Historical and Legal Foundation of Philippine Education PDF

HISTORICAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATION OF PHILIPPINE EDUCATION PROF. BRYAN C. DAYUTA, MA.ED, LPT PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY Pre- Spanish Education Topic Overview Aims of the Education Methods or System of Education Content and Curriculum Relevant Laws Created during...

HISTORICAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATION OF PHILIPPINE EDUCATION PROF. BRYAN C. DAYUTA, MA.ED, LPT PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY Pre- Spanish Education Topic Overview Aims of the Education Methods or System of Education Content and Curriculum Relevant Laws Created during the time  Pre-Spanish Period Long before the arrival of the Spaniards, ancient Filipinos were living in scattered barangays and ruled by different chieftains. Although they were living separately, they were similar in many ways: Religion and Mode of dressing Houses and System of Government Marriage practices Economic activities  Aims of the Education The education of Pre-Hispanic Filipinos was fit for the needs of their times. There was no formal schooling. Methods or System of Education Education was oral, practical and hands-on Children were provided more vocational training but lesser academics, which were headed by their parents or by their tribal tutors. It was done through observation, imitation and practice Content and Curriculum Mothers educated their female children in housekeeping, weaving, basket-making and other agriculture-related activities. Fathers trained their male children in hunting, carpentry, agriculture, shipbuilding and mining. Content and Curriculum Baybayin A unique system of writing The term Baybay literally means "to spell“ in Tagalog Also known as the Alibata Relevant Laws Created during the time Ancient Filipino’s also established foreign relationship with other Countries in Asia.  ∙ Aim ✔ Education for survival, conformity, and enculturation ∙ Features ✔ Education was informal, incidental, unstructured ✔ Formal instructions began in homes through apprenticeship ✔ Human learning resulting from individual experiences ✔ Had a system of counting, weighing, measuring, and coinage ✔ Devised a calendar through their knowledge of astronomy  ∙Features ✔Practical education included domestic chores and skills in hunting, fishing, farming, etc. ✔Theoretical education included moral, spiritual, laws, code, worship, etc. ✔Every home was a school ✔Teachers were parents and tribal heads  ∙Implications ✔Methods used then are still being practiced to date; tell me and show me, observation, imitation, trial and error, repetition ✔Skills taught to the children are still part of the present curriculum; home chores and fishing, agriculture, etc. Spanish Education  The history of the Philippines from 1521 to 1898, also known as Spanish Period the Spanish Colonial Era or period of time, begins with the arrival in 1521 of European explorer Ferdinand Magellan Education of the indigenous people was mainly viewed as the duty of religious organizations. Aims of the Education The pre-Spanish system of education underwent major changes during the Spanish colonization. Education was informal and unstructured Children were provided with vocational TRIBAL training and less academics by parents TUTORS and houses of tribal tutors Education was “religion-centered” SPANISH Education for the elite only Spanish is compulsory MISSIONARIES Boys and girls school are separated Inadequate, suppressed and controlled  Methods or System of Education Spanish education played a major role in that transformation. The oldest universities, colleges, vocational schools and the first modern public education system in Asia were created during the colonial period. The Friars establish parochial schools linked with Churches to teach catechism to the natives. Methods or System of Education Augustinians (1565) - The 1st Catholic Missionaries, established the first school in Cebu. Jesuits (1581) - The1st Jesuits arrived from the province of Mexico. They established a catechetical school for natives in Visayas in Tibauan, Panay. Expanded with elementary school both for Spanish and Filipino boys. Methods or System of Education Dominicans (1587) - established a school in their 1st mission at Bataan. Franciscans (1578) - The1st 15 Franciscans arrived in the Philippines. Other than churches, the Franciscans also pioneered charitable works and the caring of the sick. the San Juan de Dios Hospital and San Lazaro Leprosarium. Naga Hospital of San Diego and Hospital of the Holy Waters in Los Baños Content and Curriculum Christian doctrine Values and History Reading and Writing in Spanish, Mathematics and Agriculture, Etiquette, Singing, World Geography, and Spanish history. Girls were also taught sewing. Legal Mandates: Royal Decree of 1863 (Education Act of 1863) : ∙Complete system of education ∙Free system of education ∙Establishment of Normal school ∙Reorganization of the school curriculum ∙Government supervision and control of school thus breaking the 3 century church domination in curriculum  Type: -Authoritarianism, Teacher-dominated, Subject-centered and imposition of severe discipline Contributions: Spanish Period -Upliftment of Phil. Education -Establishment of an overall public school system -Training of teachers -Complete system of education -Church domination in education -Production of grammars and dictionaries Philippine Education under the American era and the Commonwealth Period American colonization period – 1898 to 1946 Aim: to spread the English language to the Filipino people. (for communication, history, culture and values)  Methods or Systems of Education: - Public system - By age 7, a child was required to register in schools located in their town or province. - 3 levels of educational system: 1. Elementary level 2. Secondary / High School level 3. Tertiary / College Level - Religion was not part of the curriculum and Schools from the Spanish era were recycled or re used and new ones were also opened in cities and provinces. Notable schools and colleges opened during the American era: Philippine Normal School (1901) Silliman University (1901) Central Philippine University (1905) Negros Oriental High School (1902) St. Paul University of Dumaguete (1904) Cebu Normal School (1915) Notable schools and colleges opened during the American era: Filamer Christian University (1904) Iloilo Normal School / West Visayas State University Zamboanga Normal School / Western Mindanao State University Schools available during the period: 1. Normal schools 2. Vocational schools 3. Agricultural schools 4. Business schools Notable terms: **Thomasites – they are originally a group of 500 teachers sent by the U.S. government on board the USAT Thomas. Basic goal is to put up new schools and to teach basic education and train public school teachers. Notable Terms: ** Pensionados – Filipino scholars ; students that excelled academically and were sent to the US for further studies and become experts in their desired field or profession. - upon their return they are to hold important positions in the Philippine government and its sectors (agriculture, business and education) Content and Curriculum: English and Geography Agriculture & Manual trading Reading & Grammar Mathematics Trade courses and General courses Household arts and Housekeeping  “America would assume full control and administration of Philippine affairs” American Period Ed Act 1901: Act No. 74 (Legal Mandate) -Establishment of a highly centralized -Importation of Thomasites -Separation of Church and State -Creation of Philippine Normal School Reorientation of the Aims based on Monroe Survey - Training for self-government and Provision of English as a common language  Relevant laws during American period: Taft Commission – passed the Education Act no. 34 under William H. Taft as head commissioner - established the Department of Instruction Act No. 372 (1902) – authorized the opening of provincial high schools. Act. No. 1870 (1908) – initiated the opening of the University of the Philippines. Act No. 1381 or The Gabaldon Law – passed in 1907 ; provided a fund of a million pesos for construction of concrete school buildings. Reorganization Act of 1916 (Jones Act) – provided that all department secretaries except the Secretary of Public Instruction, must be a natural-born Filipino (pursuant to the Filipinization policy of the government). Education Act of 1940 (Commonwealth Period) – this act was passed in order to: 1. revise by simplifying courses of instruction 2. to have public education available for every child of school age 3. to have knowledge in reading, writing and the fundamentals of arithmetic, history and government 4. to ensure all elementary students shall become upright and patriotic citizens of society Commonwealth Period – provided free public education across the country in accordance to the 1935 Constitution. - there was a re-orientation or revisions on the curricula of the elementary and secondary education, and also the educational plans Impact and criticisms: The Monroe Commission – created in 1925, with the aim of reporting the effectiveness of the education in the Philippines during the U.S. rule 1. 530,000 Filipinos completed elementary school , 160,000 for the intermediate school and 15,500 for the high school. 2. They still lagged far behind in English-language related subjects 3. Teacher training was inadequate 4. High drop out or failure rates Commonwealth Aims: To develop moral character, personal discipline, Period civic conscience and vocational efficiency; and to teach the duties of citizenship Agencies: Public and Private (Sectarian and Non-sectarian) School Content: Character Education and Citizenship Training Legal Mandate Exec. Order No. 17 – Quezon Code of Ethics – which laid the foundation of emerging philosophy of Philippine education  Commonwealth Period Exec Order No. 134 – Tagalog as the basis of a national language Exec Order No. 263 – required the teaching of Filipino national language in the senior year of all high schools and in all years in the normal school Education Act of 1940 (C. A. 586) – a.Reduction of the 7-year elementary education b.7 years as school entrance age c.National support for elementary education d.Compulsory attendance of primary children in G1 e.Adoption of a double-single sessions in the primary grade with 1 T, 1 class assignment of intermediate teachers Philippine Education under Japanese Era  Japanese Occupation : 1942 - 1945 Education’s Aim: to foster a new Filipino culture based on self-consciousness of the people as orientals after being colonized by the Americans  Curriculum and Content: 6 principles of the Japanese Republic: 1.Realization of a New Order and promote friendly relations between Japan and the Philippines to the farthest extent. 2.Foster a new Filipino-based culture. 3.Endeavor to elevate the morals of the people, giving up over emphasis to materialism. 4.Diffusion of the Japanese language in the Philippines. 5.Promotion of vocational education 6.To inspire people with the spirit to love your neighbor. Changes in the curriculum made during the Japanese occupation - To stop depending on Western countries -Promote and enrich the Filipino culture -To recognize that the Philippines is a part of the -Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere -To be aware of materialism, and raise the morality of the Filipinos -To learn and adapt Nippongo and stop the use of the English language -To spread elementary and vocational education -To develop love for work and dignity for labor. Relevant Laws during Japanese Era: Military Order No.2 (1942) - Japanese educational policies were embodied. - The Philippine Executive Commission established the Ministry of Education, Health and Public Welfare. - Schools were reopened in June 1942 with 300,000 students Education During the New Society Historical Background Marcos Regime (1965-1986) September 1972 – declaration of Martial Law Surge of student activism (late 1960’s and early 1970’s) Students are crying out for: Reduction in tuition fees Greater press reforms/press freedom Autonomy for student organizations Student’s participation in formulation of school policies Improvement in the quality of education (instruction and facilities) Historical Background Education Secretary – Onofre Corpuz Youth and Student Affairs Board was established, composed of 15 members from different student organizations. New Society - during the early years of the martial law regime Historical Background The educational system adopted PLEDGES Peace and Order Land Reform Economic development Development of moral values through educational reforms Government Reorganization Employment and manpower development Social Services “True progress is not and should not be confined to the satisfaction of the material needs of man. It must extend to the development of his mind as well as the fulfillment of his spirit. It must fill him with knowledge and wisdom and it must enrich the quality of human life.” -Ferdinand Marcos Aims To emphasize moral values, self-discipline, proper methods of teaching, retraining of teachers, technical and vocational education, bilingualism, national consciousness, relevant educational system, and cultural values. To ensure that the educational system is relevant and responsive to the challenges and needs of local, provincial, and national development of the country. Aims PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 6-A September 29, 1972 Provide broad general education 1. To attain potential as human being 2. To enhance the range and quality of individual and group participation as functional members of the society 3. To acquire essential education in order to become productive and versatile citizen Train manpower with middle-level skill for national development Aims PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 6-A September 29, 1972 Develop high-level professions for future leaders Respond effectively to the changing needs and conditions of the nation Method/System Elementary/Primary Education and High School/Secondary Education school hours is from 7 am to 5 pm on weekdays. College/ Tertiary Education Vocational Education – adult citizens and out-of-school youth Bilingual Education National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) – P.D. No. 146 Youth Development Training Citizen Army Training (C.A.T) Content/Curriculum Study of Constitution as part of the curriculum Citizenship and vocational training Civic welfare service, law enforcement service; and military service (National Service Law) Religion Sports activities Integration of Family Planning (medicine, nursing, midwifery, allied medical professions, and social work)  Discussion of proposed Constitution – Letter of Instruction no. 48 Physical Education, Health, Scouting, Music – 2nd and 3rd Year Basic citizen army training (1 year) – 4th year New Elementary School Curriculum Fewer learning areas, but with emphasis on mastery of learning Focused on the development of 3Rs Development of intellectual skills is emphasized Focus on the development of Humanism and Filipinism in all learning areas Content/Curriculum New Secondary Education Curriculum Program for Decentralized Educational Development (PRODED) Relevant Laws during the Period Presidential Order No. 1 Abolished Bureau of Public Schools, Bureau of Private Schools, and Bureau of Vocational Schools Newly created bureaus – Bureau of Elementary Education, Bureau of Secondary Education, Bureau of Higher education Executive Order No. 202, s. 1969 – Presidential Commission to Survey Philippine Education PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 6-A September 29, 1972 – Educational Development Decree of 1972 Presidential Decree No. 932 (1978) – Educational Assistance Act  Presidential Decree no. 1706 – National Service Law Batas Pambansa Blg. 232 – Education Act of 1982 Presidential Decree No. 1139 – Undersecretary of Education and Culture for Non-Formal Education Presidential Decree No. 139 – Department of Education and Culture was converted to Ministry of Education and Culture (1978) Decentralization (PD 1) Designating 13 regional directors Legal Mandates: - Screening and adoption of textbooks in public schools (R.A.139) -Civil Service eligibility of teachers (R.A. 1079) -Compulsory daily flag ceremony and singing of National Anthem (R.A. 1265) -Study of life, works and writing of Rizal (R.A. 1425) -Nationalization of elementary education and abolishment of matriculation fees (R.A. 4007) -Promotion of the socio-economic status of public school teachers (R.A. 4670) Legal Mandates: -Finance and support provincial schools and Special Education Fund and local school board (R.A.5447) -Rise of Barrio High Schools (R.A. 6054) -Constitutional Convention (R.A. 6132) -Exec. Order No. 202 – Presidential Commission to Study the Philippine Education  New Society Legal Mandates: -P.D. No. 1 – decentralization of DECS -PD 146 – NCEE Law -PD 907 – Tertiary honor students are granted civil service eligibility -Dep Order No. 25 – Bilingual Education Program -P.D. 1006 – Teachers are considered professional and teaching as a profession upon passing PBET Education During the Present Period Cory Aquino - Aims of Education Article XIV, Section 3 (2), of the 1987 Constitution: “They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of humanity, respect for human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical development of the country, teach the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual values, develop moral character and personal discipline, encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific and technological knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency.” Cory Aquino – Methods/System Adult Education Program Non-formal Education Technical and Vocational Education Physical Education and school sports Scholarships and incentives Educational Service Contracting Scheme (ESCS) Secondary Education Development Program (SEDP) Developments Revisions in the curriculum and emphasis to values education Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports > Department of Education, Culture, and Sports Bureau of Non-formal Education, Bureau of Technical and Vocational Education, and Bureau of Physical Education and School Sports Non-formal courses: handicrafts, fisheries, animal husbandry, poultry raising, and other livelihood programs Curriculum researches and proposals and designed courses in physical education and school sports Cory Aquino – Relevant Laws Republic Act No. 6728 (July 10, 1989) – Government assistance to students and teachers in private education Executive Order No. 27 (July 4, 1986) – Education to Maximize Respect for Human Rights Executive Order No. 189 (June 10, 1987) – Placing all public secondary teachers under the administrative supervision and control of the Department of Education, Culture, and Sports Philippine Constitution Article XIV Sec 1-2 Republic Act No. 7104 – Comm. On Filipino Language Republic Act No. 6959 – Provincial Centers for Science and Technology  Education for All – Future Direction – anchored on humanitarianism and equalitarianism -ECCD – Early Childhood Care and Development Post EDSA -UQPE – Universal Quality of Primary Education -EOI – Eradication of Illiteracy -CE – Continuing Education Fidel Ramos – Aims of Education Universal basic education which will make ever citizen functionally literate and numerate. Formation of those skills and knowledge necessary to make the individual a productive member of society. Development of high level professional who will search after new knowledge, instruct the young and provide leadership in the various fields or disciplines required by a dynamic economy. Fidel Ramos – Methods/System Early Childhood Care and Development Program Third Elementary Education Project (TEEP) National Elementary Achievement Test (NEAT) National Secondary Assessment Test (NSAT) Ten-Year Masterplan for Basic Education Center for Education and Technology (CET) Program on Basic Education Book Publishing Industry Trifocalization of education into DECS, CHED, and TESDA in 1992 Fidel Ramos – Relevant Laws Republic Act 8047 – Book Publishing Industry Development Act (1995) Republic Act 7722 – Commission on Higher Education (1994) Republic Act 7743 – Establishing municipal libraries and barangay reading centers (1994) Republic Act 7731 – Abolishing National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) and NSAT and NEAT became National Achievement Test (NAT) Republic Act 7784 – Strengthen teacher education by establishing centers of excellence, creating a Teacher Education Council for the purpose of appropriating funds.  Republic Act 8496 – Philippine Science High School System Act of 1997 Republic Act 8525 – Adopt-a-School Act of 1998 Fidel Ramos – Relevant Laws Republic Act 7796 - Technical Educational and Skills Development Act of 1994 or the TESDA Act of 1994. Republic Act 7836 – Philippine Teachers’ Professionalization Act of 1994 Republic Act 8190 – granting priority appointment or assignment to public school teacher who resides near the school Republic Act 8491 – Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines - prescribes the code of the national flag, anthem, motto, coat of arms, and other heraldic items and devices Republic Act 8492 – National Museum Act of 1998 Joseph Estrada – Aims of Education Education for All Help people climb the skill ladder and enhance their lifetime earnings potential Achieve broader and more equal access to secondary schooling Joseph Estrada – Methods/System of Education School year starts from June and ends in May Nursery to Kindergarten 4 years of age 1-3 hours of school which is usually in the morning Primary/Elementary Schools 6 to 12 years of age 6 hours – average time spent in school Shifting of classes – done by subdivisions (Primary/Intermediate level) or odd/even levels Joseph Estrada – Methods/System of Education Secondary school/High school 4 years of schooling 4 levels 8 to 12 hours in school including vacant periods NSAT Tertiary Colleges or Universities Amount of time spent in school varies  Nursery to Kindergarten Learn basic things through drawing and other playful activities Primary/Elementary Core subjects (Math, English, and Makabayan) other subjects (Science, Music, Arts, and P.E.) International schools/Chinese schools have additional subjects Secondary school/High school Compartmentalized (theme/content) Tertiary School Subjects taken up depends on the degree program chosen by the student Joseph Estrada – Relevant Laws Republic Act 9155 – Governance of Basic Education Act Executive Order No.46 – establishing The Presidential Commission on Educational Reform (PCER) D.O. no. 56 s. 2001 – Policy on Educational Field Trips D.O. no. 54 s. 2001 – Revision of “Panatang Makabayan” D.O. no. 45 s. 2001 – Revision of Alphabet and Guide in Spelling of Philippine Language  Panatang Makabayan Old Version Current Version Iniibig ko ang Pilipinas Iniibig ko ang Pilipinas, Ito ang aking lupang sinilangan aking lupang sinilangan, Ito ang tahanan ng aking lahi tahanan ng aking lahi; Ako ay kanyang kinukupkop at tinutulungan kinukupkop ako at tinutulungang Upang maging malakas, maligaya at kapakipakinabang maging malakas, masipag, at marangal. Bilang ganti, diringgin ko ang payo ng aking mga Dahil mahal ko ang Pilipinas, magulang diringgin ko ang payo ng aking magulang, Susundin ko ang mga tuntunin ng aking paaralan susundin ko ang tuntunin ng paaralan, Tutuparin ko ang mga tungkulin ng isang tutuparin ko ang tungkulin ng mamamayang mamamayang makabayan at masunurin sa batas makabayan; Paglilingkuran ko ang aking bayan nang walang naglilingkod, nag-aaral, at nagdarasal pag-iimbot at nang buong katapatan nang buong katapatan. Sisikapin kong maging isang tunay na Pilipino sa isip, sa salita, at sa gawa. Iaalay ko ang aking buhay, pangarap, pagsisikap sa bansang Pilipinas. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo – Aims of Education Provide the school age population and young adults with skills, knowledge, and values to become caring, self-reliant, productive and patriotic citizens Making the graduates of Philippine basic education globally competitive Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo – Developments Easing the Textbook Backlog Restoring English as Medium of Instruction Improving Teacher Welfare Mainstream Distance Learning – “technovans” Internet-based Education Program Bridge Program Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo – Developments Revised Basic Education Curriculum Emphasis on on English, Science, Math, Filipino and Makabayan Upgrading the teaching of Science and Mathematics (300 minutes to 400 minutes) Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo – Relevant Laws Republic Act 9155 – Governance of Basic Education D.O. no. 42 s. 2002 – The 2002 Basic Education Curriculum D.O. no. 37 s.2004 – all graduating public elementary students should take High School Readiness Test (HSRT) before they are admitted to first year Benigno Simeon Aquino III – Developments Universal Kindergarten Enhanced curriculum for grades 1-7 K to 12 enacted into Law Curriculum for grades 11-12 finished Benigno Simeon Aquino III – Relevant Laws Republic Act 10533 – Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 Republic Act 10157 - Kindergarten Education Act Republic Act 10627 – Anti-Bullying Act of 2013 Republic Act 10618 – Rural Farm Schools Act Republic Act 10648 – Iskolar ng Bayan Act of 2014 Republic Act 10588 – Palarong Pambansa Act of 2013 Present – Methods/System Kindergarten At least one year of preparatory At least 5 years old Elementary Education 6 years – grades 1-6 Secondary Education Four years in Junior High School – Grade 7-10 Two Years in Senior High School – Grade 11-12  Present - Curriculum K-12 Curriculum Kindergarten is prerequisite to basic education Two-year senior high school offering technical and vocational courses Core Courses Understanding the Self Readings in Philippine History The Contemporary World Mathematics in the Modern World Purposive Communication Arts Appreciation Science, Technology and Society Ethics  Present - Curriculum Senior High School Core Courses Oral Communication Reading and Writing Komunikasyon at Pananaliksik sa Wika at Kulturang Filipino Pagbasa at Pagsusuri ng Iba’t Ibang Teksto Tungo sa Pananaliksik 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Contemporary Philippine Arts from Different Regions Media and Information Literacy General Mathematics Statistics and Probability Earth and Life Science Present - Curriculum Senior High School Core Courses Mandatory Course Life and Works of Rizal Electives Mathematics Science and Technology Social Sciences and Philosophy Arts and Humanities Present – Relevant Laws Republic Act No. 10931 – Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act a law providing free tuition for students of 112 state universities and colleges (SUCs).