Oral Communication Reviewer PDF

Lesson 1: Nature and Elements of EXAMPLE OF CHANNELS Communication Topic 1: What is communication? Verbal - A process of sharing and conveying Text message messages or information with one Video Conference...

Lesson 1: Nature and Elements of EXAMPLE OF CHANNELS Communication Topic 1: What is communication? Verbal - A process of sharing and conveying Text message messages or information with one Video Conference person to another. Email - You used your body language, facial Broadcast media expression, and gestures to convey Newsletters your message. Blog - Came from the Latin word comunicare, meaning “to share” or RECEIVER “to make common.” - It is the person whom the sender is communicating with. - The recipient of the message and Topic 2: The process of communication must translate the words into thoughts, process the thoughts, and determine how to respond to the sender. FEEDBACK - It is the response given by the individual receiving information. - Can be verbal or nonverbal cues such as head nodding and body language. Figure 1: The simplest form of communication SENDER - Conceptualizes an idea in his mind Topic 3: Communication Models before he is able to formulate and What is a Communication Model? organize the message he will send. - Simplified representations of the - Also called as “source” process of communication - A pictorial representation of the MESSAGE communication process, ideas, - It is the final concept of the idea thoughts, or concepts through formulated by the sender. diagrams, etc. - Help in understanding the potential CHANNEL barriers to effective communication, - It is the medium, mean, manner or roles of different elements involved, method through which a message is and the importance of feedback for sent to its intended receiver. successful communication. - Basic channels are written (hard copy print or digital formats), oral or Why are Communication Models spoken, and electronic and Important? multimedia. - Understanding and using models of communication will help you to communicate successfully within and outside the organization. Topic 4: Types of Communication Model SCHRAMM’S MODEL LINEAR MODEL - Communication is a continuous - Explains the process of one-way process where initially, the sender communication, whereby a sender acts as the encoder and the receiver transmits a message and a receiver acts as the decoder. absorbs it. - Example: Radio Broadcasting (involves a sender sending messages to a large group of receivers and this type of communication COMPONENTS OF SCHRAMM’S does not include dialogue between the MODEL AND ITS JOB parties) 1. Sender As decoder - At this stage he receives the encoded message and transforms it into comprehensible words or language. As interpreter - At this stage, the person communicated with creates meaning to the converted message. 2. Message 3. Receiver Feedback - This is the reaction of Figure 2: Linear Model the receiver to the message. Medium - This is the channel used TRANSACTIONAL/INTERACTIVE MODEL to transmit the message. - A theory that proposes Noise - These are the interruptions communication between two or more that happen during the process of communication and this may cause people occurs in an ongoing misinterpretations of the message. exchange of messages, where both the sender and receiver influence what is communicated. - Kumar (2020) “The transactional model of communication is the exchange of messages between sender and receiver where each takes turns to send or receive messages.” - Two-way process in which both the sender and receiver are actively involved in constructing meaning. Figure 4: Schramm’s Model SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL - Known as the “mother of all models” because of its wide popularity. - Also known as “information theory” or the “Shannon theory” because Claude Shannon was the main person who developed the theory. - The model’s primary value is in Figure 3: Transactional/Interactive Model explaining how messages are lost and distorted in the process of communication.  BASIC ELEMENTS OF SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL 1. Sender - They are the person (or object, or thing–any information source) who has the information to begin with. 2. The encoder - Is the machine (or person) that converts the idea into signals that can be sent from the sender to the receiver. 3. Channel - It is the infrastructure that gets information from the sender and transmitter through to the decoder and receiver that we sometimes also call this the “medium.” 4. Noise - It interrupts a message while it’s on the way from the sender to the receiver. 5. Decode - It is the exact opposite of encoding, Shannon and Weaver made this model in reference to communication that happens through devices like telephones. 6. The receiver – It is the end-point of the original Shannon and Weaver model of the technical communication process, and this is the step where the person finally gets the message, or what’s left of it after accounting for noise. Figure 5: Shannon-Weaver Model Lesson 2: Verbal And Nonverbal 3. CLARITY Communication The meanings of words, feelings, or Topic 1: Verbal Communication ideas may be interpreted differently - The use of words to share by a listener; hence, it is essential information with other people. for you to clearly state your message - Albert Mehrabian “Verbal and express your ideas and feelings. communication refers to the use of words in delivering the intended 4. ETHICS message. The main components of verbal communication are sound, Words should be carefully chosen in words, speaking, and language.” consideration you are talking to Example: gender, roles, ethnicity, - Richard L. Daft “Verbal preferences, and status of the person or communication is the process of people exchanging information and ideas through the use of spoken words. It 5. VIVIDNESS involves the use of language, tone, pitch, and other elements to convey Words that vividly or creatively meaning and intent.” describe things or feelings usually - Verbal communication involves both add color and spice to speaking and listening, as it requires communication. active participation from both the You are encouraged to find ways to sender and the receiver of the charm your audience through the message. use of vivid words. CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING WHEN ENGAGING IN VERBAL EXAMPLES OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION 1. APPROPRIATENESS Talking/chatting face-to-face in The language that you use should conversation be appropriate to the environment or Talking/chatting over the telephone occasion (whether formal or Recording a video informal). Public speaking Preaching 2. BREVITY Monologue Lecturing Speakers who often use simple yet Dialogue precise and powerful words are found to be more credible. Topic 2: Nonverbal Communication Try to achieve brevity by being more - It refers to an interaction where direct with your words. behavior is used to convey and Avoid fillers and insubstantial represent meanings. expressions that do not add to the - All kinds of human responses message, such as “uh,” “you know,” that are not expressed in “I guess,” and others. words are classified as nonverbal communication.  EXAMPLES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Stares Smiles Tone of voice Movements Manners of walking Standing and sitting Appearance, Style of attire Attitude towards time and space Personality Figure 7: Facial Expressions Gestures and others PROXEMICS BODY GESTURES - The amount of distance we need - Deliberate movements and signals and the amount of space we are an important way to perceive as belonging to us are communicate meaning without influenced by several factors. words and common gestures include - Example: social norms, cultural expectations, situational factors, personality waving, pointing, and giving a characteristics, and level of familiarity "thumbs up" sign. - Other gestures are arbitrary and related to culture. Figure 8: Proxemics Figure 6: Body Gestures HAPTICS BODY LANGUAGE AND POSTURE - Interaction via the sense of touch - Posture and movement can also - Touch can come in many different provide a great deal of information. forms, some can promote physical - These nonverbal communications and psychological well-being. can indicate feelings and attitudes. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS - Responsible for a huge proportion of nonverbal communication. - Consider how much information can be conveyed with a smile or a frown. - The look on a person's face is often the first thing we see, even before we hear what they have to say. Lesson 3: Effective Communication 7. CORRECTNESS - In grammar, it eliminates Skills And Intercultural negative impact on the audience and increases the Communication credibility and effectiveness Topic 1: 7 CS of Effective of the message. Communication Topic 2: Barriers to Effective 1. COMPLETENESS Communication - it is essential to the quality of EMOTIONAL BARRIERS the communication process - A mental block that restrains you in general. from openly expressing your thoughts and feelings. 2. CONCISENESS - It affects how you interpret other - It does not mean keeping the people's behavior, which influences message short but making it how you formulate your arguments. direct or straight to the point. - Example: You are having a bad day or you - Insignificant or redundant feel frustrated. information should be - Solution: Recognize these kinds of emotions, and politely ask the other person eliminated from the to give you a moment to relax or calm communication that will be yourself. sent to the recipient. USE OF JARGON - Can be used to convey meaningful 3. CONSIDERATION information and discourse in a - The speaker should always convenient way within communities. consider relevant information - A subject expert may wish to avoid about his/her receiver. jargon when explaining something to - Example: mood, background, race, a layperson. preference, education, status, needs, among others. - Example: You are a scientist discussing a certain weather phenomenon with your neighbor who does not know much about the 4. CONCRETENESS topic. - It is supported by facts, - Example: GUST - A brief sudden increase in figures, and real-life wind speed. Generally, the duration is less examples and situations. than 20 seconds and the fluctuation is greater than 10 mph. - Solution: Adjust your language 5. COURTESY - The speaker shows courtesy LACK OF CONFIDENCE in communication by - Low confidence may lead people to respecting the culture, negative decisions about how they values, and beliefs of their make themselves or let others treat receivers. them. - People may also make unhealthy 6. CLEARNESS choices or avoid situations and - It implies the use of simple withdraw. and specific words to - Example: You are asked to share something express ideas. about your day or weekend, but you are - Speakers should focus on a hesitant because you are shy. single objective in their - Solution: Develop self-confidence by joining organizations where you can share and speech so as not to confuse develop your interests. the audience. PHYSICAL BARRIER - Result of disturbances in our surroundings which leads to ineffective communication. - Example: Inadequate equipment such as outdated computers, Internet connectivity, background noise, poor lighting, fluctuating temperatures, etc. Topic 3: Intercultural Communication - It happens when two individuals interact, negotiate, and create meanings while bringing in their Figure 9: Experience of Difference varied cultural backgrounds. - (Ting-Toomey, 1999) According to Gudykunst (2003), Intercultural communication pertains to communication among people from different nationalities. Topic 4: Developmental Model Of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) Denial - The individual does not recognize cultural differences. Defense - The individual starts to recognize cultural differences and is intimidated by them, resulting in either a superior view on own culture or an unjustified high regard for the new one. Minimization - Although individuals see cultural differences, they agree more on the universality of ideas rather than on cultural differences. Acceptance - The individual begins to appreciate important cultural differences in behaviors and eventually in values. Adaptation - The individual is very open to world views when accepting new perspectives. Integration - Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves and their actions based on multifarious cultural viewpoints. Lesson 4: Functions of MOTIVATION - Communication function that deals Communication with stimulating an individual or group of people to do a target goal. IDENTIFYING YOUR PURPOSE This function of communication is - In Oral Communication, we need to usually applicable in business or corporate consider the attention span of our settings. audience and we do not have time to revise our thoughts or speech. So, to INFORMATION ensure we must learn how to identify - The fundamental need for a person our purpose. to adapt and adjust to his environment is information. It refers 1. Avoid including everything you to the details provided or learned know about something or someone. - In this function, communication is 2. To be concise and clear used to impart facts or needed knowledge. 3. Determine an appropriate framework to use EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION 4. Decide if you want to involve - Communication can also function as your audience or not a way to express your emotion. In this function, nonverbal cues are 5. Choose an effective visual aid usually louder than verbal expressions. - The use of facial expressions, COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTIONS gestures, and body stance are very distinct. Regulatory or Controlled Social Interaction BASIC EMOTIONS ACCORDING TO Motivation HUMINTELL Information Emotional Expression 1. Anger REGULATORY OR CONTROLLED 2. Contempt - Regulation/Control as a function of 3. Fear communication means being able to 4. Disgust use language, gestures, and 5. Happiness emotions to manage individual or 6. Sadness group activities. 7. Surprise - Example: A parent telling a child not to misbehave or a policeman directing pedestrians not to jaywalk but cross on the pedestrian lane. SOCIAL INTERACTION - Communication that occurs between at least two individuals. Rules of social interaction may vary significantly across cultures, communities, and physical environments. Lesson 5: Oral INTERPERSONAL - This context involves an interchange Communication of messages or ideas between or Topic 1: Context among people. Verbal and nonverbal - Refers to the situation or communications are used in this environment involved in type of communication. communication. - This is subdivided into two groups; - This is a set of observable dyadic and small group conditions that both the sender and communication. receiver can use to associate the same things to a given message. SUB-GROUP - The context definition in communication refers to the factors DYADIC COMMUNICATION that work together to determine the - Two persons engage in communication meaning of a message. and share ideas, information, message, beliefs and feelings. - This happens when the interlocutors directly convey the message to the other person. Figure 10: Examples of Context Figure 12: Dyadic Communication Topic 2: Types of Speech Context SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION INTRAPERSONAL - This is an interchange of information or - This is the type of communication ideas among three or more persons. which is characterized by your ability - Small group differ with dyadic to self-talk. It is a context where you communication in terms of the number engage in self reflection and of persons involved. meditation. - Its main objective is to arrive at a consensus among the members or to provide an agreed solution to a problem raised Figure 13: Small Group Communication Figure 11: Intrapersonal Since there are more people engaged in PUBLIC communication, each plays a different role. - It is a form of communication which allows for wider coverage. INITIATOR - Begins the discussion, calls - It is a structured-type of attention to the topic or issues to be discussed. communication so it has to be CLARIFIER - Gives further explanation or carefully planned, prepared and examples for the topic being discussed to researched. ensure that all participants are on the same - Aside from it reaching a wide frame of mind. audience fast, it also includes the influence it has on the beliefs, ENERGIZER - Provides an ice breaker to attitude, and thinking of the people. energize the participants as well as the discussion itself. FACILITATOR - Directs the discussion in such a way that all participants will have a chance to express their ideas. The facilitator is also tasked to redirect the discussion back to the main topic in case it goes out of topic. PROCESS-OBSERVER - Oversees the discussion by merely listening to all participants talk and present their sides. The process-observer only participates in the discussion if asked to do so. RECORDER - Keeps the minutes of the Figure 14: Public meeting. The recorder jots down and records everything. TIME-KEEPER - Takes note of the time allotment for the discussion. The time-keeper reminds the participants of the remaining time to wind up and summarize the points presented. Lesson 6: Types of Speech Style CONSULTATIVE STYLE Topic 1: What is speech style? Characteristics: - Joos (1976:156) “Speech style is Used in transactions where the the form of the language which participants engage in an active speakers use and depends on the exchange of information degree of formality.” He identified This level of communication applies the style into five styles. a semi-formal kind of speaking Employs concise sentences and a Topic 2: Five Speech Styles lot of inquiry to communicate - Frozen Style Examples: - Formal Style Interview - Consultative Style Casual talk - Casual Style Communication during group - Intimate Style discussions FROZEN STYLE CASUAL STYLE Characteristics: Characteristics: Highest rank in styles Used in ordinary conversations The most formal level of speaking Use standard and non-standard style languages like slang Used in formal setting The language used is often informal A style of communication that almost and conversational never changes Examples: Has a fixed and static language and Chat with a friend, classmate, and uses long sentences with good acquaintance command of grammar A casual conversation with your Examples: classmates before homeroom, or Rituals attend a casual backyard barbecue Church rites and speeches States ceremonies and other INTIMATE STYLE occasions Pledges Characteristics: Anthems A private conversation used among Marriage ceremonies close friends and family Laws Usually used by participants who have very close relationship, like FORMAL STYLE between family members, between close friends Characteristics: Examples: Uses in one-way communication Conversation with close friends and Uses in structured and formal family communication An occasion where close friends are Data are carefully planned, talking organized, and researched Uses verbal and nonverbal communication Delivery style is considered Examples: Speeches Seminars Lectures