Rhetorical Appeals & Techniques PDF

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) WHAT ARE THE MODES OF PERSUASION? ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) WHAT ARE SOME TECHNIQUES USED FOR EACH? Ethos...

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) WHAT ARE THE MODES OF PERSUASION? ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) WHAT ARE SOME TECHNIQUES USED FOR EACH? Ethos Pathos Logos Credibility / Trust Emotions / Values Logic / Reason Branding Stories Structure of speech (opening, Confidence in Inspirational body, conclusion) delivery Quotes References to studies, statistics, Credible sources Vivid Language case studies, etc. are cited Comparisons, analogies, metaphors ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) WHEN AND WHERE DO ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) WE USE RHETORICAL APPEALS? 1. Politics: presidential campaigns, advertisements, call for voting 2. Advertisement and commercials (even informational campaigns) 3. Billboards and flyers 4. Argumentative essays (and other argumentative writing) 5. Debates 6. Non-profit campaigns / announcements (i.e. calls for help/action) 7. Model UN (e.g. proposals, negotiations) 8. Interviews and applications 9. Public service announcements ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) WHAT ARE SOME STRATEGIES EMPLOYED IN PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENTS? Hook Catchphrase Intended Audience something designed to a call to action that is the group of people catch people's easy to remember the PSA is aimed attention towards Rhymes Role-play Alliterations Age Personal Anecdote Slang Career Music Puns Location Images Exclamations Interests Facts Values ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Speaker ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) SPEAKER The speaker is the person who wrote the speech ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) PURPOSE Purpose The purpose of the rhetorical situation is to persuade the audience to think or do something ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) AUDIENCE Audience Audience refers to the listeners at a speech or the intended readership for a piece of writing ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) THINGS TO CONSIDER ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Demographic Makeup In general, will your Age audience have a Gender & Sexual favorable, unfavorable, or Orientation neutral attitude toward Religious beliefs Education level your subject, and how will Ethnicity & Nationality you know? ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) CONTEXT The context of a speech is the time, Context place, and historical setting. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) EXIGENCE The exigence is the spark or catalyst for the speech. It is the issue or event that urged the Exigence author to speak. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) COMMON TEXT ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) STRUCTURES Diction Imagery WORD CHOICE The use of words to create a mental What words does the author use to 01 convey their message? 03 picture; should appeal to the 5 senses: Taste Formal vs. Informal Touch Academic vs. Slang Smell Word Complexity Sight Etc. Sound Detail Syntax The examples, The way in which words and sentences are 02 explanations, definitions, descriptions, processes 04 placed together in the writing Sentence length, order, or complexity and/or anecdotes Rhetorical questions authors use to support Repetition of words, phrases, or ideas their arguments. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) TONE AND ORGANIZATION TONE ORGANIZATION The attitude of a writer The way in which the toward a subject or an speech is organized to audience achieved convey the message or through the use of purpose in an effective rhetorical strategies; all way roads lead back to tone ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) MOST COMMON TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS 01 Problem-Solution 03 Cause-Effect "The problem-solution "A causal speech informs audience organizational structure...is members about causes and effects designed to focus on defining a that have already happened with problem and proposing a solution." respect to some condition, event, etc." 02 Monroe’s Motivated Sequence 04 Chronological "Monroe’s Motivated Sequence focuses on connecting to a psychological need in the "In a chronological speech, the main audience and showing them how they can points are delivered according to satisfy that need by supporting the plan or when they happened and could be policy advocated in the speech." ex - traced on a calendar or clock." Source wearing a seatbelt Fallacies fall under one of the three categories below False Dilemma unfairly appeals to the Slippery Slope Emotional Fallacies audience’s emotions Scare Tactics Bandwagon Hasty Generalization sound convincing, but are False Causality Logical Fallacies based on faulty logic and Red Herring are therefore invalid. Straw Man unreasonably advances the Ad Hominem Ethical Fallacies writer’s authority or False Authority character False Dilemma Reduces complicated issues to only two possible options Slippery Slope Suggests that one thing will lead to another, often to disastrous results Scare Tactics Uses fear or threats to convince the audience that the speaker is correct; sometimes uses current events or faulty evidence to create a false threat Bandwagon Encourages audiences to agree with the position because other people are in support Hasty Generalization Draws conclusions from limited or faulty information or evidence False Causality The false correlation between two events and the conclusion that one thing caused the other using no evidence Red Herring Redirecting a conversation or debate to another issue that the speaker has more knowledge or experience talking about Straw Man Substituting a person's actual position or argument with a distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented version of the position of the argument. Ad Hominem When an argument attacks the person speaking and not the issues or topic in order to deflect the argument False Authority Asks the audience to trust the speaker based on who they are and not their actual experience or qualifications