Oral Communication Reviewers PDF

Oral comm. Reviewers Communication is a Human Activity Communication is a human interaction within oneself or with others. It also undergoes a series of repetition of actions or steps to achieve the expectations and reasons why we communicate. The Process and Elements of Communication The Co...

Oral comm. Reviewers Communication is a Human Activity Communication is a human interaction within oneself or with others. It also undergoes a series of repetition of actions or steps to achieve the expectations and reasons why we communicate. The Process and Elements of Communication The Communication Process Elements of Communication Models of Communication Process of Communication Systematic process Communication follows a structured flow with stages including sending, encoding, transmitting, receiving, decoding, and giving feedback. Each step is essential to ensure the message is understood. Verbal and nonverbal Communication involves both spoken or written words (verbal) and body language, gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice (nonverbal), all of which help convey meaning. Give and take It is an interactive process that requires both parties to engage, with the sender providing the message and the receiver giving feedback, ensuring a continuous exchange of ideas or emotions. Elements of Communication Sender The communication process begins with the sender, who has an idea or message they wish to communicate. Receiver The message is received by the intended recipient, who decodes the information and interprets it. Noise The communication takes place within a context (physical, social, cultural) and can be affected by noise (distractions, misunderstandings, emotional factors) that may distort the message. Message This is the content being communicated, which can be delivered verbally, nonverbally, or through a combination of both. Feedback  Communication is a give-and-take process, where the receiver provides feedback (verbal or nonverbal), indicating whether the message was understood or needs clarification. Models of Communication Verbal Communication  - refers to the use of spoken or written language to convey a message. It involves the use of words to share thoughts, ideas, or information with others, whether face- to-face or through other mediums like phone calls, emails, or written documents. Tips to AVOID misunderstanding in verbal communication: Strive to achieve clarity Speak clearly and directly, avoiding ambiguous or vague terms. Structure your sentences so the listener can easily follow your thoughts. Repeat key points when necessary. Respect individual differences Be mindful of the listener’s background, culture, or communication style. Tailor your message to their level of understanding and be patient if there are different perspectives. Avoid stereotyping Refrain from making assumptions based on a person’s gender, race, age, or any other characteristic. Instead, focus on the individual and their unique viewpoint. Aspire to use understandable words to your listener Use simple, straightforward language that the listener can grasp. Avoid jargon or overly technical terms unless you’re sure the other person is familiar with them. Tips when communicating verbally: Be descriptive Provide clear, specific details when communicating your ideas or feelings. This helps the listener visualize or understand your message more accurately. Index Be precise by using examples, dates, or specific references to avoid generalizations and ensure your message is grounded in facts. Avoid vulgar language and profanity Refrain from using inappropriate language, as it can offend others and distract from the message you’re trying to convey. Eliminate generic language Stay away from vague or overly broad terms. Instead of saying “always” or “everyone,” be specific to avoid misinterpretations. Own your thoughts and feelings Use “I” statements to express your thoughts and feelings directly. This helps you take responsibility for your emotions and avoids blaming or accusing others. Nonverbal Communication nonverbal communication effective and intercultural Communication Nonverbal communication is a type of communication that does not make use of verbal words. Types of nonverbal communication  Chronemics This refers to the use of time in communication. It can indicate priorities, cultural differences, or relationships. For example, being punctual or late can send strong messages about respect and importance. oculetics Also known as eye behavior or eye contact, it involves the ways in which eye movements and eye contact are used to communicate emotions, attention, or interest. haptics This is communication through touch. The use of physical contact, like handshakes, hugs, or a pat on the back, can convey support, affection, or dominance. proxemics This refers to the use of personal space in communication. The distance we keep from others during interaction can show intimacy, power dynamics, or discomfort. kinesics This includes body movements, gestures, posture, and facial expressions. It’s one of the most significant forms of nonverbal communication and often conveys emotions more strongly than words. objectics This involves the use of objects, clothing, and personal appearance to communicate messages about status, personality, or identity. For example, the way someone dresses or the accessories they wear can send specific signals. Categories of Nonverbal Communication Function of Communication importance of function of communication to better interpersonal relationships to improve personal lives to help gain success in professional lives to broaden perspective functions of communication inform instruct persuade motivate demonstrate effects in functions of communication emotional expression) social interaction regulate/control communication helps us to understand people around us and also ourselves. it helps to examine what we know about ourselves as well as other’s by observing their actions and listening to their opinions, beliefs, preferences, and feelings. enduring understanding whatever we do in silence or in speech, we communicate many things about us; our background, affiliations, credentials, and experiences. Type of speech and presentations for public speaking types of speech context preparations or public speaking types of speech context intrapersonal This refers to communication with oneself. It includes self-talk, inner dialogues, and reflection. It can help in decision-making, problem-solving, and emotional processing. Examples include thinking about a plan, assessing your feelings, or rehearsing an important conversation in your head. interpersonal  This involves direct communication between two or more people. It can occur face-to-face or through other means, such as phone calls, messaging, or video calls. This context involves both verbal and non-verbal exchanges. psychological This refers to the mental and emotional state of the people involved in communication. It considers factors such as mood, perceptions, attitudes, and mental health. For instance, if someone is stressed, it may affect how they communicate. relational This focuses on the relationship between the speakers. It can include factors like the closeness of the relationship (e.g., friends, family, colleagues), power dynamics, and the level of formality. The nature of the relationship influences how communication occurs. situational This refers to the physical environment and circumstances in which communication takes place. It can include the location, time, and setting of the conversation. For example, a conversation at a formal meeting differs from one in a casual coffee shop. environmental This refers to the physical surroundings and conditions in which communication happens. Factors like noise levels, temperature, lighting, and other sensory experiences impact how people communicate. cultural This involves the cultural background, norms, values, and beliefs of the participants in a conversation. Cultural context can affect how messages are interpreted, the level of formality, and even non-verbal cues. For example, directness in communication may be valued differently in various cultures. public speaking Public speaking is a form of communication in which one person speaks to a large audience. It can include formal speeches, presentations, or lectures. In public speaking, the speaker’s goal is to inform, entertain, or persuade the audience, often requiring preparation and a structured format. language register intimate This is used in private, close relationships such as between family members or very close friends. It is informal, often involving shared experiences, personal vocabulary, and private jokes. For example, how you speak to a sibling or a partner. casual This is used among friends or people who are familiar with each other. It includes informal language, slang, and contractions. The tone is relaxed and may include colloquialisms. An example could be chatting with a peer about a common interest. consultative  This is a more formal version of language, often used in professional or semi- formal situations. It includes some formality but allows for the exchange of ideas. It’s common in work settings, when consulting experts or when seeking advice. It may involve questions and clarifications. formal This register is used in more official, serious, or professional settings. It often involves complete sentences, a lack of contractions, and an impersonal tone. For example, delivering a presentation in a conference or writing a formal letter. frozen This is the most formal register and is characterized by fixed, unchanging language. It is used in ceremonial or highly formal situations where language is often pre-determined and doesn’t change based on the audience. Examples include legal documents, prayers, oaths, or national anthems. preparations for public speaking 1. analyze your audience and the occasion 2. develop your topic, purpose, and thesis 3. source of information 4. organize main points and make speech outline 5. make the introduction 6. write the conclusion and transition statements of your speech 7. practice your speech enduring understanding a prepared speaker is the one who moves people to do better Principles of speech writings Preparing for a speech presentation is important to achieve an effective presentation, achieving the purpose of the communication process. principles of speech writings clarity A clear speech is one where the message is easy to understand. The speaker’s ideas should be expressed in a simple, direct manner, without unnecessary jargon or complexity. logical organize of ideas Your ideas should follow a logical structure, with a clear beginning, middle, and end. This organization helps the audience follow your message easily. appropriate word choice Choose words that are suitable for your audience and the context. Avoid overly complicated vocabulary unless your audience is familiar with it. Use words that align with the tone of your speech (formal or informal, emotional or factual). accuracy  The information presented in your speech should be factually correct and precise. Double-check statistics, facts, and sources to avoid spreading misinformation. other recommendations to improve Make sure your speech is engaging by incorporating elements like storytelling, humor (if appropriate), and questions to involve the audience. Use examples that the audience can relate to.