EDUC198 GenEd (Social Studies) - Life and Works of Rizal PDF

LIFE AND WO R K S O F RIZAL ALESSANDRA ROBERT N. DIZON, LPT LEARNING COMPETENCIES (BASED ON BLEPT TOS) Manifest the ability to analyze how the thoughts, works, and valor of Rizal influenced the nation Show how Rizal's feats of valor influenced the other Philippine heroes. SUBJECT...

LIFE AND WO R K S O F RIZAL ALESSANDRA ROBERT N. DIZON, LPT LEARNING COMPETENCIES (BASED ON BLEPT TOS) Manifest the ability to analyze how the thoughts, works, and valor of Rizal influenced the nation Show how Rizal's feats of valor influenced the other Philippine heroes. SUBJECT OUTLINE: 1.Republic Act 1425 2.19th Century Philippines as Rizal's Context 3.Rizal's Life: Family, Childhood, Early Education, other facts 4.Rizal's Life: Higher Education and Life Abroad, other facts 5.Rizal's Life: Exile, Trial, and Death SUBJECT OUTLINE: 6. Noli Me Tangere 7. El Filibusterismo 8. Jose Rizal and the Philippine Nationalism – Bayani and Kabayanihan 9. Jose Rizal and Philippine Nationalism – National Symbol WHY STUDY RIZAL? I. RIZAL LAW Republic Act 1425 , otherwise known as the RIZAL LAW approved on June 12, 1956, provides for the integration of the study of the life and works of Dr. Jose Rizal in the curriculum of the tertiary level. SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works, and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or private: Provided, that in the collegiate courses, the orginal or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English Translations shall be used as basic texts. CLARO M. RECTO "THE FATHER OF RIZAL LAW" Recto sponsored the Rizal Bill together with fellow senator Jose P. Laurel. The bill would require all high schools and colleges to include to their curricula a course in the study of Rizal's literary works, to provide an in depth nationalism and the shaping of national character invoked in Rizal's works. It met strong opposition from a contingent of Catholic groups because of the books' virulent attack on the Church and their perceived anti-clericalism, the bill was passed and approved on December 6, 1956, later known as Rizal Law. II. 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES AS RIZAL'S CONTEXT  The 19th Century stands out as an extremely dynamic and creative age especially in Europe and the United States. Concepts of industrialism, democracy, and nationalism gained ascendancy and triggered revolutionary changes in science, technology, economics, and politics.  19th century Philippines was largely medieval. Its social and economic structure was based on old feudalistic patterns of abuse and exploitation of Indios. Earlier clamor for reforms had remained unheeded; social discontent caused confusion among people. Educated members of the middle class who went abroad stepped right into the currents of modern liberalism and into the dynamism and creativity of the new era western European continent. ECONOMIC SITUATION OF THE 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES Galleon Trade The Spanish Government declared Manila as the center of commerce in the East. The Spanish closed the ports of Manila to all countries except Mexico. Thus, the Manila- Acapulco Trade was born. The Galleon Trade was a government monopoly. Acapulco to Manila, Manila to Acapulco ECONOMIC SITUATION OF THE 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES Opening of Suez Canal 1. Suez Canal decreases the road between Europe and South Asia from 16000 km to 1000 km. It refers to the reduced fuel payments for companies, transportation of products in a fewer days and as a result growing economies of the world. 2. This positively affected the development of agricultural exports which brought economic prosperity to native indios or the so-called illustrados. 3. Enabled the importation of books, magazines, and newspapers with liberal ideas from Europe and America which eventually influenced the minds of Filipino reformists. SOCIAL STRUCTURE DURING 19TH CENTURY Philippine society was predominantly feudalistic. An elite class exploited the masses, fostered a "master-slave" relationships between the Spaniards and the Filipinos. EDUCATION SYSTEM The growing middle class towards the middle 19th century keenly felt intellectual disintegration. The intellectual decadence was caused by an inadequate educational system imposed on the people. There were no systematic government supervision in schools. The schools were not open to the natives until the later decades of the Spanish Period. EDUCATION SYSTEM Educational Decree of 1863 aims to establish teacher training schools and for government supervision of public school system. Moret Decree of 1870 intended to secularize higher education in the colony. POLITICAL SYSTEM TRIBUTO As a sign of vassalage to Spain, the Filipino paid tribute to the colonial government in the island (Zaide, 1999). The tribute or buwis was collected from the natives both in specie and kind.  THE ENCOMIENDA The encomienda is a grant of inhabitants living in particular conquered territory which Spain gave to Spanish colonizer as a reward for his services. In exchange, the encomendero is duty bound by law. POLO OR FORCED LABOR Drafted laborers were either Filipino or Chinese male mestizos who were obliged to give personal service to community project, like construction and repair of infrastructure, church construction, or cutting logs in forests, for forty days. POLISTA OR POLO Y SERVICIO refers to the laws that regulated the polo. THE DEMOCRATIC RULE OF GOV. GEN DELA TORRE The political instability in Spain had caused frequent changes of Spanish officials. When the liberals deposed Queen Isabela II in 1868 mutiny, a provisional government was set up and the new government extended to the colonies the reforms they adopted in Spain. These reforms include grant of universal suffrage and recognition of freedom and conscience, the press, association, and public assembly. General Carlos Marial De La Torre was appointed by the provisional government in Spain as Governor General of the Philippines.  THE DEMOCRATIC RULE OF GOV. GEN DELA TORRE De La Torre's liberal and pro-people governance had given the Filipinos during this period a foretaste of a democratic rule and way of life. Because of his tolerant policy, Father Jose Burgos and the other priest were encouraged to pursue their dream of replacing the friars with the Filipino clergy as parish priests in the country. III. RIZAL'S LIFE: FAMILY, CHILDHOOD, EARLY EDUCATION, OTHER FACTS THE RIZAL FAMILY The Rizal family of Laguna, Calamba was typical of the middle class families of 19th century. Their family status was among principalia. Education was a great emphasis in Rizal's home. JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL Y REALONDA Birthday: June 19, 1861 Birthplace: Calamba, Laguna Father: Don Francisco Mercado Rizal y Alejandro Mother: Teodora Alonzo Realonda Quintos Sisters: Saturnina, Narcisa, Olimpia Lucia, Maria, Concepcion, Josefa, Trinidad, Soledad Brother: Paciano  Rizal was the seventh of the eleven children. He seems to have been a willful child, but also imaginative and high-spirited. When he was nine, his private tutor died so he was taken by Paciano to Binan one Sunday. He is not fond of his private school nor his school master, Justiniano Aquino Cruz.  RIZAL'S EARLY EDUCATION ✓Rizal had his early education in Calamba and Binan. ✓It is characterized by the 4 R's – reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion. ✓Rizal was able to acquire the necessary instructions preparatory for college work in Manila. ✓Rizal's first teacher was his mother. ✓Private tutors taught young Rizal Spanish and Latin, before he was sent to a private school in Binan. - Maestro Celestino - Maestro Lucas de Padua - Leon Monroy RIZAL'S EARLY EDUCATION Although Spanish educational system in the Philippines at that time was neither so good nor bad as they made it out to be, there were only three secondary schools in Manila to which the boy of Jose's wit, means, and connections could be sent: the San Jose Seminary, Dominican College of San Juan De Letran, and Ateneo Municipal. Rizal was referred to as an outstanding student, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree. At school, he read novels, wrote prize-winning poetry and even a melodrama "Junto al Pasig". IV. RIZAL'S LIFE: HIGHER EDUCATION AND LIFE ABROAD, OTHER FACTS RIZAL'S HIGHER EDUCATION Rizal's choices was between literature, and the law and medicine. He marked time by enrolling both in Ateneo for a course in land surveying and in the Dominican University of Santo Tomas in the course of philosophy of arts and letters. In the next term he made up his mind to study medicine. RIZAL'S HIGHER EDUCATION He was far below his usual standard; in the pre-medical and medical courses which he took in the University, he was given in sixteen subjects three passing grades: eight "goods", three "very goods", and only two "execellents". RIZAL'S LIFE ABROAD Rizal left the country on May 1882 to pursue further studies abroad, he enrolled in a course in medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid. On June 1883, Rizal arrived in Paris wherein he spent the beautiful cities. On other day together with his friends Felipe Zamora and Cunanan, he visited the Leannec Hospital and observe how Dr. Nicaise treated his patients. Rizal visited the Lariboisiere Hospital where Felix Pardo de Tavera was an extern. RIZAL'S LIFE ABROAD After his three-month soujorn in France, Rizal returned to Madrid and thought about publishing a book that exposed the colonial relationship of Spain and the Philippines. This idea was realized on March 1887, with the publication of the novel Noli Me Tangere in Germany. Rizal was actively involved in the Propaganda Movement, composed of Filipino in Spain who sought to direct the attention of Spaniards to the concerns of the Spanish colony in the Philippines. He wrote articles for publications in Manila and abroad, convened with overseas Filipinos to discuss their duty to the country and called on Spanish authorities to institute reforms in the Philippines. FIRST RETURN TO THE PHILIPPINES Rizal returned to Manila on August 1887, after five years in Europe. His homecoming was met by the friars' fury over Noli Me Tangere. The archbishop of Manila ordered the banning the possession and reading of the novel, an order that was later reinforced by the governor-general. Pressured by authorities and his family to avoid further persecutions, Rizal left the country for Hongkong. Rizal traveled Macau and Japan, before arriving in America on April 1888. RIZAL'S LIFE ABROAD On May 16, Rizal gathered enough funds for a trip to London onboard the luxurious liner CITY OF ROME. He arrived at Liverpool on 24th of May 1888, where he eventually settled down at No. 37 Chalcot, Crescent as a lodger with Beckett family. RIZAL'S LIFE ABROAD In August, he was admitted to the British Museum, where he copied Antonio de Morga’s massive study of the Philippines, “Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas”, which later Rizal annotated for publication. He kept up his correspondences with various people, including his family, Filipino Patriots in Spain, and his Austrian friend, Ferdinand Blumentritt, whom he planned to form an association of Philippine scholars. From 1888 to 1890 he shuttled between London and Paris, where he wrote ethnographic and history related studies as well as political articles. He also frequently visited Spain and met with fellow Filipino intellectuals like Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, and Graciano Lopez-Jaena.  RIZAL'S LIFE ABROAD In March 1891, Rizal finished with his second novel, El Filibusterismo in France. He planned to publish the book in Belgium, but he was financially hard up. On September 1890, El Filibusterismo was published in Ghent using donations from Rizal’s friends. Rivalry ensued between Rizal and del Pilar over the leadership of Association Hispano Filipino in Spain causing him to leave Europe for HongKong. RIZAL'S LIFE ABROAD Rizal arrived in Hongkong on November 20, 1891, and stayed for almost seven months before he travelled again. On December 1, 1889, he wrote his parents that he would like to go home, but while waiting for their reply, he received a letter from Manuel T. Hidalgo, relaying the bad news that there were 25 persons from Calamba who were deported and the list included his father, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano, Saturnina, and the rest of the family. RIZAL'S LIFE ABROAD The letter further stated that a letter was prepared to be sent to the Queen Regent of Spain to seek support and justice. Knowing these events, he planned to build a “New Calamba” by relocating landless Filipinos to Borneo, Rizal came home to the Philippines in June 1892. SETTLEMENT PROJECT OF JOSE RIZAL IN SABAH Though Rizal’s were one of the well-to-do families in Calamba they did not own their land. They were renting their lands from the Dominicans who owned the majority of the lands in town. As Palafox (2012), the colonization project of Rizal in Sabah was a response to Calamba’s land crisis which all started when Governor-General Terrero released a directive for the investigation of friar estates to resolve the agrarian problems on collection of land taxes and tenancy. Rizal was requested by the tenants of Calamba to conduct an investigation to which he submitted to the Governor-General. SETTLEMENT PROJECT OF JOSE RIZAL IN SABAH Rizal’s exposure of miserable plight of the tenants drew resentment from the friars. The Supreme Court of Madrid sided with the Dominicans and mandated that tenants of Calamba be expelled if they failed to leave the hacienda before the date set by the law. SETTLEMENT PROJECT OF JOSE RIZAL IN SABAH On his trip to Hong Kong, Rizal by chance met an Englishman Mr. WB Pryor and wife, who were on their way to Sabah to whom Rizal had shared his idea of a Filipino settlement in Sabah. The owner of the territory, the Sultan of Jolo, had it leased to the North Borneo Company in 1878 and was duly recognized by Spain, Germany, and England with condition that Spanish sovereignty over the island of Jolo will be honored. Rizal on his letter to Blumentritt on February 23, 1892, “If it is impossible for me to give my country liberty. I should like to give it at least to these noble countrymen of mine in other lands.” SETTLEMENT PROJECT OF JOSE RIZAL IN SABAH By January 1892, Rizal had already prepared an agreement, which was to govern the settlement of the Filipino colony in its relations to Sabah. The North Borneo Company offered permanent settlements for immigrants for and the sale or lease of lands for 999 years. On his arrival in Hong Kong, Rizal obtained directly from Governor General Despujol’s position over the issue of Sabah settlement which he later did not favor for the reason that it was anti-patriotic as the Philippines was short on labor to cultivate lands. V. RIZAL'S LIFE: EXILE, TRIAL, AND DEATH RIZAL’S RETURN TO MANILA Reasons for coming home: 1.) to talk personally with Governor Despujol of the British North Borneo Colonization project 2.) to establish La Liga Filipina in Manila L A L I G A F I L I PI NA ( J U L Y 3 , 1892) Aims of La Liga Filipina Unity in the whole archipelago into one compact and homogenous body; Mutual protection in every want and necessity Defense against all violence and injustice; Encouragement of education, agriculture, and commerce; and Study and application of reforms. RIZAL’S RETURN TO MANILA He arrived in Manila on June 26, 1892, with his widowed sister, Lucia. He immediately went to Malacanang to seek audience with Governor-General Despujol and was able to confer with the Spanish Governor-General, wherein the latter agreed to pardon his father but not the rest of the family. He visited his friends and after his visits, his friends' residences were raided and copies of his two novels and other “subversive” materials were confiscated. EXILE In his talks with the Governor, he was shown “subversive” materials allegedly found in Lucia’s pillowcases. Despite his denials and insistent demands of investigation in accordance with the due process of law, he was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol. Nine days later, shortly after midnight, Rizal was brought under the heavy guard to the steamer Cebu which brought him to Dapitan, arriving at his destination on July 17th at 7:00 in the morning. He was handed to Captain Ricardo Carnicero, the Spanish commander of Dapitan.  LIFE IN DAPITAN In Dapitan, Rizal was given a chance to live at the parish convent provided the following conditions were met. That Rizal publicly retract the errors concerning religion, and make statements that were clearly pro-Spanish and against revolutions. That he perform the church rites and make general confession of his past life. That henceforth, he conduct himself in an exemplary manner as a Spanish subject and a man of religion. COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES Improvement of water system. Put into use the pedagogical teaching methods that he had learned in Europe. DEPARTURE IN MANILA While in Dapitan, he volunteered his services as military doctor in Cuba, where a revolution was going on and yellow fever was raging. On July 1, 1896, an unexpected letter coming from Governor General Blanco arrived notifying of his acceptance. His four-year exile in Dapitan came to an end on July 31, 1896, and that very same night he boarded the steamer Espana, with Josephine, Naricisa, and Angelica, three nephews and three pupils.  THE TRAP The boat arrive at Manila Bay on Thursday, only to find out that he missed the boat Isla de Luzon bound for Spain. He requested the Spanish government to isolate him everybody except his family while waiting for a ship bound for Spain. It was during this period that the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution occurred. His time of departure arrives, boarding the streamer, Isla de Panay, Rizal started his trip to Barcelona, Spain. His fellow passengers were concerned about Rizal’s safety advising him to stay in Singapore, but Rizal refused them. THE TRAP Governor General Blanco regarded Rizal as a dangerous Filipino responsible for the raging Philippine Revolution. He would be arrested by order of Governor-General Blanco. THE ARREST Rizal arrived in Barcelona as a prisoner, being kept under heavy guard for three days, and was transferred under the custody of the Military Commander of Barcelona, who incidentally was Eulogio Despujol. On his second day he was brought to Despujol’s headquarters, to inform him that he would be shipped back to Manila to face trial. TRIAL Rizal left Barcelona for his return to the Philippines on October 6, 1886 to face trial. His enemies gathered evidence against him by having his friends arrested and tortured to implicate him. Among these were, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Timoteo Paez, Domingo Paez and Paciano. On December 11, Rizal was informed of the charges against him particularly of rebellion in the presence of his counsel. TRIAL At 8:00 am., December 26, 1896, the court martial of Rizal started in the military building called Cuartel de Espana. After the short deliberation, the military court unanimously voted for death sentence. The decision was forwarded to Governor General Polavieja, and after seeking the opinion of the Judge Advocate, the latter confirmed the verdict: to be shot at the back on the morning of December 30 at Bagumbayan Field. EXECUTION He requested the commander of the firing squad to shoot him facing the firing squad, which was refused. It was exactly 7:03 am, December 30th 1896 when Rizal died, at the prime of his life, 35 years of age. VI. NOLI ME TANGERE  Rizal’s novel, Noli Me Tangere which means “Touch Me Not”, came off the press in the year 1889. The novel contains 63 chapters and an epilogue. Noli is a tale of frivolity, drama, tragedy, humor, and passion.  SUMMARY Juan Crisostomo Ibarra returns to the Philippines after seven years of education in Europe. In honor of his return, a grand feast is hosted by Captain Tiago, with many notable personalities in attendance. At this banquet, Father Damaso criticizes Ibarra. Rather than retaliate, Ibarra gracefully excuses himself, stating he has urgent matters to handle. Maria Clara, Ibarra’s enchanting girlfriend and Captain Tiago’s daughter, is visited by him the next day. As Ibarra departs from his visit with Maria, Lieutenant Guevarra discloses the tragic fate of Ibarra’s father, Don Rafael, who passed away the previous year. Father Damaso had accused Don Rafael of heresy and subversion, mainly due to his reported absence from church and confession. SUMMARY In the aftermath, an investigation was conducted, during which several of Don Rafael’s secret adversaries levelled accusations against him. These events deeply affected Don Rafael, leading to his illness in jail and eventually his death. Despite the heavy rain during the exhumation of Don Rafael’s remains ordered by an unsatisfied Father Damaso, the body was unceremoniously tossed into a lake instead of being relocated to the Chinese cemetery. Choosing not to seek revenge, Ibarra carries on his father’s work by constructing a school with the help of Nol Juan. Just as the school is about to be inaugurated, Elias saves Ibarra from an assassination attempt, resulting in the death of the assassin, who was hired by a secret enemy. SUMMARY When Father Damaso once again insults Ibarra, it is the belittling of his father that pushes Ibarra to attempt to stab the priest, but he is stopped by Maria Clara. As a consequence, the Archbishop excommunicates Ibarra from the Catholic Church. Seizing the opportunity, Father Damaso manipulates Captain Tiago to call off Maria Clara’s engagement to Ibarra, with rumors suggesting she is to marry Linares, a young Spaniard instead. Following the lifting of his excommunication due to the intervention of the Captain General, Ibarra is unexpectedly arrested again, accused of instigating an attack on the barracks. During a party held at Captain Tiago’s house celebrating the impending union of Linares and Maria Clara, Ibarra manages to escape with Elias’ help.  SUMMARY Before his escape, Ibarra confronts Maria about a letter used as evidence against him in court. She vehemently denies any involvement and reveals that the incriminating letter was stolen from him in return for another that indicates Father Damaso as her biological father. Resigned, she affirms her love for Ibarra but maintains her decision to marry Linares for her mother’s honor. Escaping with Elias, Ibarra boards a boat and navigates the Pasig River to Bay Lake. In an attempt to lose the pursuers, Elias jumps into the water, leading them to believe that the escapee they’ve shot is Ibarra. On hearing of Ibarra’s supposed death, a despairing Maria Clara pleads with Father Damaso to let her enter a monastery, threatening suicide otherwise. Meanwhile, a mortally wounded Elias stumbles upon the mythical Ibarra forest, where he encounters Basilio and his dead mother, Sisa. In his dying moments, Elias implores the fortunate to remember those who have perished in the darkness. ANALYSIS Noli Me Tangere was a true story in terms of Philippine conditions prevailing that time in the country, during the last decades of Spanish rule. The characters of the novel correspondence with the persons living at that time. The novel caused a stir in the Spanish community. VII. EL FILIBUSTERISMO  Rizal’s second novel was entitled “El Filibusterismo”, which he had started writing in October 1887, while practicing medicine in Calamba. The following year in London, he made some changes in the plot and corrected some chapters. It came out of the press on September 18, 1891, with the help of Valentin Ventura. The novel was dedicated to the three-martyr priest, Father Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora. The Fili is the sequel to Noli. Compared to the first novel, it is less romantic, less idealistic, more revolutionary and more open to its feelings. SUMMARY A steamboat called Bapor Tabo traveled between Manila and Laguna. Among its passengers were the jeweler Simoun, Basilio, and Isagani. Upon arriving in San Diego, Basilio visited his mother’s grave in the Ibarra family cemetery. There, he unexpectedly encountered Simoun, who he recognized as Crisostomo Ibarra in disguise. To protect Ibarra’s secret, Simoun attempted to kill Basilio but was unsuccessful. Instead, Simoun tried to persuade Basilio to join his quest for revenge against the Spanish Government. Basilio refused, as he wanted to finish his studies. Meanwhile, while the Governor-General was vacationing in Los Baños, Filipino students submitted a petition to establish a Spanish Language Academy. SUMMARY The proposal was rejected because the clergy would be in charge, preventing the students from having any control over the institution’s operations. Simoun and Basilio met again, and Simoun once more tried to convince Basilio to join his planned rebellion and create chaos in a forced opening of the Sta. Clara convent to abduct Maria Clara. However, this didn’t happen because Maria Clara passed away that same evening. On the other hand, the students held a gathering at the Panciteria Macanista de Buen Gusto, expressing their disappointment over the failed establishment of the Spanish Language Academy. Speeches were given inside the Panciteria, where the students openly criticized the clergy. The friars eventually learned about this. The next day, posters containing criticism and calls for rebellion were found on the university’s doors, and the students’ organization members were blamed. The students were arrested, and Basilio was among those apprehended. This deeply affected his lover, Juli. SUMMARY Although hesitant, Juli eventually sought help from Padre Camorra to free Basilio. Hermana Bali also persuaded her, believing that only the priest could help secure Basilio’s release. To exonerate the students, their relatives intervened for their release. Basilio, however, remained in jail as he had no intermediary. Padre Camorra assaulted Juli. Traumatized by the incident, she jumped from the convent window, leading to her death. Simoun continued plotting his revenge against the government. To advance his plans, he partnered with Don Timoteo Pelaez, Juanito’s father, and arranged Juanito’s marriage to Paulita Gomez. The Governor-General was invited to be the wedding godfather, and other high-ranking officials were also invited to the banquet. SUMMARY Two months after his imprisonment, Basilio was released with Simoun’s help. Due to the tragic events in his life, including Juli’s death, Basilio finally agreed to join Simoun’s rebellion. Simoun seized the opportunity to show Basilio the bomb he had made. It was a grenade-shaped lamp, the size of a human head. He planned to present this extravagant lamp to the newlyweds, Juanito and Paulita.The lamp would emit a bright light for twenty minutes before dimming. When the wick was raised to brighten it again, the grenade would explode, causing the destruction of the pavilion and ensuring no guest would survive. The explosion would serve as a signal for Simoun to initiate the rebellion.On Juanito and Paulita’s wedding day, at around seven in the evening, Basilio paced outside the banquet venue. Simoun also left the house, anticipating the imminent explosion. SUMMARY As Basilio was about to leave, he spotted Isagani, Paulita’s former lover. Temporarily forgetting his life’s disappointments, Basilio revealed the planned explosion to Isagani and warned him to leave the area.As the lamp began to dim, the Governor-General ordered Padre Irene to raise the wick. However, Isagani snatched the lamp, ran to the terrace, and threw it into the river. Simoun’s planned rebellion was thwarted. He fled to the house of Padre Florentino, a Filipino priest.As those pursuing Simoun were closing in, he drank poison to avoid being captured alive. It was then that he confessed his true identity to the priest. He shared his return to the Philippines from Europe thirteen years prior, his love affair with Maria Clara, and his disguise as a jeweler to seek revenge against the government through a rebellion.After confessing, Simoun passed away. The remaining jewels belonging to Simoun were thrown into the sea by Padre Florentino. ANALYSIS In terms of structure El Filibusterismo is shorter. It only has 38 chapters. Dr. Rafael Palma, Dr. Blumentritt, and Graciano Lopez Jaena regarded El Filibusterismo ay superior than Noli Me Tangere, for its “easy and correct dialogue” as for its profound ideas and sublime thoughts. It depicts realistic colors of the actual conditions of the Philippines and Filipinos during decadent days of Spanish rule. VIII. JOSE RIZAL AND THE PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM – BAYANI AND KABAYANIHAN INITIAL RESPONSE T O T H E 1 9 TH C E N T U R Y CHALLENGE Secularization Father Pedro Pelaez he denounced Spanish ecclesiastical authorities for denying the Filipino clergy the right to administer Philippine parishes and for depriving them of the opportunity to hold position in the hierarchy. Father Jose Burgos a Spanish mestizo, who openly and eagerly worked for clerical equality and for the secularization of the parishes.  I N I T I A L R E S P O N S E T O T H E 1 9 TH CENTURY CHALLENGE Under Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre, he allowed liberal reforms such as: abolishing censorship of the press, encouraged freedom of speech, and allowed native priest to campaign for Filipinization of the parishes. He allowed the Filipino patriots to form an organization called Comite de Reformadores. The youth also increased of nationalistic passion, forming an organization callee Juventud Escolar Liberal led by Felipe Buencamino. This all changes when the democratic regime ended through Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo which would led to 1872 Cavite Mutiny. THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT Rizal wrote many articles on La Solidaridad and defended the Filipinos against the Spanish Critics. He finished editing of Morga’s Sucesos in 1889, a book narrating the history of the Philippines and other write ups. He had passion for those Filipinos who were exiled and had no home and thought of the Borneo project. Creation of La Liga Filipina  BAYANI AND KABAYANIHAN Kabayanihan represents the ideal of citizens transforming civic virtue into the highest form of civic action. Bayani are people who transform compassion into kabayanihan. In doing so, they put their best selves forward in service of humanity in defense of integrity or moral cause. Bayani on Filipino perspective are those engaged in voluntarily conducting service to one or more people or a community, without material gain. RIZAL’ OTHER LITERATURE SA MGA KABABAIHAN NG MALOLOS MI ULTIMO ADIOS FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN ANOS IX. JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM – NATIONAL SYMBOL RIZAL’S BLUEPRINT FOR NATION BUILDING 1.Importance of Education Education as a necessary ingredient to the realization of a people’s emancipation Through education that the Filipinos will come to know about themselves individuals and as members of the nation. Through education people may know their rights and feel proud of their country’s heritage and culture Educating people may successfully eradicate the vices of their society. RIZAL’S BLUEPRINT FOR NATION BUILDING 2. Instilling racial pride and dignity among the people. Because of constant humiliation and discrimination experienced by the Filipino people from their colonial masters produced a feeling of inferiority and lack of racial pride and dignity He wanted to inculcate into his people an understanding of history from which, he believed, sprang the roots of genuine nationalism. RIZAL’S BLUEPRINT FOR NATION BUILDING 3. Promotion of national consciousness. He wanted his people to dedicate their thoughts, words, and actions not solely to themselves as individuals but to themselves as citizens of a nation. National consciousness is a key to the attainment of a better society. RIZAL’S BLUEPRINT FOR NATION BUILDING 4. Reorientation of values and attitudes. People must learn to reorient their values and attitudes. RIZAL’S BLUEPRINT FOR NATION BUILDING 5. The willingness to sacrifice for the country. The task of nation building is accompanied by hardships and sufferings which the people must inevitably experience to bolster their courage. Sacrifices experienced by a people strengthen their bond of unity and their sense of independence. “RESPONSIBILIT Y IS THE PRICE FOR FREEDOM” - E L B E RT H U B B A R D