Oral Communication in Context Module 1 PDF

RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT MODULE 1 Definition and Process of Communication COMMUNICATION - converting the message into words, Communication...

RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT MODULE 1 Definition and Process of Communication COMMUNICATION - converting the message into words, Communication- the act of transferring actions, or other forms that the information from one person, group, object speaker understands. or place to another. - “How will I send the message?” THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION 4.) Channel The nature of communication will help us - the medium or the means, such as identify when communication is taking personal or non-personal,verbal or place. nonverbal, in which the encoded General Components: message is conveyed. “What was ❖ 1.) Communication is a process used to send the message?” - There are a series of steps that happen almost 5.) Receiver simultaneously for effective - the recipient of the message. communication to occur. - “Decoder”. ❖ 2.) Communication occurs between 6.) Decoding two or more people - process of interpreting the encoded message received from the sender. ❖ 3.) Communication can be - “What did I understand from the expressed verbally, non-verbal, or message I received?” both at the same time. 7.) Feedback - the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION after decoding the message from the 1.) Sender sender. - speaker or the source of information, - “What was the reply?” thought, or idea. Starter of the communication process. 8.) Context - the environment and setting where 2.) Message communication takes place. - the information, ideas, or thoughts - Location, time, place, mood, etc. conveyed by the speaker through words or actions. 9.) Barrier - the factors that affect the flow of 3.) Encoding communication. - problem/obstacle that hinder communication. By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 1 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION 1.) The Speaker generates an idea. 2.) The speaker encodes an idea or converts the idea into words or actions. 3.) The speaker transmits or sends out the message through the channel. 4.) The receiver gets the message. 5.) The receiver decodes or interprets the message. 6.) The receiver sends or provides feedback. the context of the message is considered by the sender and receiver. At any point of the communication process, a “problem” or barrier could have caused miscommunication. the process could become a cycle when the sender and receiver exchanges messages one after the other. By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 2 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ MODULE 2 FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION FUNTION OF COMMUNICATION 5. Information Dissemination- this function of the primary purposes why people use communication aims to acquire and/or language. convey information. Ex.: The functions are: - The teacher discusses the 1. Control / Regulation- This function of lesson. communication aims to guide or control an - The president delivers the individual’s behavior. State of the Nation Address. Ex.: - The doctor tells you, “Take your medicine 3 times a day.” - Your parents order you to wash the dishes. 2. Social Interaction- This function of communication allows individuals to interact and socialize with others. Ex.: - Someone says, “It’s nice to meet you/ How do you do?” - When a person confesses his/her feelings for another, “ I feel safe and calm when I’m with you” 3. Motivation- This function of communication encourages people to live better and have a more positive outlook. Ex.: - “We have to be the change our society needs.” - When your city mayor encourages everyone to be the best citizen they can be. 4. Emotional Expression- this function of communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and emotions. Ex.: - “I love you.” - “I’ve been feeling down lately.” By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 3 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ MODULE 3 STRATEGIES USED BY THE SPEAKER TO CONVEY HIS/HER IDEAS EFFECTIVELY ★ Clearness- Clearness in COMMUNICATION communication implies the use of Communication functions by helping us simple and specific words to express explain, brainstorm, negotiate, direct, and ideas; the speaker focuses only on a make decisions in many situations. single objective in his/her speech so as not to confuse the audience. communication is functional—that is, communication serves a particular purpose ★ Correctness- Correctness in in any interaction. grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and increases the 7CS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION credibility and effectiveness of the To effectively communicate, we must know message. how to deliver a message effectively. ❖ The 7Cs: ★ Completeness- communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear for him/ her to respond, react, or evaluate properly. ★ Conciseness- making the message direct or straight to the point. ★ Consideration- the speaker should always consider relevant information about his/her receiver such as mood, background, race, preference, education, status, and needs, among others. ★ Concreteness- the message is concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations. ★ Courteousness/Courtesy- The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of his/her receivers. By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 4 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ MODULE 4 VARIOUS MODEL OF COMMUNICATION - the interactive model characterizes communication as a two-way MODEL process. a pictorial presentation to show the structure - “Give and Take” of the communication process in which - allows for feedback, something that various component elements are linked. is absent in the linear model. ❖ Ex.: Models are based on assumptions that ➔ Brothers’ Telephone theorists make as to how communication Conversation functions and what effect it has upon ➔ A doctor’s interview individuals and society. with the patient VARIOUS MODELS OF COMMUNICATION 1.) Linear Model - shows communication as a one – way activity where information flows from sender to receiver. - There is an active sender who 3.) Transactional Model conveys a message to a passive - There is a collaborative exchange of receiver. messages between communicators ❖ Ex.: with the aim of understanding each ➔ Advertisement other. ➔ Radio news report - It shows that a barrier, such as noise, may interfere with the flow of communication. - transactional model is the most general model of communication. ❖ Ex.: - Teacher Discussing a Lesson - Teacher’s Virtual Meeting 2.) Interactive Model By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 5 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ MODULE 6 - the environmental and natural conditions that act as a barrier in communication in sending REASONS FOR COMMUNICATION messages from sender to receiver. BREAKDOWN ❖ Ex.: - you are listening to a seminar TYPES OF BARRIER in a very hot and crowded room, you cannot understand 1.) Language Barrier what the speaker tells, thus - language and linguistic ability may the intended message is act as a barrier to communication. either misunderstood or - when communicating in the same misinterpreted. language, the terminology used in a message may act as a barrier if it is 5.) Attitudinal Barriers not fully understood by the - are behaviors or perceptions that receiver/s. prevent people from communicating ❖ Ex.: effectively. ➔ “Please check if you have a tachycardia after biking” we To be an effective communicator, you cannot understand it should recognize these barriers that hinder because it is the terminology the communication process. This will enable that doctors and policemen you to control the situation, reset conditions, understand. and start anew. 2.) Psychological Barriers - The psychological state of the receiver will influence how the message is received. ❖ Ex: ➔ When we are angry, it is easy to say things that we may later regret and also to misinterpret what others are saying. 3.) Physiological Barriers - Physiological barriers may result from the receiver’s physical state. ❖ Ex.: ➔ a receiver with reduced hearing may not grasp the entirety of a spoken conversation, especially if there is significant background noise. 4.) Physical Barrier By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 6 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ MODULE 7 - In meetings, you may only have a turn to speak after the chairperson directs you to do VARIOUS COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES so. (This is to avoid TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN unnecessary interruptions.) TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY 5.) Topic Shifting - moving from one topic to another. - one part of a conversation ends and 1.) Nomination where another begins. - It suggests opening a topic. ❖ Ex.: - A speaker carries out a nomination - “By the way, can you tell Eryl to collaboratively and productively to proceed to room 301”. establish a topic. ❖ Ex.: 6.) Repair - “Do you have any idea why - how speakers address the problems Albert is not attending our in speaking, listening, and class?” comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation. 2.) Restriction ❖ Ex.: - Restriction in communication refers - “All right, let us do it this to any limitation you may have as a way”. speaker. ❖ Ex.: 7.) Termination - “Group 1 will brainstorm - refers to the conversation about the disadvantages of participants’ close-initiating peer pressure”. (So they are expressions that end a topic in a not to talk about another conversation. topic.) ❖ Ex.: - “It is nice to have you here, 3.) Turn-Taking see you later”. - Turn-taking gives others the opportunity or chance to talk. - Turn-taking pertains to the process Cohen (1990) states that strategies must be by which people decide who takes used to start, to maintain a conversation the conversational floor. and to avoid communication breakdown. ❖ Ex: - “Do you want to say something?” 4.) Topic Control - Topic control covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in conversations. ❖ Ex.: By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 7 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ MODULE 8 - You provided comfort to a friend who was feeling down. - You offered feedback on the TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT speech performance of your classmate. TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT Small Group 1.) Intrapersonal - This refers to communication that - “Intra” means “Within” involves at least three but not more - Within oneself than twelve people engaging in a - that centers on one person where face-to-face interaction to achieve a the speaker acts both as the sender desired goal. and the receiver of the message. - all participants can freely share “The message is made up of your thoughts ideas in a loose and open and feelings. The channel is your brain, discussion. which processes what you are thinking and ❖ Ex.: feeling. There is feedback in the sense that - You are participating in an as you talk to yourself, you discard certain organizational meeting which ideas and replace them with others.” aims to address the concerns (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 16) of your fellow students. ❖ Ex.: - You are having a discussion - You do self-talk to calm with your group mates on yourself down in a stressful how to finish the assigned situation tasks. - You felt happy while thinking about how your teacher SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION appreciated you for Panel Discussion- The Clearing submitting your project house of ideas. 4-5 well-Informed before the due date and you persons and audience reflected on why this was so. Symposium- A meeting where several speakers deliver short talks 2.) Interpersonal on the same topic or related topics - communication between and among Lecture Forum- -a 50-60 minute people and establishes personal speech presented by an expert and relationships between and among The subsequent discussion of the them. subject - If intrapersonal communication is Round Table Talk- An informal kind communication within oneself, of discussion where the members interpersonal on the other hand is are seated around a round table communication with others. Debate- discussion where the members are seated around a round TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL CONTEXT table. 8 or more members. Dyad Communication - This refers to communication that occurs between two people ❖ Ex.: By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 8 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ MODULE 9 ❖ Ex.: - the president speaks in a press briefing concerning PUBLIC SPEAKING AND MASS Covid-19 pandemic on COMMUNICATION television. - a student journalist PUBLIC COMMUNICATION articulating his stand on current issues through the a communication situation where a speaker school’s newspaper. delivers a message before an audience. ★ The speakers supported by audio and/or visual means can disseminate information TWO FORMS OF PUBLIC COMMUNICATION to a large number of people. ➔ Public Speaking & Mass Communication Public Speaking - a sustained formal presentation by the speaker to an audience. - The audience primarily functions as receivers and responders. ❖ Ex.: - the President of the Philippines delivers the State of the Nation Address (SONA) to an audience in the Congress. - Present a class report - Give an inspirational talk in a club - Speak out in a campus forum ★ To maintain reciprocal communication, the speakers must accept responsibility for their stand on issues and for their ideas while the audience must take responsibility for examining those ideas either critically or appreciatively. Mass Communication - a type of public communication to an extremely large audience mediated by audio and/or visual means such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet and other social media platforms. - used to inform, to persuade or to entertain the public. By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 9 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ MODULE 10-A 5.) Vividness - The words that vividly or creatively VERBAL COMMUNICATION describe things or feelings usually add color and spice to VERBAL COMMUNICATION communication. Appropriateness of language, clarity of ideas and vividness of words pertain to verbal communication MODULE 10-B an interaction in which words are used to relay a message. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE NON- VERBAL COMMUNICATION VERBAL COMMUNICATION an interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent meanings. 1.) Appropriateness All kinds of human responses that are not - the language you use should be expressed in words are classified as appropriate to the environment or nonverbal communication. occasion that is whether formal ❖ Ex.: language or informal language. - Stares ➔ Formal - Smiles - Speech - Tone of voice - the president delivered his SONA - Movements, etc. speech. ➔ Informal THE DIFFERENT TERMS WHICH NON-VERBAL - a teacher leisurely talking with her MESSAGES MAY TAKE colleagues while having lunch. 1.) Chronemics 2.) Brevity - noting time in communication - the speakers who often use simple situations may also convey certain yet precise and powerful words are messages. found to be more credible. ❖ Ex.: - being more direct with your words. - looking at one’s watch. - Avoid fillers and insubstantial ➔ it might mean one expressions which do not add to the has arrived very late message; “uh”, “I guess”, etc. 2.) Proxemics 3.) Clarity - This is the use of space by the - Clearly state your message and speaker and the listeners in express your ideas and feelings. communication situations. ❖ Ex.: 4.) Ethics - two close friends are nearer - the words should be carefully each other than the two who chosen in consideration of the are newly-introduced to each gender, rules, ethnicity, preferences, other. and status of the person you are 3.) Tactile talking to. - “Touch Non-Verbal Communication” By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 10 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ ❖ Ex.: not get the - a pat on someone’s shoulder instructions well. after a good presentation in class ESSENTIAL REASONS ➔ It means a job well done. can communicate feelings and attitudes without you saying a word. 4.) Kinesics gives the audience a preview to the type of - body movements such as speaker you are. movements of your eyes, head, feet, can build a connection with listeners. hands, or arms, etc. makes you a credible speaker. - It also includes your posture. enhances and emphasizes the message of ❖ Ex.: your speech, thus making it more - clenched fist meaningful, truthful, and relevant. ➔ someone who has can sustain the attention of listeners and clenched his hands is keep them engaged in the speech. angry. makes you appear more dynamic and animated in 5.) Silence your delivery. ❖ Ex.: serves as a channel to release tension and - the teacher asks a question nervousness. and no one answers. helps make your speech more dramatic. ➔ It is possible that no helps you vary your speaking style and one knows the avoid a monotonous delivery. answer. 6.) Paralanguage - It is concerned with how one says the message, not with what one says. - A speaker may use different intonation patterns, stress or pause to mean what he/she says. ❖ Ex.: - “He is...smart?” ➔ 1.1.) an extra high rising-falling intonation with stress placed on He might mean that he was able to solve a challenging problem in record time ➔ 2.2.) a rising intonation with stress placed on smart, might mean he did By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 11 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ MODULE 11 2.) Demonstrative Speech - “tell” and “show” the audience how to TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO execute actions. PURPOSE - explain and/or illustrate processes. SUCCESSFUL SPEECH WRITE A DEMONSTRATIVE SPEECH IF YOU WANT YOUR AUDIENCE TO: enthusiastic tone of voice, a handpicked tie, A. Acquire or improve a skill or their and a correct posture: All these may ability to do something. undoubtedly contribute to a speech B. Learn information in steps or phases success, but these must-haves may not be and be able to perform the steps good enough. themselves. ➔ You must not forget to set your purpose. ❖ Ex.: - Classroom Knowing and understanding your purpose instructions, gives you the right words, materials, - guidelines for the organization, and the manner in which you performance of will deliver it. special tasks. SPEECHES ACCORDING TO PURPOSE 3.) Persuasive Speech - “change” or “reinforce” attitudes or 1.) Informative Speech behaviors. - “present” and “clarify” facts and - A persuader attempts to influence the ideas for audiences. listener’s thoughts or actions. - The informative speaker’s job is to adapt data and ideas to human WRITE A PERSUASIVE SPEECH IF YOU needs. WANT YOUR AUDIENCE TO: A. modify or change their attitudes or WRITE AN INFORMATIVE SPEECH IF opinions, YOU WANT YOUR AUDIENCE TO: B. accept or approve your/one’s point A. Acquire knowledge about a subject new to of view them. C. be motivated to take some specific B. Learn more about or increase their actions. understanding of a subject they already know something about. ❖ Ex.: - To have the audience ❖ Ex.:(with specific purposes) impressed with the - To have the audience importance of the opening of become aware of recent a new community library. findings about the impact of - to have the audience support Covid-19 pandemic. their children in pursuing - To have the audience able to education even in the time of select a college program pandemic appropriate to each individual based on specific criteria. By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 12 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ 4.) Entertainment Speech - “provide” pleasure or amusement to the audience while delivering a clear message. - Aims to connect with the audience not only on a cognitive but also at the affective level. ❖ Ex.: - after dinner speech in which humor is used to be a kind of entertainment. - sharing with the audience some stories about the extraordinary places the speaker has visited in Batanes. By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 13 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ MODULE 12 and also to maintain contact with your audience. TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO 2.) Memorized Speech DELIVERY - “speak from memory” - used when exact wording is required FOUR TYPES OF SPEECHES but reading from a script is inappropriate; therefore, the speech 1.) Manuscript is committed to memory. 2.) Memorized ❖ Ex.: 3.) Extemporaneous - presentations of 4.) Impromptu high-level awards They are classified on the basis of the situations in which they are given, the style TO SUCCEED: or mode of delivery, and the preparation ➔ keep your speech at an ideal length required. ➔ add expression in your voice ➔ emphasize key words/ideas with 1.) Reading from Manuscript appropriate non-verbal gestures. - “speak from script” - presented when exact wording is ADVANTAGE: required ★ can plot out ahead of time the best - The speech is written out word for wording throughout the speech. word and delivered by reading the ★ You will have all the time to maintain manuscript to the audience. contact with your audience. ❖ Ex.: DISADVANTAGE - presenting: policies, ★ difficult to deliver this kind of speech - contracts, with feeling, sincerity, and - scientific reports. spontaneity. ★ You might forget words you are TO SUCCEED: about to say. ➔ Focus on key phrases and highlight ★ takes the time to memorize the keywords on your manuscript. speech. ➔ Practice your speech repeatedly. ➔ Glance at the highlighted words to 3.) Extemporaneous Speech remember which idea comes next. - “prepare and speak” ➔ Thoroughly familiarize yourself with - given when you have had an the substance of your speech and opportunity to prepare. the consequence of your main - Referring occasionally to brief notes points. or recalling from memory the points, ideas, and specifics, but you do not ADVANTAGE: write your speech out or memorize ★ It provides assurance that you will it. be able to deliver your speech as ❖ Ex.: precisely as possible. ★ talks about: a trip, DISADVANTAGE: ★ a study, ★ It is hard to present a manuscript ★ a hobby, speech with feelings and emphasis ★ an event, By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 14 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ ➔ Be mindful of what you say but not TO SUCCEED: overly self-conscious. ➔ do research on the topic ➔ Breathe properly. ➔ practice outlining your speech ➔ have enough practice delivering the ADVANTAGE: speech to gain self-confidence. ★ Disseminate information at a time when it may be most appropriate or ADVANTAGE: needed. ★ Through preparation you become ★ improve your image in the minds of confident that you know what you your audience. are going to say, so you are more relaxed and self-assured. DISADADVANTAGE: ★ allows you to convey sincerity and ★ Many speakers feel they must get up concern. and speak even though they have DISADVANTAGE: nothing to say. So, they often rumble ★ hesitating and stumbling, even and wander. though you have prepared the ★ it does not give us time to really material to be delivered. think and prepare our material. ★ speakers may get around the problem by writing speeches completely, they run into the disadvantages of the manuscript and memorized speeches. 4.) Impromptu Speech - “speak on the spur of the moment” - you are called on to speak at the spur of the moment and did not have time to prepare your material. - Preparation only comes mainly from your existing knowledge, experience, feelings, and opinions. ❖ Ex.: - the speaker/lecturer might ask you to say a few words about your ideas on the value of the topic being discusses. TO SUCCEED: ➔ Consider the question or statement to which you are about to reply or react. ➔ Speak briefly but be sure to speak about the significant point/s. ➔ Compose yourself as you organize your thoughts logically. By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 15 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ MODULE 13 3.) Consultative Style - used in semi-formal communication. - the speaker does not usually plan TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES AND ITS what he/she wants to say, and most DIFFERENCES IN ITS USES operational among others. ❖ Ex.: SPEECH STYLE - Dealing into business for first timers the form of the language that the speaker ➔ we seek for advice to uses which is characterized by the degree people who are more of formality. familiar into this new venture. SPEECH STYLES (FIVE CLASSES) 1.) Frozen Style 4.) Casual Style - most formal communicative style - informal communication between that is usually used during respectful groups and peers. events and ceremonies. - used in conversation between - used generally in a very formal friends and insiders who have setting, does not require any something to share and have shared feedback from the audience, most background information but don’t formal communicative style for have close relations. respectful situations. ❖ Ex.: ❖ Ex.: - A conversation between - Singing the national anthem colleagues ➔ one of the most ➔ informal language is respectful and formal highly acceptable. occasion ➔ Lyrics of the song 5.) Intimate Style never or seldom - for very close relationships like changed and remain couples, family, and best friends. constant. - conversation between people who are very close and know each other 2.) Formal Style quite well because they have the - straightforward speeches. maximum of shared background - The speaker says it is something information. that has been prepared beforehand, ❖ Ex.: its complex sentence and noun - a private talk between lovers phrase are well structured, logically talking about their future sequenced and strongly coherent. plans or marriage. ❖ Ex.: - The president’s SONA ➔ intended to ➔ inform, mostly one way and no feedback from the audience. By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 16 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ MODULE 14 ➔ Perlocutionary- The boys move out of the doorway. TYPES OF SPEECH ACT: LOCUTION, ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS INTO FIVE ILLOCUTION, & PERLOCUTION DISTINCT CATEGORIES 1.) Representative/Assertive SPEECH ACT Speech Act is a functional unit in - suggesting, putting forward, swearing, communication. boasting, and concluding. A speech act might contain just one word or ❖ Ex.: several words or sentences. - The earth is round. ❖ Ex.: - I think, he is saying the truth - "Thanks" and "Thank you for always being there for me. I 2.) Directive really appreciate it" - asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, ➔ Both show advising, and begging. appreciation ❖ Ex.: regardless of the - Give me your pen. length of the - Leave the town immediately. statement. 3.) Commissive To communicate is to express a certain - promising, planning, vowing, and betting attitude, and the type of speech act being ❖ Ex.: performed corresponds to the type of - I will repay the money. attitude being expressed. (Bach 1994) - I swear to tell the truth. According to J. L. Austin (1962), there are 4.) Expressive three types of acts in every utterance, given - thanking, apologizing. welcoming, and the right circumstances or context. deploring. ❖ Locutionary- the literal meaning of ❖ Ex.: the utterance. - I am sorry for being late. ❖ Illocutionary- related to the social - What a great day! function that the utterance or the written text has. 5.) Declarative ❖ Perlocutionary- the result or effect - blessing, baptizing, bidding, passing a that is produced by the utterance in sentence. the given context. ❖ Ex.: - Class dismissed. ❖ Ex.: - We find the defendant not - “The bus won’t move until your boys guilty. move out of the doorway.” ➔ Locutionary- The driver is saying she won’t move the bus with people standing in the doorway. ➔ Illocutionary- An order to clear the doorway. By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 17 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ MODULE 15 ➔ They signal that they are done by using certain phrases. RESPONDING TO SPEECH ACTS Adjacency Pairs PAUL GRICE - There are numerous kinds of turns Paul Grice argues that speakers intend to that have specific follow-ups. be cooperative when they talk. ❖ Ex.: cooperative means that the speaker knows - A question is typically followed by an that each utterance is a potential answer; interference in the personal rights, - an invitation by an acceptance or an autonomy and wishes. explanation of why it can't be accepted. Opening Sequence GRICES’S COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE - People ordinarily begin in a set of norms that are expected in conventional ways. conversations. ❖ Ex.: 1.) Maxim of Quantity - Greetings, General Questions or Comments - give as much information as is about the Weather, Sports. necessary, but not more. - “Doesn’t overdo it” Closing Sequences - People conventionally prepare to 2.) Maxim of Relevance end conversations by summing up, - be relevant - Using Locutions: - doesn’t overload the conversation ➔ Okay, all right then. with superfluous or irrelevant (Followed by)- Nice talkin' to material. you. - requires speakers to organize their utterances so that they are relevant Conversational Routines to the ongoing context. - Openings and closings are more conventionalized than are other 3.) Maxim of Manner parts of the conversation. - truthful and provide evidence for statements. Repairs - need to rephrase a previous The Organization of Conversation statement. - Conversations are a series of - they need to fix the utterance. speech acts: requests, greetings, inquiries, comments, invitations, etc. Politeness ➔ Mixing them up or failing to - differs from culture to culture and observe them makes for subculture to subculture. It may uncooperative speech acts, involve various kinds of illocutionary confusion, and other acts, titles and address forms, and problems. other kinds of locutions. Turn Taking and Pausing Positive Politeness - People usually don't all talk at once. By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 18 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ - Utterances that are conventionally polite, flattering, being very cooperative, etc. Negative Politeness - Saying things that are inappropriate, making excessive intrusion, interruption, or inquisitiveness. ❖ Ex.: - look at her feet to see if she's wearing shoes made of leather. By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 19 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ MODULE 16 3.) Delivery - one of the things that you should be looking for when critiquing a panel EXAMINING AN ORAL COMMUNICATION discussion is the style. ACTIVITY: PANEL DISCUSSION FORMAT CRITICISM has always been related to something Introduction derogatory or uncomplimentary. - “summarize and interpret” - You are just writing what you think CRITIQUING the discussion is about, and what a discussion of a work, its strong points and you think it is trying to do. weak points, with specific focus on how to improve it and move forward. Body A critique is someone’s personal opinion - “what you think is working well” about a certain topic; it could either be - Point out the best parts of the positive or negative. discussion and the strengths of the panelists or speakers. CRITIQUING A PANEL DISCUSSION Panel Discussion Conclusion & Recommendation - a discussion in which few persons - criticism is respectful and delivered (the panel) carry on conversation in in a form that allows improvement. front of the audience. MEMBERS: Moderator, Panelist, Audience ➔ Objectives - provide information and new facts, - analyze a problem from different angles - identify the values - organize mental recreation. It promotes higher order thinking skill which is very necessary in problem solving. CRITERIA IN CRITIQUING PANEL DISCUSSION 1.) Content - the quality of the information of the message. - includes believability. 2.) Organization - speaker or panelist must give some oral road signs so that audience could follow the information. By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 20 RCC & SSLG: Your Reviewing Buddy _________________________________________________________________ MODULE 17 - from among the company people who are in a senior position EXAMINING AN ORAL COMMUNICATION - the candidate is supposed to ACTIVITY: INTERVIEW make a presentation. INTERVIEW HOW TO CRITIQUE “Inter” & “View” which means “Between involve the interviewer's stated abilities View” and factor in asking engaging questions. In a gentle conversation between two people either case, the process should follow a set or more where questions are asked to a of specific guidelines to ensure consistency. person to get the required responses or answers. GUIDELINES: ➔ Ex.: The person asking questions is the interviewer and the person answering the questions is the interviewee. Three Types of Interview ★ One-on-one interview (Personal interview) - most common among the interview types; - interviewer asking questions maybe both technical and general to the interviewee to investigate how fit the candidate is for the job ★ Group Interview - involves multiple candidates and they are given a topic for discussion. - assessed on their conversational ability and how satisfactorily they are able to have their own views and make others believe in them. ★ Panel interview (Committee Interview) - interviewers here are a group By Arvic Erosa - SSLG Vice President 21