found out in their researches the following: Ectomorph - Thin body, ambitious, younger, more tensed and nervous, Mesomorph - Athletic body, stronger, adventurous, matured, taller, reliant Endomorph - Chubby body, more fashionable, lazier, weaker, warm-hearted 4. Attractiveness - It gets more positive responses than those who are perceived not to be attractive. 5. Body Adornment - Involves form of clothing, make-up, jewelry, and hairstyle 6. Space and Distance - It concerns the way a person uses the space around him as well as the distance where he stands. 7. Touch - The kind of touch in communication reflects their relationship. The more intense the relationship, the more frequent and more intimate the touch. 8. Time - There are two kinds of people based on time; punctual and late. A person who is always late conveys the message that he is not interested. ————————————————————————————————————— Culture - Refers to all the characteristics common to a particular group of people. Intercultural Communication - Is a form of communication that aims to impart information, ideas, insights and opinions across various cultures and social communities. - Our ability to communicate or interact with other cultures Challenges of Intercultural Communication 1. Message Transmission - The receiver interprets the message based on his values and beliefs which may be different from the speaker who’s on different culture 2. Attribution - Process where people look for an explanation of another person’s behavior. When a person does not understand another, he usually blames the confusion on other's "stupidity, deceit or craziness. DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY Denial Stage - He believes that his culture is the only real culture. Defensive Stage - They feel that their own culture is the only good culture and may feel threatened by other cultures. Minimalization - Begins to find commonalities between their cultures, banking on the universality of ideas.  Acceptance - Promotes belief that one’s culture is just one of the many cultures in the world. Curiosity and desire to learn arise. Adaptation - Becoming more competent in how to communicate with people of other cultures. Have learned to see the world through another’s eyes. Integration - Starts to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves based on different cultural viewpoints. Barriers of Intercultural Communication Ethnocentrism - Belief that one’s own culture is superior to all other culture Stereotyping - Oversimplification or distortion of views of another race, ethnic group, or another culture Prejudice - Negative attitude toward a cultural group based on little or no experience Discrimination - Overt actions one takes to exclude, avoid or distance oneself from other groups.