Public Speaking Reviewer PDF

PUBLIC SPEAKING REVIEWER ##### CHAPTER 1: SPEAKING IN PUBLIC ###### INTRODUCTION **DEF:** Public speaking is a form of communication that includes a presenter and an audience. **PUR:** The main objective of public speaking is to inform, entertain, and persuade the audience. ###### HISTORY OF PU...

PUBLIC SPEAKING REVIEWER ##### CHAPTER 1: SPEAKING IN PUBLIC ###### INTRODUCTION **DEF:** Public speaking is a form of communication that includes a presenter and an audience. **PUR:** The main objective of public speaking is to inform, entertain, and persuade the audience. ###### HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING A. **The Classical Period (500-400 BCE)** - Greeks valued public political engagement, where public speaking was a critical tool. - **Greek Philosophers or the "FANTASTIC FOUR":** 1. **Aspasia of Miletus (469 BCE)** - Mother of Rhetoric - Taught Socrates rhetoric 2. **Socrates (469-399 BCE)** - Spoken words should be delivered with great understanding and credibility of the speaker. 3. **Plato (429-327 BCE)** - wrote about rhetoric in the form of dialogues with Socrates being the main character - Defined rhetoric was based on his negative thoughts about the art 4. **Aristotle** - Established his school of politics, science, philosophy, and rhetoric - Founded that persuasion was required to motivate citizens into compliance 3 PILLARS OF PUBLICK SPEAKING AND PERSUASION: 1. **Ethos-** Used when the source is reliable and the speaker displays authority on what is being discussed. 2. **Logos-** Presents facts to back up their claims, the audience is required to apply reasoning and interpretation to assess the speaker\'s argument. 3. **Pathos-** Employed to induce an emotional response from the audience. **B. The Romans:** **1. Cicero (106-43 BCE)** - Developed the five canons of rhetoric: 1. **Invention- coming up with an idea** 2. **Arrangement- how organize the speech or how it is constructed** 3. **Style- choice of words** 4. **Memory- speaker knows the flow or her/his speech** 5. **Delivery- how you present the speech** **2. Quintilian (35-95 CE)** - Said that a **"good man speaking well"** make the perfect orator **C. The Medieval Period (400-1400 CE)** - Dark Age of academic study in public speaking, in contrast to the classical period, which witnessed enormous development and innovation in the field. 1. **St. Augustine- renowned rhetorician, teacher of rhetoric, and a major thinker and rhetorician. Argued about the ideas that originated in the classical period** **D. The Renaissance Period (1400-1600 BCE)** - Saw a great deal of attention paid to the concepts underlying speaking style. 1. **Francis Bacon (1561-1626)** - The idea that the world needs a reliable, universal, and written script for the dissemination of scientific truth was originally proposed by him. **E. The Enlightenment (1600-1800 CE)** - Established a specific standards for a speaker\'s body language, including gestures, facial expressions, tone, and pronunciation. **F. Public Speaking in the Modern Age:** - Rhetoric emerged as a focused area of study, leading to the creation of rhetorical classes in both high schools and colleges. Fundamental Greek principles are applied in speech analysis and public speaking courses. **G. Public Speaking in the 21st Century:** - Effective communication is essential for success in the 21st century. **H. Evolutions of Public Speaking in the 21st Century:** - Emerging technologies are creating new opportunities for speakers to adapt to audiences it also changing the way audience process information and create meanings. **SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF PUBLIC SPEAKING AND CONVERSATION** ###### DEVELOPING CONFIDENCE - **Stage Fright** - Nervousness \- According to Heather Jones (2024) nervousness is a feeling of fear that is usually tied to a specific situation and resolves when the situation is over. - **Strategies to deal with nervousness**: \- Mindfulness Exercise \- Lifestyle \- Know your Triggers \- Prepare - Positive Nervousness (Eustress) \- Good kind of stress refers to positive stress that motivates us, helps us perform better, and enhances our overall well-being. - **Ways to turn Nervousness from a Negative force to a Positive one:** \- Positive Self-Talk \- Preparation \- Progressive Muscle Relaxation \- Visualize Success - **Tips for dealing with Nervousness during your First Speeches:** **-** Know your Topic **-** Get Organized **-** Practice, Practice, Practice **-** Focus on the Material, Not the Audience **-** Embrace Silence **-** Know the Room ###### PUBLIC SPEAKING AND CRITICAL THINKING **DEF:** It involves applying reasoning to find faults in arguments and form sensible choices. - **Critical Thinking in Public Speaking:** **-** Aids in the coherent organization and presentation of ideas. **-** A well-structured speech demonstrates coherent, clear reasoning. **-** A discourse that is haphazard implies hazy thinking. - **Beyond Organization:** **-** Ideas are shaped by critical thought, not just arranged. **-** Strengthens skills in various situations, such as analyzing political speeches and writing academic essays. - **Significance in History:** **-** Since ancient times, critical thinking and public speaking have been highly prized. **-** They enable people to communicate effectively and think critically. - Steps for Critical Thinking: \- Purpose- the goal \- Question- the knowledge that the audience need \- Information- the content \- Concepts- the theme \- Assumptions- the expectation from the audience \- Interference- claims that could back up my claims \- Point of view- how you view audiences \- Implications- how you understand your goal 5 W's and 1 H: - Who - What - Where - When - Why - How **THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS** **PUBLIC SPEAKING IN A MULTICULTURAL WORLD** - Finding what you and your audience have in common, focusing on the similarities, showing respect for your differences, and adapting to their listening preferences. **CHAPTER 2: ETHICS AND PUBLIC SPEAKING** **DEF: Branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.** **IMPORTANCE:** 1. **It builds trust between people** 2. **Ensures everyone are treated fairly** 3. **Guide us to make responsible decisions or choices** 4. **Prevents actions that could harm the individuals** **GUIDELINES FOR ETHICAL SPEAKING:** 1. **Make sure your goals are ethically sound-** make sure that you lead your audience to that belief point in an ethical manner. Don\'t use tactics like intimidation. 2. **Be fully prepared for each speech-** effective speakers are those who make time to prepare their speeches, if you don't prepare it will show and affect your credibility/reliability as a speaker. 3. **Be honest in what you say-** honesty is an extension of the ethical goals of a speech. Your credibility can be damaged once you are revealed to light or even just slightly bend the truth. 4. **Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language-** refrain from using language that could offend, demean, or belittle others. 5. **Put ethical principles into practice-** Being ethical means behaving ethically all the time. GUIDELINES FOR ETHICAL LISTENING 1. **Be Courteous and Attentive-** send a feedback to the speaker 2. **Evaluate the Speaker's Logic and Credibility-** to ensure the information received is accurate and reliable 3. **Avoid Prejudging the Speaker-** listen first and decide to accept or reject what the speaker says. 4. **Beware of the Consequences of not listening carefully-** not listening attentively may result to misunderstanding, mistakes, and missed opportunities. 5. **Maintain the Free and Open Expression of Ideas-** listeners have an obligation to maintain the speaker's right to be heard, you don't need to agree with the speaker at all the time. 6. **Be Open to New Ideas-** Approach the speaker's message without forming opinions, judgments, or biases beforehand. Be willing to consider different perspectives. **PLAGIARISM** - Plagiarism come from "plagiarius" latin word for "kidnapper" **KINDS OF PLAGIARISM:** 1. **Global Plagiarism-** most unforgivable kind of plagiarism because it is stealing the entirely speech from another source, viewing it as your own and not crediting the original author of the speech. 2. **Patchwork Plagiarism-** when speaker pilfers from two or three sources and did not cite those sources. 3. **Incremental Plagiarism-** when the entire speech is less verbatim from sources and the speaker fails to credit the author. 1. **Quotations-** To quote someone directly. 2. **Paraphrase-** To restate or summarize a speech in your own words.