Oral Communication in Context PDF

**ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT** **NATURE, PROCESS, AND FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION** **DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION** **Communication** is a process. It takes place when two or more people exchange ideas either through written or spoken words (verbal) or actions (nonverbal). Both verbal and nonve...

**ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT** **NATURE, PROCESS, AND FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION** **DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION** **Communication** is a process. It takes place when two or more people exchange ideas either through written or spoken words (verbal) or actions (nonverbal). Both verbal and nonverbal can be used at the same time **FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION** 1. **Regulation/Control -** Communication functions to control behavior. It can be used to regulate the nature and number of activities people engage in. 2. **Motivation -** Communication persuades or encourages another person to change his/her opinion, attitude, and behavior. 3. **Emotional Expression -** Communication facilitates people's expression of their feelings such as love, fear, anger, joy, hope, or any other emotion. 4. **Social Interaction** - Communication allows people to interact with others to develop bonds or intimacy. It also allows individual to express desires, encouragement, needs, and decision or to give and get direction. 1. **2Aristotle's Model of Communication -** Aristotle's model is a linear communication which mainly focused on the [Speaker] and [Speech] as it is speaker oriented model. The Speaker has the most important role in this model whereas the role of Audience is passive. 2. **Transactional Model of Communication --** The transactional model of communication is a theory that views communication as a dynamic, continuous process where all participants simultaneously send and receive messages. 3. **Shannon-Weaver's Model of Communication-** The second model is that of Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver which gave us the concept of NOISE. 4. **Schramm's Model of Communication- -** Schramm asserts that communication can take place if and only if there is an overlap between the Field of Experience of the Speaker and the Field of Experience of the Listener. 5. **White's Model of Communication-** The fourth model of communication is that of Eugene White, who tells us that communication is circular and continuous, without a beginning or end. This is why he made a cyclical model. 1. **PHYSICAL BREAKDOWN -** This is the environmental condition that acts as a barrier in communication in sending the message from sender to receiver. 2. **CULTURAL BREAKDOWN -** This pertains to communication problems encountered by people regarding their intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in conflict with others. 3. **LINGUISTIC BREAKDOWN -** This pertains to conflict with regards to language and word meanings. Because words carry denotative and connotative meanings, they can sometimes cause misunderstanding. 4. **PSYCHOLOGICAL BREAKDOWN -** This is called as mental barriers. This refer to social and issues of a speaker towards communicating with others. 1. **VERBAL COMMUNICATION:** This refers to the use of **spoken or written words** to convey a message. - **Oral communication**: Includes conversations, speeches, presentations, phone calls, or any form of communication where words are spoken. - **Written communication**: Includes letters, emails, reports, text messages, and social media posts. Characteristics: - **Structured**: Verbal communication usually follows grammatical rules and a coherent structure. - **Clear**: Words are chosen to convey meaning directly. - **Intentional**: The sender generally has a clear intention or message to communicate. 2. **NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION:** Forms of nonverbal communication: - **Body language**: Posture, gestures, and movement (e.g., crossing arms, waving, or nodding). - **Facial expressions**: Smiling, frowning, raising eyebrows, or looking away. - **Eye contact**: Maintaining or avoiding eye contact can communicate confidence, interest, or discomfort. - **Tone of voice**: The way something is said (tone, pitch, volume) can add emotion or emphasis. - **Proxemics**: The physical distance between individuals, which can convey intimacy, authority, or detachment. - **Touch**: Handshakes, pats on the back, or hugs. - **Appearance**: Clothing, grooming, and overall personal presentation can communicate social status, professionalism, or personal identity. 1. **INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION -** this refers to communication that centers on one person where the speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of message. 2. **INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION.** Interpersonal communication takes place between (inter) two persons or among (inter) a number of persons. It is either dyadic, small-group, public, or mass communication. **2.a. DYAD COMMUNICATION --** As the term suggests, a dyadic communication takes place when two persons are engaged in a conversation. A dialogue in a drama, an internet chat, and a telephone conversation are some examples of dyadic communication. **2.b. SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION** This refers to communication that involves at least three but not more than twelve people engaging in a face-to-face interaction to achieve a desired goal. All participants can freely share ideas in a loose and open discussion. **2.c. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION** This refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the message before or in front of a group. The message can be driven by informational or persuasive purposes. It is also known as PUBLIC SPEAKING. **2.d. MASS COMMUNICATION** This refers to communication that takes place through television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of media. **2.e. ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION** This refers to communication that occur within organizations, such as corporations, non-profits, and governmental bodies. It includes both communications within an organization and public-facing communications. **2.f. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION** This refers to communication of different groups of varied cultures gather and convey information correctly and skillfully in a manner acceptable to the group's diverse opinions. **TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE** 1. **INFORMATIVE -** This is mainly performed for the purpose of educating the audience on new or relevant piece of information on a particular topic. 2. **PERSUASIVE --** This is given solely for the purpose of convincing the audience to agree with the speaker's opinion on a particular topic. 3. **DEMONSTRATIVE -** A demonstrative speech is a form of speaking where the presenter showcases and explains a process, task, or concept to the audience. 4. **ENTERTAINMENT --** This aims to share laughter and enjoyment to the audience through witty and humorous lines. **TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY** 1. **IMPROMPTU SPEECH** 2. **EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH** **Definition:** A speech that is planned and practiced but not memorized or read. **Characteristics:** Uses brief notes or an outline; allows for flexibility and spontaneity. **Example:** A presentation at a conference using an outline. 3. **MANUSCRIPT SPEECH** **Definition:** A speech read word-for-word from a written script. **Characteristics:** Ensures precision and consistency; can be less engaging. **Example:** Reading a formal address or political speech. 4. **MEMORIZED SPEECH** **Definition:** A speech that is completely memorized and delivered without notes. **Characteristics:** Allows for full engagement with the audience; high risk if forgotten. **Example:** A monologue or a pre-written TED Talk. **SPEECH STYLES** 1. **INTIMATE -** This style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or individuals. The language used in this style may not be shared in public. It is a style in which meaning is shared even without "correct linguistic forms". This occurs among people who have known each other for a long time and have shared many experiences. 2. **CASUAL -** This style is common among peers and friends. Slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms are normal. This is "group" language. One must be member to engage in this register. 3. **CONSULTATIVE -** This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in this style. 4. **FORMAL -**A style used in formal settings, where the language is structured and follows specific rules. 5. **FROZEN -** A fixed and static style, often used in formal ceremonies, rituals, and official documents. **SPEECH ACTS** 1. **Locutionary Act** - Locutionary acts are, according to Susana Nuccetell and from Gary Seay (from Philosophy of Language: The Central Topics) 2007, "the mere act of producing some linguistic sounds or marks with a certain meaning and reference.\". Locutionary act refers to any utterances that may contain statements or words about objects. It may be a word, or even a phrase that has a meaning 2. **Illocutionary Act** - Illocutionary act is part of speech act theory (developed by J.L. Austin and John Searle), referring to the speaker\'s intention or what they are doing with their words. 3. **Perlocutionary Act -** Perlocutionary act is the third aspect of speech acts. It is a speech act that produces an effect, intended or not, achieved in an addressee by a speaker's utterance. Perlocutionary act can bring about a consequence to the audience. They have an effect to the listener in feelings, thoughts, or actions such as changing someone's mind. Unlike illocutionary act, perlocutionary act can project a sense of fear in the audience. **CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACTS (ILLOCUTIONARY)**