oral com.pdf

LECTURE NOTES: ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication is expressed through verbal and nonverbal language. It is a process because communication is supposed to be continuous and systematic; reciprocal because there is a two-way exchange of messages between the sende...

LECTURE NOTES: ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication is expressed through verbal and nonverbal language. It is a process because communication is supposed to be continuous and systematic; reciprocal because there is a two-way exchange of messages between the sender and the receiver, and dynamic because communication is an ongoing and non-static activity. The process begins with the sender who generates the idea. When the idea is produced, the sender encodes or converts this into words or actions (the message), and then sends it out through a channel. Channels include written media, verbal media (spoken), and nonverbal cues (gestures) that are used in transmitting the message. In the illustration, the verbal media is being used as medium of transmitting the message because the communication happens through a face-to-face interaction. The receiver, therefore, gets the message and decodes or interprets it according to the context; after which, the receiver sends or provides feedback. The process then continues repeatedly, however, the flow of communication can be disrupted by internal or external factors or the so-called communication barriers like noise, mood, ability to comprehend words, and the like. Communication may also be through verbal or nonverbal language. 1. Verbal communication happens when the interaction uses words to relay messages. This can be done in written or spoken languages. 2. Nonverbal on the other hand happens when the interaction uses behavior to convey and represent meanings. All kinds of human responses are classified as nonverbal communication. Hermosa, Hernandez, and Vergara (2016) classified the different forms of nonverbal responses during communication. For you to easily remember, we call this the ICS of nonverbal responses. -ICS of nonverbal responses: 1. KINESICS- This refers to physical actions such as eye contact (oculesics), facial expression, and other body gestures to convey or emphasize a message such as thumbs up, shrugging, nodding, and the like. 2. HAPTICS - This refers to how touch is used to transmit messages, through hands, arms, and other body parts like handshake, hug, or tap on the shoulder. 3. PROXEMICS - This refers to how people use space and arrangement to create a message. Physical arrangement like the presence of a lectern between the speaker and the listener indicates authority. 4. CHRONEMICS -This refers to the use of time that speakers use to communicate messages. Punctuality in a meeting can indicate sincerity or professionalism or spending much time talking with someone else may mean a great interest in that person. 5. This refers to the universal meaning of the use of colors to convey messages. 6. VOCALICS or PARALINGUISTICS - This refers to the pitch, volume, tone etc. which allow us to emphasize parts of a message. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION The functions of communication refer to how people use language for different purposes. It is related to how language is affected by different time, place, and situation. 1. Information: This function focuses on conveying factual information, data, or knowledge. It aims to provide details and update others about specific events, situations, or topics. Examples: A news anchor reporting on the latest developments in a natural disaster. An instructor explaining a complex concept in a classroom. A manager sends out an email announcing a change in company policies. 2. Emotional Expression: This function involves expressing emotions, feelings, attitudes, and opinions. It is crucial for sharing one's thoughts and creating an emotional connection with others. Examples: A person expressing joy and excitement while sharing news of a promotion with their friends. An artist conveys their emotions through a painting or a song. A heartfelt letter expressing love and gratitude to a family member. 3. Regulation/Control: The directive function aims to influence the behavior or actions of others. It involves giving instructions, commands, or requests to guide others' actions. Examples: A supervisor provides clear instructions to employees on how to complete a project. A doctor advises a patient on the appropriate medication and treatment plan. A parent instructs his/her child to complete their homework before going out to play. 4. Social Interaction: Communication serves a social purpose by establishing and maintaining connect, building trust, and creating a sense of community. relationships. It helps people Examples: Friends chatting at a café, strengthening their bond and understanding each other better. Colleagues engage in small talk at work, fostering a positive and friendly work environment. Participants in an online forum discussing shared interests and forming a community. 5. Motivation: Communication can be used to persuade, convince, or change someone's beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. It is prevalent in marketing, advertising, and public speaking. Examples: A politician delivering a persuasive speech to gain support for their campaign. A company using advertisements to convince consumers to buy their products. An environmental activist giving a presentation to raise awareness about climate change. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION MODEL 1: Linear Model of Communication The linear model of communication is a one-way process. It consists of five elements: a source (producer of message); a transmitter (encoder of message into signals); a channel (signals adapted for transmission); a receiver (decoder of message from the signal); and a destination. Here, the sender transmits the message through a channel. The receiver receives and decodes the message. This model of communication is criticized for missing one essential element in the communication process (the feedback) because the speaker will not know whether the receiver understands the message or not. An example of a linear model is the Shannen-Weaver Model which is shown in the diagram below. SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL OF COMMUNICATION This model was first conceptualized by Shannon and Weaver in 1949. It is known as the mother of all communication models. MODEL 2: Interactive Communication Model Another term for the Interactive Model is the convergence model. This Model takes the Linear Model and multiplies it times two with a quick flip of the exchange of message between the sender and the receiver. Thus, it includes another element which is feedback. During the process, the source/sender encodes the message and sends it to the receiver to decode it. The roles then reverse, because the receiver encodes and sends a response to the original sender who has now turned as the receiver. MODEL 3: Transactional Communication Model The Transaction Model of Communication portrays communication as a process where individuals shape social constructs amidst social, relational, and cultural surroundings. Within this framework, people engage in communication not solely for message exchange, but to foster connections, establish cross-cultural partnerships, shape self-perception, and partake in dialogues that foster communal bonds. In essence, communication is not merely a discussion about one's experiences; rather, it actively constructs these very experiences. In the Transaction Model of communication, the functions of the sender and receiver diverge notably from those in alternate models. Instead of categorizing individuals as senders or receivers, those involved in a communication scenario are termed communicators. In contrast to the Interaction Model's notion of participants switching roles between sender and receiver, the Transaction Model proposes that one assumes both roles simultaneously. STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown The clarity and accuracy of encoding and decoding the messages can be affected by internal and external factors that alter the flow of communication. When communication is cut, interrupted, or misinterpreted, it is because of the so-called communication barriers, For an effective flow of communication, the communicators should be aware of these barriers. Such factors that break down the communication process are classified by Hermosa, Hernandez & Vergara (2016) below. Types of Communication barriers: Physical barriers Psychologic al barriers Language or Semantic barriers Socio-cultural barriers This refers to the disruptions from the environment that can make it difficult to convey messages. This includes slow signals, noise surrounding the context of communication, poor lighting, too hot or too cold temperature, and other tangible things that distract. This refers to the attitude, emotion, mood, knowledge, or other mechanism that can hamper the speaker or the receiver's ability to express or understand the message clearly. Emotional noise like anger, sadness, nervousness, asserting a need to win an argument, and the like can also affect the flow of communication. People communicating can have difficulty understanding each other because of the language they use. Two parties with different dialects cannot communicate effectively, except if they use a language that they both understand. In other cases, Slang informal or unofficial language of a certain group), professional jargon (specialized vocabulary in certain fields), connotations and denotations, assumptions, bad expressions, or words with multiple meanings may also cause communication breakdown during the process. This is related to the receiver's background, perception, values, beliefs, biases, needs, and expectations. For instance, people with different cultures may not understand each other unless both learn to appreciate and understand their cultural differences. Stereotyping may also cause communication breakdown during the process. The person's physical state can cause miscommunication or misunderstanding. A receiver's Physiologica ill health, poor eyesight, hearing difficulty or pain, and so on are physiological obstacles to 1 barrier effective communication. For effective communication, Mulder (2012) cited Professor Broom, Cutlip, and Center 7C's of communication and these are widely considered today, especially in public relations, advertising, and even in other forms of communicative activities. 1. Completeness-communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear so he/she can respond, react, or evaluate the message given. 2. Conciseness-Conciseness does not mean keeping the message short, but making it direct to the point Insignificant information should be eliminated from the communication. 3. Consideration-To be effective, the speaker should consider relevant information about the receiver. This may include mood, background, race preference, etc. 4. Concreteness- Effective communication happens when the message is concrete and is supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples for the receiver to be more connected to the message conveyed. 5. Courtesy-Showing courtesy means respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of the receiver. 6. Clarity/Clearness - It is best to use simple and specific words to express ideas, Focusing on a single objective will confuse the audience. 7. Correctness- Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and increases the credibility and effectiveness of the message. This may refer to presenting factually accurate information. TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT: TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT AND STYLE 1. INTRAPERSONAL centers on one person's message is made up of thoughts and feelings. channel is the brain. 2. INTERPERSONAL Between and among people Connects people. Types Of Interpersonal Context 1. Dyad Communication Occurs between two people. 2. Small Group- Involves at least three but not more than twelve people engaging in interaction to achieve a desired goal. face-to-face 3. PUBLIC Requires you to deliver or send the message before or in front of a group Voice is louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is bigger. - Speaker might use additional visual channels such as slides of PowerPoint Presentation Examples: Graduation Speech, Declamation, Oratorical, Debate Contest 4. MASS COMMUNICATION - Takes place through television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of media. TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE According to Joos (1968), there are five speech styles. 1. INTIMATE Private Family Members/Individuals May not be shared in public. 2. CASUAL Common among peers and friends Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are used. 3. CONSULTATIVE Standard One Professional/Mutually Acceptable Language Examples: Teacher & Student, Doctor & Patient 4. FORMAL Formal settings One-way (unlike consultative) Examples: Sermons by priests & ministers, SONA of the President, Pronouncement by Judge 5. FROZEN 'Frozen' in time and remains unchanged. Mostly occurs in ceremonies. Common Examples: Preamble to the Constitution, Lord's Prayer, Allegiance to country or flag TYPES OF SPEECHES Background Information for Learners: People create speeches for different purposes and through different methods of delivery. There are two (2) major types of speeches: according to purpose and according to delivery. A. What are the types of Speeches according to purpose? 1. Informative or expository speech It is mainly performed for the purpose of educating the audience on new or relevant piece of Information on a particular topic. Example: lecture of a teacher 2. Persuasive speech It is given solely for the purpose of convincing the audience to agree with the speaker's opinion on a particular topic Example: speech of a lawyer in a court hearing 3. Entertainment speech It aims to share laughter and enjoyment to the audience through witty and humorous lines. Example: speech of a comedian B. What are the types of Speeches according to delivery? Manuscript speech It is the word-for-word iteration of a written message using visual aids. example: news anchor with a teleprompter 2. Memorized speech It is the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory. Example: actor's dialogue 3. Extemporaneous speech It is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes. Example: a campaign speech before a voting public 4. Impromptu speech It is the presentation of a short message without advance preparation and is for people knowledgeable about the subject. Example: a doctor's response to the question of a patient Background Information for Learners: SPEECH ACTS When individuals speak, they are not merely conveying information but engaging in purposeful actions. Knowledge of speech acts will help a person understand the meanings of language in a broader intercultural perspective. One will be more responsive to people's intended meanings. What is a speech act? A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. We perform speech acts when we offer an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal What are the components of a speech act? J.L. Austin (1962), a philosopher of language and developer of the Speech Act Theory, presented components of levels of speech acts that speakers perform in every utterance. These are: 1. Locutionary act This is the basic act of utterance proclaiming a meaningful expression, the act of uttering or the literal meaning of the words uttered. Example: It's hot in here. (Statement referring to the temperature.) This is the social function of what is said, or the intention of the speaker that is implied when he/she uttered those words. 2. Illocutionary act Example: It's hot in here. (You have uttered this to request someone to open an door/window for ventilation, because it is hot in the room.) 3. Perlocutionary act This is the resulting act of what is said or the effect the utterance has upon the thoughts of the listener. Example: It's hot in here. (You have uttered this on the assumption that the listener will recognize the effect you intended, to get him/her open the door/window.)