Oral Communication 1st Quarter Reviewer - PDF

REVIEWER IN ORAL COMMUNICATION 1 st QUARTER Communication is the act of transferring information from one person to another person or a group. Communication involves at least one sender, a message, and a receiver; but communication is more than just a transmission of informa...

REVIEWER IN ORAL COMMUNICATION 1 st QUARTER Communication is the act of transferring information from one person to another person or a group. Communication involves at least one sender, a message, and a receiver; but communication is more than just a transmission of information. It requires success in transmitting or sending a message. Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures (McCornack, 2014). Nature of Communication Process Systemic Symbolic Proactive Individually Construed Irreversible FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Regulation / Control – Communication functions to control behavior. It can be used to regulate the nature and number of activities people engage in. For example: A small organization such as a family has its house rules which every member has to follow. The school implements rules which students and other members of the school community are obliged to follow. The dress code in a business organization serves to dictate the style dressing among its members, particularly the employees. 2. Social Interaction – Communication allows people to interact with others to develop bonds or intimacy. It also allows individuals to express desires, encouragement, needs, and decision or to give and get information. For example: A student has to talk with his parents regarding his allowance and school requirements. He has to talk to the driver of a jeepney or bus, or to the train ticketing clerk. In school, it is inevitable for him not to converse with his teachers, classmates, schoolmates, school employees, and officials. 3. Motivation – Communication persuades or encourages another person to change his/her opinion, attitude, and behavior. INTERNAL MOTIVATION comes from within. It is something personal. Example: A student is motivated to study hard because of his/her desire to graduate with honors. EXTERNAL MOTIVATION emanates from the outside or from people surrounding him. Example: A student is motivated to study hard because of his/her father's promise to give him/her an expensive car once he/she graduates with honors. 4. Emotional Expression – Communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings such as love, fear, anger, joy, hope, or any other emotion. Example: When one informs another about an impending super typhoon, the informer may express various emotions in different situations.  As he/she informs his/her loved ones, he/she may show fear because their house is not a safe place to stay when there is an emergency like a typhoon. He/She may show love or concern as he/she informs them for them to get ready for the calamity. 5. Information Dissemination – Communication functions to convey information. It can be used in giving and getting information. A new policy to be implemented in school has to be made known to all members before its implementation. The leader draws plans for executing the safety protocols A student leader talks about how to help fellow members who are in need of financial assistance. The Elements in The Process of Communication The Sender is the one who initiates the message that needs to be transmitted. He sends the message that may be in different forms such as pictures, symbols, postures, gestures, or even just a smile. Message refers to the information intended to be communicated by words as in speech, letters, pictures, or symbols. It can be verbal or non-verbal. It is the content the sender wants to convey to the receiver. Encoding It is the process of expressing the idea into appropriate medium. It may be verbal or nonverbal. The sender may put the message into a series of symbols, words, pictures or gestures. Channel refers the medium or passage through which encoded message is passed to the receiver. It may be transmitted through face-to-face communication, telephone, radio, television, memorandum, or computer. Receiver refers to whom the message is meant for. He plays a significant role in the communication process like the sender. He needs to comprehend the message sent. Decoding It means translating the encoded message into a language that can be understood by the receiver. Feedback refers to the response of the receiver to the message sent to him/her by the sender. Feedback ensures that the message has been effectively encoded and decoded. Noise It is a hindrance to communication. This can take place at any step in the entire communication process. Context the setting where communication happened. Types of Noise 1. Physical l Noise- Environmental Sounds: Raining sounds, thunderstorms, barking dogs, sounds from fans, lights, and windows. 2. Physiological Noise- Physical Weakness & Sickness: Headache s, deafness & blindness, talking fast or slow, high, or low temperature in room. 3. Psychological Noise- Psychological Factors: Beliefs, attitudes, behaviors 4. Semantic Noise- Different meaning: Syntactical barriers, jargon words, mispronunciation, special word, grammatically wrong sentences 2|Page  5. Cultural Noise- Wrong Explanation: Wrong meaning, posture, gestures, eye contact, space, touch & dress-up. VARIOUS COMMUNICATION MODELS a. Aristotle’s Model of Communication- This model is more focused on public speaking than interpersonal communication. Speaker plays a very important role in public speaking. b. Transactional Model- There is an exchange of messages between the sender and the receiver where both take turns in sending and receiving messages. This is also called circular model of communication and is used for interpersonal communication. c. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver- introduced the concept of noise. This model of communication is also known as the Telephone Model for this is based on the experience of using the telephone back in the 1940’s wherein the message was hindered by noise. d. Schramm Model of Communication-This model asserts that communication takes place only if there’s an overlap between the experience of both the speaker and the listener. e. Eugene White’s Model of communication says that communication is circular and continuous, without a beginning or end. f. Berlo’s Model of Communication- this model of communication operates on the SMCR Model. g. Helical Model of Communication -This model presents the concept of time where continuousness of communication process is very important. In helical model, communication is a dynamic process. Communication progresses as an individual gets older and his experience and vocabulary increases. The 7 Cs of Communication 1. Clear - (Clarity) Be clear about the goal of your message and the purpose of the message. Present one idea at a time making it easier for the recipient to to understand. Don’t leave them guessing what the message is about and having to fill in the gaps themselves. 2. Concise- (Conciseness) Keep to the point and keep it short and simple. Don’t use unnecessary words (use two words where one will do or 6 sentences when 3 will do). Don’t repeat the same point in different ways. 3. Concrete- (Concreteness) Be clear, not fuzzy. Ensure there is enough detail to get the message across but not too much so that the recipient will be lost and that the message is factual. Adding too much ‘noise’ around your main points can mean these are missed. Make sure your main points and any conclusions are clear to the recipient. 4. Correct- (Correctness) Check the information you are providing is accurate and, in written communication, ensure it is free from grammatical and spelling errors. Check the technical parts of your content are understandable by the person receiving the information. Preparation will help here to make sure you can be sure about what you are communicating or a chance to read what you have written. 5. Coherent- Make sure your message flows well and is laid out logically. The points you make should all be linked to the main topic and should help you to deliver the objective you originally set out to achieve. Make sure the tone of the message is the same throughout. 6. Complete- (Completeness) Ensure the recipient has everything they need to understand your message and take action if needed. If action is needed, ensure your message includes a ‘call to 3|Page  action’. Also, ensure that any specific details are clear and included. Don’t leave the recipient with lots of questions to ask. 7. Courteous- (Courtesy) Your message should be polite, friendly, professional, open and honest. Think about your message from the recipient’s point of view and you are empathetic towards their needs. This will help you to deliver the message in a way that’s easy to understand and buy into. VERBAL COMMUNICATION is the use of words in sharing information with other people. It can include both spoken and written communication. Barriers to Communication People - poor infirmities such as poor hearing or eyesight Cultural mores -values, customs, and behaviors that are accepted by a particular group Opinions and beliefs Topic Communicative Situation Language choice NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION - Transmitting messages without using words is called non-verbal communication. It is conveyed as visual cues. Gestures, facial expressions, giving flowers, choosing a color of what to wear, or putting a forefinger in front of lips are just some examples of non-verbal communication. Categories of Non-Verbal Communication Language of Gestures Facial Expression It expresses various types of emotions or feelings such as joy, sorrow, anger, annoyance, confusion, fear, hatred or surprise. Language of color People choose colors based on the meaning of each. Language of flowers Flowers are also used to say what we cannot expressed in words. Language of space Proxemics-the use of space based on importance. Language of time Chronemics-the use of time based on position and power. Language of touch Haptics- can be used to express what cannot be said. Paralanguage Tones, voices and rhythms must match themessage. Posture and Body Orientation How one stands or sits tells the people around how one sees oneself as a speaker. 4|Page  TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT Intrapersonal - is the process by which an individual communicates within themselves, acting as both sender and receiver of messages, and encompasses the use of unspoken words to consciously engage in self-talk and inner speech. Interpersonal communication- is an exchange of information between two or more people. Types of Interpersonal A. Dyadic Communication. This involves only two (2) participants forming the dyad. One speaker and listener come together to exchange information, ideas, thoughts, or opinions. B. Small Group Communication. This type of speech context under interpersonal, requires 3 to 15 people discussing a problem or an issue and looking for a sensible solution and plan to address such problem or issue. C. Public Communication. This type of communication, one speaker addresses many listeners, collectively known as an audience. D. Mass Communication. This refers to any of the above human verbal interactions carried out with the aid of mass media technology. E. Organizational Communication. It refers to the interaction of members along with the links in an organizational structure. F. Intercultural Communication. It is the exchange of concepts, traditions, values, and practices between and among people of different nationalities and ways of life. TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO PURPOSE An informative speech is given for the purpose of providing information about a topic to the audience. The main types of informative speeches include definition, descriptive, explanatory, and demonstrative. A persuasive speech is given for the purpose of persuading the audience to feel a certain way, to take a certain action, or to support a specific view or cause. Inspirational Speech is a kind of speech that convinces people they can succeed in life. This speech includes uplifting stories that the speaker thinks the people listening to it will be moved and inspired to do greater and better things in their life. Entertainment Speech. The primary purpose of the speech is to entertain, to have the audience relax, smile and enjoy the occasion. TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE A. Intimate is a non – public speech style that uses private vocabulary and include nonverbal messages. It is a style in which meaning is shared even without “correct linguistic forms”. This occurs among people who have known each other for a long time and have shared many experiences. B. Casual is a speech style used among friends and acquaintances that do not require background information. The use of slang is common and interruptions occur often. C. Consultative is the opposite of the intimate style because this is used among people who share common experiences or meaning. This does not preclude disclosure of background information 5|Page  later become the basis of shared meaning. This requires two – way participation and interruptions can occur during the communication. D. Formal is used only for imparting information. The speech is well – organized and correct in grammar and diction. Technical vocabulary and exact definitions are important. Straightforward and direct, with no circumlocution, this style does not allow interruptions. E. Frozen is a formal style whose quality is static, ritualistic, and may even be archaic. It is exemplified by prayers that have been recited in the same way for years, such as the Pledge of Allegiance or Panatang Makabayan, and the Oath of Office of any officer, whether of the Student Council or of Congress. Keep slaying, mga bhie kong pretty! 6|Page