Oral Communication Q1 Reviewer PDF

Oral Communication QUARTER 1 COMMUNICATION “communication is a sharing of ➔ Communication is a two-way process of experience.” In our society, we all interact connecting to both living and non-living with messages. Without intera...

Oral Communication QUARTER 1 COMMUNICATION “communication is a sharing of ➔ Communication is a two-way process of experience.” In our society, we all interact connecting to both living and non-living with messages. Without interactions, a things. It is also a means of sharing and society cannot survive. Social interaction exchanging messages, information, ideas, is always through messages. and feelings for mutual understanding ➔ We discuss problems and arrive at (Gregoriom, J.C., 2015). solutions. We exchange ideas and interact ➔ Communication connects people and the with others. We transact, and then we world they live in. It is through negotiate. In doing all these, we use communication that people are able to communication. Imagine a situation express their thoughts and ideas or where we are not able to speak and convey information and messages interact with others or think of a family through word of mouth, gestures and living in the same house without speaking signals, signs, and others. People have to each other or relating any form of always communicated with one another message to one another. Such situation in various forms. can be very lonely and problematic. Without communication, all forms of 1. Communication is a message understood. human relationships will vanish and die. ➔ Unless a message is understood we Communication is therefore crucial in cannot say that communication has building and maintaining relationships. taken place. Let us send a message to someone and say, “where came first”. The COMMUNICATION PROCESS person who gets this message would wonder what it means for the arrangement of the words does not make any sense. The message is sent but the receiver does not understand it. Therefore, for communication to take place we have to consider two conditions. ➔ As seen in the illustration, communication First, there should be a clear message. begins when the speaker or source of Second, the message must be understood communication responds to a stimulus by the receiver for whom it is meant. and decides to encode or transmit it in the form of a message (or a “code”) 2. Communication is social interaction through through a particular channel or means of messages communication. ➔ Think of someone telling, “It is very warm ➔ The receiver decodes or interprets the today.” In this case, we are message sent and responds accordingly communicating what ‘we experience’. The based on his interpretation of the weather being warm is what we feel or message. This response comes in the form experience physically. In this scenario, we of a feedback sent to the original source are sharing our feeling or experience with of communication (sender). As the someone else. Thus, we may say that communication transaction continues, the 1 Oral Communication QUARTER 1 sender and receiver may exchange roles MODELS OF COMMUNICATION until understanding is achieved. Barriers LINEAR COMMUNICATION to communication sometimes block the ➔ one-way, focusing on the transmission of transmission of the message thereby a message to a receiver who never creating misunderstanding. responds or has no way of responding to ➔ Through this process, we are able to the information conveyed. understand that communication is ➔ examples include sending an email, systematic. In the advent of technology, reading a blog, or even the traditional the exchange of information and way of having letters sent messages in society has advanced and has been a subject of many studies. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION Sender/Source (Encoder) Receiver (Decoder) Channel Message Feedback SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL (1949) ➔ Encoding ➔ Mother of all communication - an idea or information is translated ➔ one-way process starting from a source into words and expressed to others. (producer of message); passing through ➔ Decoding a channel (signals adapted for - this idea or information is understood transmission) which may at times be and interpreted by the receiver. interrupted by noise (barrier) to a receiver (decoder of message from the FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION signal). The process stops after the message has arrived at its destination. INTERACTIVE (NON-LINEAR) ➔ two-way communication process where a response is given after a message is sent. The recipient of the action 5 MAIN FUNCTIONS intentionally or unintentionally gives a Motivation feedback associated with the Expression information received. Social Interaction Information Dissemination Control 2 Oral Communication QUARTER 1 deemed dynamic and progressive, the topic may also change from time to time. ➔ In this concept, the noise or barrier to communication is also taken into consideration for it may directly or indirectly affect the smooth flow of communication. In the event that the message was not clearly conveyed due to the barrier, the communication continues in order to clarify the intended meaning of the sender. When the SCHRAMM (1954) transmission is cut along the way due to ➔ exchange of thoughts and ideas. the barrier, the communicators work ➔ The recipient of the message decodes it collaboratively to understand each other. and creates a feedback based on his Now, the sender becomes a receiver of understanding of the information sent feedback (the response from the and vice versa. receiver) and the receiver also acts as ➔ Feedback is added sender providing information in response to the message conveyed to him. In this TRANSACTIONAL MODEL way, the communication is made more effective and complete. BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION PHYSICAL BARRIERS ➔ natural or environmental condition that act as a barrier in communication in sending the message from sender to receiver. Examples: ➔ a circular process of interaction between 1. People talking too loud. the persons involved in the 2. Noise from a construction site communication, with each one actively 3. Loud sound of a karaoke participating and sharing ideas with one 4. Blaring of jeepney horns another. They are the communicators actively exchanging information and PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER reaction ➔ called as mental barriers. ➔ Feedback is given freely and deliberately ➔ These refer to social and personal issues to one another or to all members of a speaker towards communicating participating in the communication with others. transaction. The sender and the receiver may simultaneously exchange roles as Examples: communicators. Since communication is 1. trauma 2. shyness, lack of confidence 3 Oral Communication QUARTER 1 3. depression INTERNAL NOISE 4. fear, stage fright ➔ “thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning.” CULTURAL BARRIER ➔ communication problems encountered Examples: by people regarding their intrinsic values, 1. confrontation with a friend beliefs, and traditions in conflict with 2. fear of speaking in front of the class. others. People’s culture affects the way 3. racial prejudice they communicate and relate to others. SEMANTIC NOISE Examples: ➔ “alternate meanings aroused by a 1. different beliefs speaker’s symbols.” This idea means 2. traditions, and customs that a word may have another meaning 3. manners of dressing in the minds of the students. This is 4. speaking affected by the language in which they grew and the culture in which they are LINGUISTIC BARRIER exposed. ➔ conflicts with regard to language and word meanings. Because words carry Examples: denotative and connotative meanings, 1. incorrect grammar they can sometimes cause confusion and 2. using excessive technical jargon misunderstanding. Meaning of words 3. using idiomatic expressions and symbols also vary depending on culture. STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN Examples: KEEP FOCUSED 1. difference in language ➔ put in mind the purpose communication 2. accent and dialect ➔ As a speaker identify your purpose for 3. use of jargon and slang speaking and as a listener find the 4. speech defects or language impairments speaker’s purpose thru his/her verbal and non-verbal cues. NOISE BARRIERS EXTERNAL NOISE SPEAK INTELLIGIBLY ➔ “sight, sound and other stimuli that draw ➔ using the appropriate speaking volume, people’s attention away from intended pitch rate, proper enunciation, stress, meaning.” and acceptable pronunciation. We speak in order to be understood. Examples: 1. noise from vehicles LISTEN WITH YOUR EARS AND EYES 2. singing at the neighborhood ➔ Pay attention to verbal and non-verbal 3. visual aids in front of the classroom message. Effective communication 4. the dog barking depends on what people say and how 5. the sound of airplane they say it. 4 Oral Communication QUARTER 1 MINIMIZE DISTRACTIONS building rapport or connection with the ➔ Look for a place where you can minimize audience. distractions or noise like closed area, empty room, or quiet places. Lessening CONCRETENESS the cause for confusion means giving ➔ Effective communication is backed up by more room to focus and concentrate. facts, figures, and real-life examples or situations. This will make the receiver to BE SPECIFIC understand the message better. ➔ Use simple and concise words as much as possible in delivering a message. COURTESY Being specific means being particular ➔ The speaker can show respect to his/her and direct to the point receivers through understanding their culture, values, and beliefs. The speaker DO NOT JUMP TO CONCLUSIONS can show respect to the listeners by ➔ Before you give your comments and demonstrating an understanding of their judgement, be sure that you have beliefs, values, and culture. This implies listened attentively to the speaker. good choice of words and language and Conclusions should be drawn after a a consideration of the audience’s thorough analysis of point given or perspectives and feelings on the part of information received. the sender. Showing courtesy helps create a positive vibe with the audience. 7Cs OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION This implies good choice of words and COMPLETENESS language on the part of the sender and ➔ The speaker should include everything consideration of audience’s perspectives. that the receiver needs to hear , respond, react, or evaluate properly. S/he should CLEARNESS be able to convey all pertinent details so ➔ It implies the use of simple and specific listener or audience will be able to grasp words to express ideas. When the the intended message. speaker focuses on specific ideas, it will not confuse the audience CONCISENESS ➔ The message should be direct or straight CORRECTNESS to the point and should be expressed in ➔ Avoiding mistakes in grammar helps to the least possible number of words. boost the credibility and effectiveness of Irrelevant information should not be the message, and at the same time it included eliminates negative impact on the audience CONSIDERATION ➔ The speaker should give high regard and SPEECH STYLES courtesy to audience’s background MARTIN JOOS (1976) information such as his/her culture, ➔ Speech style means the form of language education, religion, status, mood, that the speaker uses which feelings, and needs. This will result in characterized by the degree of formality 5 Oral Communication QUARTER 1 FROZEN COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES ➔ most formal NOMINATION ➔ used for formal ceremony, official ➔ you try to open a topic government, international meeting ➔ unchanged RESTRICTION ➔ refers to any limitation you may have as FORMAL a speaker ➔ delivering speech (personal) ➔ addressing audiences TURN-TAKING ➔ people decide who takes the CONSULTATIVE conversational floor ➔ shorter & spontaneous ➔ most operational TOPIC CONTROL ➔ do not usually plan what he/she needs to ➔ active engagement to communication say activity ➔ the use of minimal response like “Go on,” CASUAL “Yes,” “Continue” ➔ between friends TOPIC SHIFTING INTIMATE ➔ moving from topic to another ➔ mostly for couples ➔ private languages developed within REPAIR families, close friends, and couples. ➔ how speakers address problems in listening, speaking, and comprehending SPEECH CONTEXT INTRAPERSONAL TERMINATION ➔ within one self ➔ participants close-initiating expressions INTERPERSONAL KINDS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACT ➔ with other person ➔ there’s an intended meaning DYAD ASSERTIVE ➔ pair ➔ the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition SMALL GROUP ➔ three or several people DIRECTIVE ➔ the speaker tries to make the PUBLIC COMMUNICATION addressee/listener perform an action ➔ SONA, Graduation speech ➔ in public COMMISSIVE ➔ the speaker commits to doing something MASS COMMUNICATION ➔ using tv, newspaper to deliver message 6 Oral Communication QUARTER 1 EXPRESSIVE ➔ the speaker expresses his/her feelings/emotional reaction DECLARATION ➔ declaration bring into existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to PERLOCUTIONARY ACT ➔ effect to the receiver 7