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Questions and Answers
What was one of the major focuses of the educational reforms during the early years of martial law?
Which law aimed to enhance the quality of individual and group participation in society?
What was included in the PLEDGES as a key component of educational reform?
What form of education was specifically aimed at adult citizens and out-of-school youth?
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How were the school hours structured during the early years of the martial law regime?
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What was a goal of the educational system regarding the future leaders?
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Which aspect was NOT part of the aims of the educational reforms?
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What was emphasized as a necessary quality of progress according to Ferdinand Marcos?
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What is one of the primary aims of education as stated by Fidel Ramos?
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Which program specifically relates to early childhood education as per the provided content?
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What does the Republic Act 8047 aim to develop?
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Which of the following is NOT associated with the methods/system proposed by Fidel Ramos?
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What is the purpose of the Republic Act 8525?
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Which assessment test became the National Achievement Test after the abolition of NSAT and NCEE?
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What role does TESDA play according to the relevant laws mentioned?
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Which of the following educational reforms was introduced during the presidency of Fidel Ramos?
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What was one of the aims of education outlined in the 1987 Constitution under Cory Aquino?
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Which law grants civil service eligibility to tertiary honor students?
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What kind of education programs were emphasized during Cory Aquino's administration?
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Which legal mandate relates to the decentralization of DECS?
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Which program aims to support the educational needs of students in private education?
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What significant change occurred regarding public secondary teachers under Executive Order No. 189?
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Which of the following was a key focus of the curriculum revisions made during this period?
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What does the term 'Educational Service Contracting Scheme (ESCS)' refer to?
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What is the primary aim of the Education for All initiative as described?
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How long is the typical school year in the educational system described?
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What is the prescribed age range for Primary/Elementary education?
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Which subjects are core in the Primary/Elementary education level?
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Which act prioritizes appointment or assignment for teachers based on their residency?
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What is emphasized in the Secondary school curriculum?
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What does Republic Act 8492 pertain to?
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Which type of schools may offer additional subjects not typically found in regular curriculum?
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What is the current version of the opening line of Panatang Makabayan?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a goal for the school-age population and young adults by Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo?
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What significant change in education policy was implemented under Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo concerning the teaching of Science and Mathematics?
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Which law addresses the governance of basic education in the Philippines?
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What change was proposed under the developments related to textbook management?
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Which of these subjects was emphasized in the Revised Basic Education Curriculum?
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In the current version of Panatang Makabayan, which phrase has been removed from the old version?
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What is one of the aims of education as stated by Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo?
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Study Notes
Martial Law Era: Education Under Marcos
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PLEDGES: This acronym defines the key goals for education during the Marcos regime:
- Peace and Order
- Land Reform
- Economic Development
- Development of Moral Values (through educational reforms)
- Government Reorganization
- Employment and Manpower Development
- Social Services
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Ferdinand Marcos' Philosophy: He believed education should go beyond material needs, focusing on developing individuals' minds and spirits, enriching the quality of human life.
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Aims of Education: Presidential Decree No. 6-A (1972) outlines the aims of the education system:
- Broad General Education: Help students fulfill their potential as human beings, participate actively in society, and become productive citizens.
- Train Manpower: Prepare individuals with middle-level skills for national development.
- Develop High-Level Professionals: Equip future leaders with advanced knowledge and skills.
- Respond to National Needs: Adapt the education system to address evolving challenges and societal demands.
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Method/System:
- Elementary/Primary and High School/Secondary: Schools operated from 7am to 5pm on weekdays.
- College/Tertiary Education: Focused on advanced studies and professional development.
- Vocational Education: Offered to adult citizens and out-of-school youth to enhance skills and employability.
- Bilingual Education: Emphasized proficiency in English and Filipino.
- National College Entrance Examination (NCEE): Introduced by Presidential Decree 4670, this exam served as a standardized assessment for college admission.
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Legal Mandates: Several laws and decrees shaped the education system during this era:
- R.A. 5447: Provided funding and support for provincial schools and special education programs.
- R.A. 6054: Established "Barrio High Schools" to expand access to secondary education.
- R.A. 6132: Facilitated the convening of a Constitutional Convention.
- Executive Order No. 202: Established a Presidential Commission to study the Philippine Education system.
- P.D. No. 1: Decentralized the Department of Education and Culture (DECS).
- P.D. 146: Codified the NCEE law.
- P.D. 907: Granted civil service eligibility to top-performing tertiary students.
- Dep Order No. 25: Implemented the Bilingual Education Program.
- P.D. 1006: Recognized teaching as a profession for teachers who passed the Professional Board Examination for Teachers (PBET).
Education Under Cory Aquino: A Move Towards Human Rights and Democracy
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Aims of Education: Article XIV, Section 3 (2) of the 1987 Constitution outlines these aims:
- Patriotism and Nationalism: Instilling love for the country.
- Humanity and Human Rights: Promoting respect for all people and their rights.
- National Heroes: Acknowledging the role of national heroes in shaping the country's history.
- Citizenship: Teaching the rights and responsibilities of Filipino citizens.
- Values: Strengthening ethical and spiritual values.
- Character Development: Cultivating moral character and discipline.
- Critical Thinking: Encouraging independent and creative thought.
- Scientific and Technological Knowledge: Expanding knowledge in these fields.
- Vocational Efficiency: Developing practical skills for the workforce.
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Methods/System:
- Adult Education Program: Providing educational opportunities for adults.
- Non-formal Education: Offering alternative learning programs outside the traditional school system.
- Technical and Vocational Education: Focus on vocational training to enhance skills and job prospects.
- Physical Education and School Sports: Promoting physical fitness and healthy lifestyles.
- Scholarships and Incentives: Supporting deserving students with scholarships and incentives.
- Educational Service Contracting Scheme (ESCS): A program providing funding to private schools to offer educational services.
- Secondary Education Development Program (SEDP): Targeted at improving the quality of secondary education.
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Developments:
- Curriculum Revision: Updates and changes in the curriculum, with a focus on values education.
- Ministry to Department: The Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports was renamed as the Department of Education, Culture, and Sports (DECS).
- New Bureaus: New bureaus were established, including the Bureau of Non-formal Education, Bureau of Technical and Vocational Education, and Bureau of Physical Education and School Sports.
- Non-Formal Courses: Offering a range of non-formal courses like handicrafts, fisheries, animal husbandry, poultry raising, and livelihood programs.
- Curriculum Research: Continuous research and development of curriculum proposals, particularly in physical education and school sports.
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Relevant Laws: Various laws and executive orders shaped the education system under Cory Aquino:
- R.A. 6728: Provided government assistance to students and teachers in private education.
- Executive Order No. 27: Emphasized education's role in promoting human rights.
- Executive Order No. 189: Placed public secondary teachers under the DECS's authority.
- Philippine Constitution Article XIV, Sec 1-2: Outlines the constitutional provisions related to education.
- R.A. 7104: Established the Commission on the Filipino Language.
- R.A. 6959: Created Provincial Centers for Science and Technology.
Education for All: A Vision Embraced During the Post-EDSA Period
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Education for All: Post-EDSA era focused on universally accessible and equitable education, anchored on humanitarianism and equalitarianism:
- ECCD (Early Childhood Care and Development): Emphasis on early childhood education to provide a strong foundation for learning.
- UQPE (Universal Quality of Primary Education): Ensuring access to high-quality primary education for all.
- EOI (Eradication of Illiteracy): Combating illiteracy through adult education and literacy programs.
- CE (Continuing Education): Providing opportunities for lifelong learning and skills development throughout life.
Education Under Fidel Ramos: Emphasizing Functional Literacy and Global Competitiveness
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Aims of Education:
- Functional Literacy: Targeting universal basic education to empower every citizen with literacy and numeracy skills.
- Productive Membership: Developing skills and knowledge necessary to contribute to society and the economy.
- High-Level Professionals: Nurturing individuals in diverse fields to lead innovation and progress.
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Methods/System:
- Early Childhood Care and Development Program: Expanding early education opportunities for young children.
- Third Elementary Education Project (TEEP): Aimed at improving elementary education.
- National Elementary Achievement Test (NEAT): A standardized assessment for elementary students.
- National Secondary Assessment Test (NSAT): A standardized assessment for secondary students.
- Ten-Year Masterplan for Basic Education: A long-term plan to enhance education across all levels.
- Center for Education and Technology (CET): Facilitating the integration of technology into education.
- Program on Basic Education: Focus on strengthening primary and secondary education.
- Book Publishing Industry: Encouraging the growth and development of the book publishing sector.
- Trifocalization of Education: Establishing a three-tiered educational system, with the Department of Education, Culture, and Sports (DECS), Commission on Higher Education (CHED), and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) focusing on different levels of education.
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Relevant Laws:
- R.A. 8047: The Book Publishing Industry Development Act (1995) aimed to foster the growth of the book publishing industry.
- R.A. 7722: Established the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) in 1994.
- R.A. 7743: Established municipal libraries and barangay reading centers in 1994.
- R.A. 7731: Abolished the National College Entrance Examination (NCEE), and replaced the NSAT and NEAT with the National Achievement Test (NAT).
- R.A. 7784: Strengthened teacher education by establishing centers of excellence and a Teacher Education Council.
- R.A. 8496: The Philippine Science High School System Act of 1997.
- R.A. 8525: The Adopt-a-School Act of 1998.
- R.A. 7796: The Technical Education and Skills Development Act of 1994, also known as the TESDA Act.
- R.A. 7836: The Philippine Teachers’ Professionalization Act of 1994.
- R.A. 8190: Prioritized appointments or assignments for public school teachers residing near the school.
- R.A. 8491: The Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines, defining the national flag, anthem, motto, coat of arms, and other heraldic symbols.
- R.A. 8492: The National Museum Act of 1998.
Education Under Joseph Estrada: Education for All and Skills Development
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Aims of Education:
- Education for All: Enhancing access to education for all Filipinos.
- Skills Development: Equipping individuals with skills to improve their earning potential.
- Greater Access to Secondary Education: Expanding opportunities for secondary education.
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Methods/System:
- School Year: The school year started in June and ended in May.
- Nursery to Kindergarten: Offered to children aged 4, consisting of 1-3 hours of schooling, usually in the morning.
- Primary/Elementary Schools: Catered to children aged 6 to 12. Students spent an average of 6 hours in school daily. They divided the school year into primary/intermediate levels or odd/even levels.
- Secondary School/High School: Schools provided 4 years of secondary education. Students spent between 8 to 12 hours in school, including breaks.
- Tertiary: Offered by colleges and universities. The duration of schooling varied based on the degree program.
- NSAT: The National Secondary Assessment Test, a standardized assessment for secondary school students.
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Curriculum:
- Nursery to Kindergarten: Focus on basic learning through drawing and playful activities.
- Primary/Elementary: Emphasis on core subjects like Math, English, and Makabayan. Other subjects included Science, Music, Arts, and P.E. International schools or Chinese schools may offer additional subjects.
- Secondary School/High School: Compartimentalized curriculum with topics grouped by theme or content.
- Tertiary School: Subjects chosen based on the specific degree program pursued by the student.
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Relevant Laws:
- R.A. 9155: The Governance of Basic Education Act, transforming the structure and management of basic education.
- Executive Order No. 46: Established the Presidential Commission on Educational Reform (PCER) to address educational challenges.
- D.O. no. 56, s (series) 2001: Provided policy guidelines for educational field trips.
- D.O. no. 54, s (series) 2001: Revised the “Panatang Makabayan” (Filipino Pledge of Allegiance).
- D.O. no. 45, s (series) 2001: Revised the alphabet and spelling guide for the Filipino language.
Panatang Makabayan (Filipino Pledge of Allegiance)
- Old Version: Expressed love for the Philippines, acknowledging the country as their birthplace and home.
- Current Version: Expresses unwavering love for the Philippines, emphasizing the responsibility of contributing to the nation's strength and development.
Education Under Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo: Global Competitiveness and a Focus on English
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Aims of Education:
- Citizenship: Developing caring, self-reliant, productive, and patriotic citizens.
- Global Competitiveness: Preparing graduates to be globally competitive in the workforce.
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Developments:
- Textbook Backlog: Efforts were made to address the backlog of textbooks.
- English as Medium of Instruction: Reinstatement of English as the primary medium of instruction.
- Teacher Welfare: Improvements in the welfare of teachers.
- Distance Learning: Introduction of "technovans" and internet-based education programs to expand access to education.
- Bridge Program: Designed to help students transition from elementary to secondary education.
- Revised Basic Education Curriculum: The curriculum underwent revisions with an emphasis on English, Science, Math, Filipino, and Makabayan.
- Science and Math Upgrading: Increasing teaching time for Science and Mathematics from 300 minutes to 400 minutes.
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Relevant Laws:
- R.A. 9155: The Governance of Basic Education Act.
- D.O. no. 42, s. 2002: The 2002 Basic Education Curriculum.
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