Oral Communication Lessons (Lesson 1-8) PDF

LESSON 1 ORAL COMMUNUNICATION Definition of Oral Communication Ms. Mary Grace C. Duero Describe the picture using one word. What is Oral Communication? Oral communication is a process consisting of sound representations which involves speaking and listening....

LESSON 1 ORAL COMMUNUNICATION Definition of Oral Communication Ms. Mary Grace C. Duero Describe the picture using one word. What is Oral Communication? Oral communication is a process consisting of sound representations which involves speaking and listening. Speaking and listening almost happen simultaneously. The listener observes in the speaker his voice quality, pitch, intonation, stress and word junctures. In the course of oral communication, the speaker and the listener may exchange roles in giving and receiving ideas, feelings and even attitudes. The movement is expected to be orderly and systematic.  LESSON 2 ORAL COMMUNUNICATION The Process of Oral Communication Ms. Mary Grace C. Duero The Process of Oral Communication Oral communication process happens mutually between and among people through an identified stimulus –anything that triggers a response in the nervous system or the innate emotions of a person. The process of oral communication may be explained through a series of stages in which each stage is basically significant. Six Stages of Oral Communication Stage 1 Stage 2 The process begins with the T h e br ai n r e c e i v e s t h e i d e a presence of a stimulus brought through the participation of tiny about by the occurrence of an nerve fibers working as delivery i d e a, a n e w s , a r e m ar k o r a agents. situation that activate the senses of the speaker categorized as the The brain then recognizes it as sender. affected by the speaker’ experience, environment and These ideas may also be a part culture giving merit to the of a person’s memory or occurring stimulus. experiences. Moreso, reflections or insights may likewise Eventually, the brain identifies contribute as parts of a person’s and evaluates the idea which interests. may trigger the person to react. Six Stages of Oral Communication Stage 3 Stage 4 T h e i d e as an d t h o u g h t s ar e At this point, the speaker is now encoded into language symbols ready to externalize his thoughts or words known and understood to the listener, as well as, to the by both speaker and listener. surrounding environment. The common language is very This time, the sender makes use important to assure success in of his voice, touch, physical the process. pres ence, body m ovem ents , f ac i al e xp r e s s i o n an d o t h er channels available. Six Stages of Oral Communication Stage 5 Stage 6 To transmit the message, the The message is brought by the speech sounds should be uttered sound waves and movements of in logically arranged sequence. t h e s p e aker are s ee n b y t h e listener. Sound waves are produced in the air and the muscles of the The listener senses what is going speech organs are tightened or on because he visualizes it and relaxed depending on the his auditory nerves are activated. required condition. This may allow the spontaneous occurrence of hand movements. Six Stages of Oral Communication STAGE 1 presence of a stimulus STAGE 2 the brain identifies and evaluates the idea STAGE 3 the ideas and thoughts are encoded into language symbols or words STAGE 4 speaker is now ready to externalize his thoughts to the listener STAGE 5 the speech sounds should be uttered in logically arranged sequence STAGE 6 the listener senses what is going on  LESSON 3 ORAL COMMUNUNICATION Five Elements of Communication Ms. Mary Grace C. Duero  Guess the elements without looking at your notes. 1 2 3 4 5  This is the most vital element in communication. All ideas, information, emotions, insights or experiences shared by the communicator are his messages. These may be verbal (using words) or non-verbal (using gestures). The first person to start The first person to start the conversation is the the conversation is the sender and the listener sender and the listener S is the receiver. is the receiver. S e the route travelled by the message e t t t t i creation of a message response/reaction interpreting the meaning of the i n message n g g venue of the venue of the communication communication presence of a disturbing factor physical noise - loud sounds psychological noise - occurring in the minds of both sender and receiver Source: https://parsadi.com/communication/  LESSON 4 ORAL COMMUNUNICATION Communication Models Ms. Mary Grace C. Duero These are illustrations of how communication really occurs that will aid us to have a better idea of the process of communication.  Aristotle’s Model of Communication It is the simplest model which states that there are only three elements involved in communication; sender , message, receiver. The sender sends the message and the receiver receives it. There is no two-way process. It is a speaker-centered model. (This model shows communication process as one-way, from speaker to receiver.) This process a communication can be used to develop public speaking skills and create a propaganda. The speaker's words should influence in audience mind and persuade their thoughts towards him. Aristotle’s Model of Communication  Aristotle’s Model of Communication Example: During a meeting, the President orders the Coast Guard to capture, not to kill poachers venturing in local waters. Speaker: the President Speech: about his order regarding poachers Occasion: meeting Audience: members of the Coast Guard Effect: capture the poachers instead of killing them  Wendel Johnson Model of Communication According to Romero and Eugenio (1997) , this model consists of the following stages: 1. Event or source stimulation, external to the sensory organs of the speaker; example, a panoramic view, load sounds, scent of perfume. 2. Sensory stimulation- hearing, seeing, tasting and feeling. 3. Pre –verbal neurophysiological state  Wendel Johnson Model of Communication 4. Transformation of pre-verbal into symbolic forms. 5. Verbal formulations in final draft for overt expression. This model is primary physiologically based, not interested in attitudes, social situations, speaker skills or message organization rather in describing the main elements of communication and in the ways in which these elements would appear from a physical point of view.  Berlo’s Model of Communication David Berlo uses the S M C R as the key to the components of communication. The S stands for the source of communication. The M stands for message The C stands for channel. The R stands for receiver. Berlo’s Model of Communication  Berlo’s Model of Communication Berlo’s model includes a number of factors under each of the elements:  SOURCE: The source is situated where the message originates. 1. Communication skills – It is the skill of the individual to communicate. 2. Attitudes – This includes attitudes towards the audience, subject and towards oneself. 3. Knowledge– Communicating also means that the person needs to be knowledgeable about the subject or topic. 4. Social system – The social system includes the various aspects of society like values, beliefs, culture, religion and a general understanding of society. It is where the communication takes place. 5. Culture: Culture of a particular society also comes under the social system.  Berlo’s Model of Communication  MESSAGE 1. Content – The body of a message, from the beginning to the end, comprises its content. For example, whatever the class teacher teaches in the class, from beginning to end, is the content of the message. 2. Elements – It includes various things like language, gestures, body language, etc. They constitute all the elements of a particular message. Any content is accompanied by some elements. 3. Treatment – It refers to the packing of the message and the way in which the message is conveyed or the way in which it is passed on or delivered.  Berlo’s Model of Communication  MESSAGE 4. Structure– The structure of the message refers to how it is arranged; the way people structure the message into various parts. 5. Code– The code of the message refers to the means through which it is sent and in what form. It could be, for example, language, body language, gestures, music, etc. Even culture is a code.  Berlo’s Model of Communication  CHANNEL– It refers to the five sense organs. The following are the five senses: 1. Hearing: The use of ears to receive the message. For example, orally transmitted messages, interpersonal communication etc. 2. Seeing: Visual channels, for example, watching television so the message is conveyed through the scene/film. 3. T o u ch i n g : T h e s e n s e o f t o u ch ca n b e u s e d as a ch a n n e l t o communicate. For example, we touch, buy food, hugging our loved ones.  Berlo’s Model of Communication CHANNEL– It refers to the five sense organs. The following are the five senses: 4. Smelling: Smell also can be a channel to communicate. For example, perfumes, food, fragrances etc. Charred smell communicates something is burning. 5. Tasting : The tongue is a muscular organ used in the act of eat and taste food. For example, while a food is being shared, the communication can happen regarding its taste.  LESSON 5 ORAL COMMUNUNICATION Verbal and Non- Verbal Communication Ms. Mary Grace C. Duero  What is non-verbal communication? It is a form of sharing ideas, insights, information, experiences, etc. without the use of words. This may be done through the meanings brought by body movements, facial expressions, physical appearance, space , gestures and even tone of voice. Most of the times, verbal communication is supported by non- verbal communication to better portray the meanings a speaker would like to share. Thus, they cannot really be separated.  Types of Non-Verbal Communication Hybels and Weaver (1986) wrote the following about non-verbal communication. 1. Body Movements are also known as body kinetics. They come in the following categories: a. Emblems These are body movements which have direct translation into words. For example, thumps up means OK. b. Illustrators These are used to accent, emphasize or reinforce words. The most common type of gesture and are used to illustrate the verbal message they accompany. If someone is giving you directions, he may point his fingers towards the left side to mean its going to left side. You might use hand gestures to indicate the size or shape of an object. “What time is “Call me.” it?” c. Regulators These are signs showing control of the back and forth natures of speaking and listening. They include the head nods, hand gesture, shifts in posture and other body movements that signal the beginning and end of interaction. An instructor may point the student giving him the signal to recite. d. Display of feelings A person’s face and body movements may convey how intense his emotion is; as in tight hug may signify an intimate relationship. e. Adaptors These are non-verbal ways used in adapting to the communication situation. Usually, these are implied meanings that the speaker would like to mean. Also, subconscious behaviors that often reveal our true feelings and thoughts. “1. Tapping fingers is a common non-verbal behavior that indicates impatience or anxiety. 2. Leg Shaking is a physical expression of nervousness or restlessness. 3. Hair twirling is a non-verbal cue that often indicates deep thinking or boredom. 4. Biting nails reflects stress or insecurity. 5.Crossing arms is a common body language gesture that can suggest defensiveness or self-protection.” 2. Paralanguage refers to the ways of saying something. It includes such characteristics as: a. rate - speed of speaking b. pitch - highness or lowness of tone c. volume - loudness d. quality - pleasing or unpleasing sound 2. Paralanguage These factors affect the meanings of the communication situation. For instance, a loud voice may mean anger, stressed or tensed; slower rate may imply depression or grief. 3. Body types can also communicate a message. Wells and Suiegel in their researches found out the following: a. Ectomorphs (thin people) – ambitious, younger, more suspicious of others, more tensed and nervous, more inclined to be more difficult, more pessimistic and quieter. b. Endomorphs (fat people ) - more fashionable, lazier, weaker, more talkative, older, more warm hearted and sympathetic, more good- natured, agreeable, more dependent on others and more trusting. c. Mesomorphs (athletic people) – stronger, more adventurous, more matured, more reliant, younger and taller. 4. Attractiveness can get more positive response than those who are perceived not to be attractive. Physical attributes of a person may mean something to the people around her. Men and women who are perceived to be attractive are more sensitive, kind, strong, sociable and interesting. 5. Body Adornment involves form of clothing, make-up, jewelry and hairstyle. According to a survey, women notice first the clothes, then the eyes followed by the body built. Men notice first the body built, then face then the dress. For instance, an applicant who is dressed appropriately might likewise be hired than those who are not. 6. Space and Distance is studied as proxemics. It concerns the way a person uses the space around him as well as the distance where he stands. It may be explained through the following: a. Intimate distance - people are in direct contact with each other or are in no more than 18 inches apart as in a mother and child. b. Personal distance – People may stay anywhere from 18 inches to 4 feet from each other as in casual and personal conversations. c. Social distance – When talking to persons unknown to the speaker, he must keep a distance of 4 to 12 feet. This is mostly done in impersonal business and social gatherings or interviews which is expected to be more formal. d. Public distance - It is the distance of more than 12 feet typically used in public speaking. There is a need for the speaker to speak loudly and to use exaggerated gestures for the audience to understand what he is trying to convey. 7. Touch The kind of touch used in communication reflects meaning about the relationship between the sender and the receiver. The more intense the relationship, the more frequent and more intimate the touch. 8. Time There are two kinds of people based on time; punctual and late. Non-verbal communication may vary in terms of culture, customs and traditions but efforts must be exerted to modify negative ones to the positive ones.  Summary 1. Body Movements 2. Paralanguage 3. Body Type a. Emblems a. rate a. Ectomorphs (thin b. Illustrators b. pitch people) c. Regulators c. volume b. Endomorphs (fat d. Display of feelings d. quality people) e. Adaptors c. Mesomorphs (athletic people)  Summary 4. Attractiveness 6. Space and 7. Touch Distance 5. Body Adornment 8. Time a. Intimate distance b. Personal distance c. Social distance d. Public distance  LESSON 6 ORAL COMMUNUNICATION EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION Ms. Mary Grace C. Duero Communication is about more than just exchanging information. It's about understanding the emotion and intentions behind the information. Effective communication is also a two-way street. More than just the words you use, effective communication combines a set of skills (nonverbal communication, engaged listening, managing stress in the moment, etc.) Effective communication is the glue that helps you deepen your connections to others and improve teamwork, decision making, and problem solving.  Improving Communication Skills in Your Work and Personal Relationships It sounds so simple: say what you mean. However, When we say one thing, the other person hears something else, and misunderstandings, frustration, and conflicts ensue. You can improve the communication skills that enable you to effectively connect with others, build trust and respect, and feel heard and understood.  Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication 1. Stress and out-of-control emotion. Take a moment to calm down before continuing a conversation. 2. Lack of focus. You can’t communicate effectively when you’re multitasking. 3. Inconsistent body language. Nonverbal communication should reinforce what is being said, not contradict it. 4. Negative body language. If you disagree with or dislike what’s being said, you may use negative body language to rebuff the other person’s message.  Guides to Improve a Person’s Communication Skills 1. Be an attentive listener. People often focus on what they should say, but effective communication is less about talking and more about listening. 2. Observe nonverbal signals. When we communicate things that we care about, we do so mainly using nonverbal signals. 3. Be stress-free during communication. To communicate effectively, you need to be aware of and in control of your emotions. 4. Be assertive. Being assertive means expressing your thoughts, feelings, and needs in an open and honest way, while standing up for yourself and respecting others.  Developing Confident Communication Strategies 1. Empathy. It conveys sensitivity to the other person. First, recognize the other person's situation or feelings, then state your needs or opinion. 2. Escalating assertion. It can be used when your first attempts are not successful. For example, "If you don't abide by the contract, I'll be forced to pursue legal action." 3. Practice assertiveness in lower risk situations to start with to help build up your confidence.  LESSON 7 ORAL COMMUNUNICATION Intercultural Communication Ms. Mary Grace C. Duero  Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication is a form of communication that aims to impart information, ideas, insights and opinions across various cultures and social communities. It is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and challenges that by nature happen within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different religions, social, ethnic and educational backgrounds. Cross-cultural communication should not be used interchangeably with intercultural communication. It refers to the process of understanding how people from different places, act , communicate and perceive the world around them. It studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact on social attributes, thought patterns , significant customs , and languages. It plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics, psychology and communication studies.  Challenges in Intercultural Communication 1. Message transmission – when the receiver is a person from different culture, he uses information from his culture and the interpretation may be different from the speaker. 2. Attribution - It is the process where people look for an explanation of another person’s behavior. 3. Adaptation - Management of Intercultural Communication.  Challenges in Intercultural Communication To avoid misinterpretations between / among communicators, the following vital points are suggested: 1. Develop cultural sensitivity. 2. Anticipate the meaning of the receiver will get. 3. Careful encoding. 4. Use words, pictures and gestures. 5. Avoid slang, idioms, regional sayings. 6. Selective transmission.  Challenges in Intercultural Communication To avoid misinterpretations between / among communicators, the following vital points are suggested: 7. Build relationships, face to face, if possible. 8. Careful decoding of feedback. 9. Get feedback from multiple parties. 10. Improve listening and observation skills. 11. Follow-up actions.  Principles Applied in Intercultural Communication 1. Cultural Convergence - In a relatively closed social system in which communication among members is unrestricted, the system as a whole will tend to converge over time toward a state of greater cultural uniformity. 2. Communication Accommodation Theory - This focuses on linguistic strategies to decrease or increase communicative distances.  Principles Applied in Intercultural Communication 3. Intercultural Adaption - This is designed to explain how communicators adapt to each other in “ purpose –related encounters”, at which cultural factors need to be incorporated. 4. Co-cultural Theory - It refers underrepresented to interactions and dominant among group members. It includes but are not limited to people of color, women, people with disabilities, gay men and lesbians, and those in the lower social classes.  LESSON 8 ORAL COMMUNUNICATION FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION Ms. Mary Grace C. Duero  The basic requirement of adapting and INFORMATION adjusting oneself to the environment is information. The purpose of informing their COMMAND OR subordinates or for the purpose of telling INSTRUCTIVE them, what to do, how to do when to do etc. To induce people is extremely important INFLUENCE OR for extension in changing their behavior in PERSUASIVE the desirable direction. This helps in maintaining individual, INTEGRATIVE societal or organizational stability and identity. Thank you for listening!