ORAL-COMMUNICATION-1ST-QTR-REVIEWER.pdf

ORAL COMMUNICATION Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver Model of 1ST QUARTER REVIEWER Communication - the most popular model of communication and is COM...

ORAL COMMUNICATION Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver Model of 1ST QUARTER REVIEWER Communication - the most popular model of communication and is COMMUNICATION is a process by which information is widely accepted all over the world exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior. Wilbur Schramm’s Model of Communication - emphasizes that the communication is incomplete ORAL COMMUNICATION is a process consisting of unless and until the sender receives a feedback from sound representations which involves speaking and the recipient. listening. Both are essential in the expression of idea through the association with words. Non-Verbal Communication Process of Communication Non-Verbal Communication is a form of sharing ideas, insights, information, experiences, etc. without the use 1. The process begins with the presence of a stimulus of words. brought about by the occurrence of an idea, a news, a remark or a situation that activate the senses of the Types of Non-Verbal Communication speaker 2. The brain receives the idea through the participation 1. Body Movements are also known as body kinetics. of tiny nerve fibers working as delivery agents. The brain then recognizes it as affected by the speaker’ a. Emblems. These are body movements which experience, environment and culture giving merit to the have direct translation into words. occurring stimulus. b. Illustrators These are used to accent, to 3. The ideas and thoughts are encoded into language emphasize or to reinforce words symbols or words known and understood by both c. Regulators These are signs showing control of speaker and listener. the back and forth natures of speaking and listening 4. the speaker is now ready to externalize his thoughts d. Display of feelings A person’s face and body to the listener, as well as, to the surrounding movements may convey how intense his emotion is; as environment. in tight hug may signify an intimate relationship. 5. To transmit the message, the speech sounds should e. Adaptors. These are non-verbal ways used in be uttered in logically arranged sequence adapting to the communication situation. Usually, these 6. The message is brought by the sound waves and are implied meanings that the speaker would like to movements of the speaker are seen by the listener. mean. Elements Of Communication 2. Paralanguage refers to the ways of saying something 1. Sender/ Receiver – giver/receiver of message Rate - speed of speaking 2. Message – most vital element Pitch -highness or lowness of tone 3. Channel - the route travelled by the message Volume – loudness between the sender to the receiver Quality – pleasing or unpleasing sound 4. Feedback - the reaction observed in both the sender and the receiver 3. Body types 5. Noise - the presence of a disturbing factor that may lead to a misunderstanding of the message. a. Ectomorphs (thin people) – ambitious, a. physical noise which may come from loud younger, more suspicious of others, more tensed and sounds that alter the transfer of message nervous, more inclined to be more difficult, more b. psychological noise, occurring in the minds of pessimistic and quieter. both sender and receiver b. Endomorphs (fat people )– more fashionable, 6. Setting - the venue of the communication lazier, weaker, more talkative, older, more warm- hearted and sympathetic, more good-natured, Communication Models agreeable, more dependent on others and more trusting Aristotle Model of Communication c. Mesomorphs (athletic people) – stronger, -It is the simplest model which states that there are only more adventurous, more matured, more reliant, three elements involved in communication; sender , younger and taller. message, receiver. 4. Attractiveness can get more positive response than Wendel Johnson Model of Communication those who are perceived not to be attractive. Physical - This model is primary physiologically based , not Attributes of a person may mean something to the interested in attitudes, social situations, speaker skills or people around him/her. message organization 5. Body Adornment involves form of clothing, make-up, David Berlo’s Model of Communication jewelry and hairstyle. David Berlo uses the S M C R as the key to the components of communication. 6. Space and Distance is studied as proxemics. It concerns the way a person uses the space around him as well as the distance where he stands.  a. Intimate distance –In this situation, people studies situations where people from different cultural are in direct contact with each other or are in no more backgrounds interact on social attributes, thought than 18 inches apart as in a mother and child. patterns , significant customs , and languages. It plays a b. Personal distance- People may stay anywhere role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural from 18 inches to 4 feet from each other as in casual studies, linguistics, psychology and communication and personal conversations. studies c. Social distance – When talking to persons unknown to the speaker, he must keep a distance of 4 Cross-cultural communication refers to the process of to 12 feet. This is mostly done in impersonal business understanding how people from different places, act , and social gatherings or interviews which is expected to communicate and perceive the world around them. be more formal d. Public distance – It is the distance of more Challenges in Intercultural Communication than 12 feet typically used in public speaking. There is a 1. Message transmission – In communication between need for the speaker to speak loudly and to use two people of the same culture, the person who exaggerated gestures for the audience to understand receives the message interprets it based on values, what he is trying to convey. beliefs and expectations frobehaviour similar to those of the person who sent the message. However ,when 7. Touch – The kind of touch used in communication the receiver is a person from different culture, he uses reflects meaning about the relationship between the information from his culture and the interpretation may sender and the receiver. Known as haptics. be different from the speaker. 2. Attribution- It is the process where people look for an 8. Time known as chronemics. explanation of another person’s behavior. When a person does not understand another, he usually blames 9. Oculetics is the eye contact in communication. the confusion on other’s “stupidity, deceit or craziness”. 3. Adaptation Guide for Effective Verbal Communication Management of Intercultural Communication 1. Organization – proper sequencing of thoughts and To avoid misinterpretations between / among ideas communicators, the following are suggested: 2. Relevance – input words that are important and 1. Develop cultural sensitivity neccessary. 2. Anticipate the meaning of the receiver will get. 3. Language based - The common language is very 3. Careful encoding. important to assure success in the communication. 4. Use words, pictures and gestures. 4. Conciseness – use words than phrases or clauses. 5. Avoid slang, idioms, regional sayings. 5. Conversational – use conversational and everyday 6. Selective transmission words. 7. Build relationships, face to face ,if possible 8. Careful decoding of feedback Functions of Communication 9. Get feedback from multiple parties 10. Improve listening and observation skills A. Regulation/ Control Communication regulates or 11. Follow-up actions control. Every institution follows certain rules and regulation in which the main objective is to take control Principles Applied in Intercultural Communication of every situation. 1. Cultural Convergence In a relatively closed social system in which B. Social Interaction Communication is needed in social communication among members is interaction. As human beings we always interact unrestricted, the system as a whole will tend to because we are social beings. We form groups and converge over time toward a state of greater associate ourselves with members of these groups. cultural uniformity. The system will tend to diverge Because we interact daily that is why we have to toward diversity when communication is communicate. restricted. 2. Communication Accommodation Theory C. Motivation Communication motivates. It may either This theory focuses on linguistic strategies to decrease be internal or external. or increase communicative distances. D. Information Communication informs. Everyday many 3. Intercultural Adaption things happen. We are informed in different ways. This theory is designed to explain how communicators adapt to each other in “purpose – E. Emotional Expression Communication expresses related encounters”, at which cultural factors need to one’s emotion. In communication we can express be incorporated. This is equated to different emotions anger, happiness, guilt, etc. assimilation 4. Co-cultural Theory Intercultural Communication It refers to interactions among underrepresented and dominant group members. It Intercultural communication is a form of includes but are not limited to people of color, women, communication that aims to impart information, ideas, people with disabilities, gay men and insights and opinions across various cultures and social lesbians, and those in the lower social classes communities.