Nexos - Español 11_ Capítulos 1-2 PDF
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This document provides an overview of Romanticism in Spanish literature, from its features and notable figures to its expression in different regions like Spain, Hispanamerica and Puerto Rico. It looks at the significant impact of the movement on literature. Includes an introduction, features of the movement, regional analysis and notable figures.
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# Historia y literatura ## El Romanticismo - The terms romanticism and romantic present a problem of definition due to the different uses that have been given to them over time. - It is often used as a synonym for "sentimental" or "passionate," often seen in telenovelas, songs, and movies. - I...
# Historia y literatura ## El Romanticismo - The terms romanticism and romantic present a problem of definition due to the different uses that have been given to them over time. - It is often used as a synonym for "sentimental" or "passionate," often seen in telenovelas, songs, and movies. - In this text, it will be defined as a literary and artistic movement that emerged at the end of the 18th century, after Neoclassicism, and concluded in the mid 19th century. - It spread throughout the world with a significant impact on subsequent literature. - It represented a reaction against the political, social, and intellectual climate of the 18th century. - In the literary aspect, it opposed the rules of Neoclassicism, a cultural movement that sought to make art faithful to reason and logic. - The first romantic manifestations arose in Germany and the United Kingdom. - German poets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller, members of the Sturm und Drang movement ('storm and stress'), and the English Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Mary Shelley initiated this movement at the end of the 18th century. - They exalted nature, passion, and individuality, rejecting the cult of rationalism that characterized the Enlightenment. ### Notable Features of Romanticism: 1. **Individualism, subjectivity, and the primacy of passion over reason** 2. **Political and cultural nationalism,** exalting popular customs and vernacular languages 3. **Historicism and escapism:** nostalgia for the past and lost paradises 4. **Interest in ruins, death, and the dark**, which produces the Gothic or horror novel 5. **Rebellion and the yearning for freedom** 6. **Vision of the hero as a creative genius, misunderstood, the architect of his own existence,** although subject to fate. 7. **Combination of the beautiful and the ugly, tragedy and comedy,** emphasizing the grotesque and drama. 8. **Formal experimentation and aesthetic freedom**in opposition to classical and academic rules 9. **Cultivation of the fantastic and adventure novel** and the publication of works in installments, influenced by journalism 10. **Exaltation of landscape and dynamic nature,** often as a mirror of the character's inner world. ### Romantic Movements in Different Regions - **Spain:** - Considered a brief period of Romantic literature (between 1835 and 1850). Quickly succeeded by Realism, with Costumbrismo acting as a bridge. - Three stages: - The Duke of Rivas as the initiator. - José de Espronceda representing the peak. - The late Romantic stage, more sentimental, was expressed in the poetry of Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer. - Notable figures in theater: José Zorrilla, the author of Don Juan Tenorio. - Mariano José de Larra as a cultivator of costumbrismo. - **Hispanamerica:** - First arrived in the early 19th century(1810), influenced by Spain and France. - It reached its peak in the 1830s and ended between 1867 and 1890. - Marked by an exaltation of popular culture and the search for an indigenous language. - Cultivated the historical novel within a new genre, tradition, inspired by the art of oral narratives and costumbrismo. - The sentimental novel, where the heroine represents a sense of nationality opposed by external factors like racism and dictatorship, flourished. - Gauchesca poetry, on the other hand, denounced the tragic life of the gaucho payador, a synthesis of the virtues of the natural man in the face of the forces of industrialization. - **Puerto Rico:** - A late Romantic movement (1843-1880), marked by a fight for national independence that never materialized. - This struggle manifested itself in a passionate defense of patriotic values. - **Italy:** - The Italian Romantic period started in the late 18th century and peaked in the early 19th century. - It was characterized by a strong sense of nationalism, a fascination with the Middle Ages, and an emphasis on the individual and on the power of imagination. ### Notable Figures of the Romantic Movement **George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)** - Better known as Lord Byron. - One of the most important English Romantic poets. - His most famous work is *The Pilgrimage of Childe Harold,* a narrative poem that describes his travels and reflections. **José de Espronceda (1808-1842):** - A key figure in Spanish Romanticism. - Known for his passionate and rebellious poetry, reflecting the ideals of freedom and national pride. - Notable works include "The Song of the Pirate." ## **In Context** - Why do you think it was young writers who started the Romantic movement? - Why do you think the theme of love for one's country was so important to Romantic authors in Puerto Rico?
