21st-Century Philippine Literature PDF

INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE Spanish Period (1565-1898) LITERATURE The first Filipino alphabet, called ALIBATA, was replaced by the Roman...

INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE Spanish Period (1565-1898) LITERATURE The first Filipino alphabet, called ALIBATA, was replaced by the Roman alphabet. 21ST Century Literature Teaching of Christian Doctrine Encompasses works published from 2001 onward. Characterized as addressing gender issues, THE FIRST BOOKS incorporating technology, reflecting cultural diversity, and questioning conventions. Doctrina Crhistiana (The Christian Doctrine) First book printed in the Philippines in 1593 in xylography. Philippine Literature Literature associated with the Philippines and includes the legends of pre-history, Nuestra Senora del Rosario and the colonial legacy of the Philippines. Pre-Hispanic Philippine Literature were Contains the biographies of saints, novenas, actually epics passed on from generation to and questions and answers on religion. generation originally through oral tradition. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre The first book printed in typography. PERIODS OF LITERATURE IN THE PHILIPPINES Ang Barlaan at Josephat Pre-Spanish Literature Biblical story printed in the Philippines and translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Folk Tales – made up of stories about life, Antonio de Borja. adventure, love, horror, and humor where one can derive lessons. (E.g., The Sun and the Moon) The Pasion The Epic Age – long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or The book about the life and sufferings of events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at Jesus Christ. length. (E.g., Biag ni Lam-ang) Read only during Lent. Urbana at Felisa. Folksongs – oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These songs mirrored the early forms Folk Songs of culture. Many of these have 2 syllables. Manifests their artistic feelings of the (E.g., Kundiman, Kumintang/Tagumpay, Filipinos and shows their innate Dana, And Dalit/Imno, Oyayi/Hele, appreciation for love of beauty. (E.g., Soliraning and Talindaw) Leron-Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi, Atin Cu Pung Sing-Sing) M. Barbosa Recreational Plays A poem written while Rizal was incarcerated at Fort Santiago. Performed by Filipinos during the Spanish times. Cenaculo, Panunuluyan, Salubong, and Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinos Zarzuela. An essay on the so-called Filipino indolence and an evaluation of the reasons for such Period of Enlightenment allegations. Ilustrados – Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe in 19th Century, where they Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos began to write about the hitch of colonization. 300 years colonization with Spaniards essay predicting the increasing influence of marked as the longest colonial period in the the US in the Philippines and the Philippine history. The Filipino spirit decreasing interest of Europe. reawakened when the 3 priests: Gomez, Brugoz, and Zamora were guillotined w/o sufficient evidence of guilt. DEL PILAR’S WRITINGS The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa Spearheaded mostly by the intellectual Translated from the Spanish AMOR middle-class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del PATRIA of Rizal, published on August 20, Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio 1882, in Diariong Tagalog. Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno. Kaiingat Kayo RIZAL’S WRITINGS A humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to Fr. Jose Rodriguez in the novel NOLI of Rizal, published in Barcelona in 1883. Noli Me Tangere The novel that gave spirit to the Dasalan at Tocsohan propaganda movement and paved the way to the revolution against Spain. Similar to a catechism but sarcastically done against the parish priests, published in Barcelona in 1888. El Filibusterismo The sequel which exposed those in the JAENA’S WRITINGS government and in the church. Ang Fray Botod Mi Ultimo Adios written in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, six years after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars M. Barbosa  in the Philippines. He exposed how some of Karaniwang Anyo the friars were greedy, ambitious, and immoral. Period of Activism According to Ponciano Pineda, youth La Hija Del Fraile & Everything is Hambug activism in 1970-72 was due to domestic Jaena explains the tragedy of marrying a and worldwide cause. Because of the ills of Spaniard. society, the youth moved to seek reforms. Sa mga Pilipino… 1891 Period of the New Society (1972-1980) A speech which aimed to improve the Newspapers donned new forms. condition of the Filipinos to become free News on economic progress, discipline, and progressive. culture, tourism, and the like were favored more than the sensationalized reporting of killings, rape, and robberies. Filipinos Talumpating Pagunita kay Kolumbus before were hooked in reading magazines and comics. A speech he delivered in Madrid on the 39th anniversary of the discovery of America. Period of the Third Republic (1981-1985) Martial rule was lifted on January 2, 1981 American Regime (1894-1944) Poems were romantic and revolutionary. Filipino songs dealt with themes that is true- Languages used in writing were Spanish and to-life such as grief, poverty, aspiration for Tagalog and the dialect of the different freedom, love of God, of country and regions. fellowmen. Writers in Tagalog, continued in their lamentations on the conditions of the country and their attempts to arouse love Post-EDSA 1 Revolution (1986-1995) for one’s native tongue and the writers in English imitated the themes and methods History took another twist. Once more, the of the Americans. Filipino people regained their independence, which they lost twenty years ago. The Japanese Period (1941-1945) In four days from February 21-25 1986, the so-called People Power (Lakas ng Bayan) Common theme of most poems during this prevailed. occupation was: Nationalism, Love, Faith, Religion, Country, Life in the barrios, Arts. 21st Century Period (2001-present) Haiku – a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables New trends have been used and introduced to divided into three lines. meet the needs and tastes of the new Tanaga – like the Haiku, is short, but it had generation. measure and rhyme. Learners are demanded to be ICT inclined. M. Barbosa  New codes or lingos are used in literary D. Folk Tales pieces. a. Myths – explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess certain characteristics, why some places have DIFFERENT PERIODS OF PHILIPPINE waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora, or LITERATURE fauna. b. Legends – explain the origin of things; examples are Why the Pineapple Has Eyes I.PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (BC to 1564) and The Legend of Maria Makiling. A. Characteristics c. Fables – use animal characters and 1. Based on oral traditions allegory 2. Crude on ideology and d. Fantasy stories – deal with phraseology underworld characters such as “tiyanak,” B. Literary Forms “aswang,” “kapre,” and others. 1. Oral Literature e. Epics - these are “narratives of a. Riddles (bugtong) – battle of wits among sustained length based on oral tradition participants Revolving around supernatural events or 2. Tigmo –Cebu Paktakon – Ilonggo heroic deeds.” (Arsenio Manuel) Patotdon – Bicol Examples: Lam-ang (Ilocano), Hinilawod b. Proverbs (salawikain) – wise (Panay), Kudaman (Palawan), and Darangen sayings that contain a metaphor (Maranao) used to teach as a food for thought etc. Example: Nasa Diyos ang awa, nasa tao ang gawa. II. SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD c. Tanaga - a mono-riming heptasyllabic (1565 – 1863) quatrain expressing insights and lessons on life. A. Characteristics - It has two distinct classifications: religious and C. Folk Songs - It is a form of folk lyric secular. It introduced Spanish as the which expresses the hopes and medium of communication. aspirations, the people's lifestyles as B. Literary Forms well as their loves. These are often 1. Religious Literature - Religious lyrics repetitive and sonorous, didactic, and written by ladino poets or those versed naive. in both Spanish and Tagalog were included in early catechism and were used to teach Filipinos the Spanish a. Hele or oyayi – lullaby language. b. Ambahan (Mangyan) – 7-syllable per a. Pasyon – long narrative line poem that are about human relationships and poem about the passion and death social entertainment of Christ. The most popular was c. Kalusan (Ivatan) - work songs that “Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu depict the livelihood of the people. Cristong Panginoon Natin” by d. Tagay (Cebuano and Waray) – drinking Aguino de Belen song e. Kanogan (Cebuano) – song of b. Senakulo – dramatization of lamentation for the dead the pasyon; it shows the passion and death of Christ. M. Barbosa  2. Secular (non-religious) b. Poetry True Decalogue – Literature Apolinario Mabini a. Awit - colorful tales of Katapusan ng Hibik ng Pilipinas chivalry made for singing and –Andres Bonifacio chanting. Example: Ibong Liwanag at Dilim – Emilio Adana Jacinto b. Korido – metrical tale written in octosyllabicquatrains (a line of IV. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910 verse with Eight syllables) – 1945) A. Period of Apprenticeship (1910- Example: Florante at Laura by 1930) Francisco Baltazar Filipino writers imitated English and c. Prose Narratives – written to American models. prescribe proper decorum Poems written were amateurish and Dialogo mushy, whose phrasing and diction were awkward and artificial. III. NATIONALISTIC / PROPAGANDA ⮚ Short Stories AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD (1864 1. Dead Stars by Paz Marquez – 1896) Benitez A. Characteristics 2. The Key by Paz Latorena a. Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos 3. Footnote to Youth by Jose b. Language shifted from Garcia Villa Spanish to Tagalog ⮚ Novels Example: Child c. Addressed the masses of Sorrow – first novel in English instead of the “intelligentsia” by Zoilo Galang V. JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1945) B. Literary Forms War Years (1942-1944) 1. Propaganda Literature - Reformatory in 1. Tagalog poets broke away from the objective Balagtas tradition and instead wrote a. Political Essays – satires, editorials, and in simple language and free verse news articles were written to attack and expose 2. Fiction prevailed over poetry the evils of Spanish rule a. 25 Pinakamabuting Maikling Diariong Tagalog – founded by Kathang Pilipino (1943) – compilation of Marcelo del Pilar the entries to the short story contest by the La Solidaridad – editor-in-chief was military government. Graciano Lopez-Jaena b. Suyuan sa Tubigan by Macario b. Political Novels - Noli Me Tangere Pineda and El Filibusterismo – Jose Rizal’s c. Lupang Tinubuan by Narciso Reyes masterpieces that paved the way to d. Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa by Liwayway the revolution. Arceo 2. Revolutionary Literature – more Period of Maturity and Originality propagandistic than literary as it is more (1945-1960) violent in nature and demanded complete 1. Bountiful harvest in poetry, independence for the country fiction, drama, and essay a. Political Essays – helped inflame the 2. Filipino writers mastered spirit of revolution English and familiarized Kalayaan – newspaper of the themselves with diverse society, edited by Emilio Jacinto techniques M. Barbosa  3. Literary “giants” appeared 2. Martial Law repressed and curtailed A. Palanca Awards for Literature human rights, including freedom of the B. National Artist Awards press, and Filipino writers wrote about these dark days in their writings. 3. Writers used symbolisms and allegories VI. THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1945 – to drive home their message, at the face 1970) of heavy censorship. Theater was used 1. Characteristics as a vehicle for protest. Americans came back to the 4. The period of the New Society lasted Philippines in 1945, and from 1972-1980, and this period had there was a lot of palpable writings about the theme of rejoicing among Filipinos. development and progress of the Filipinos regained their country. freedom on July 4, 1946. 5. Though Martial Law was lifted on January 2, 1981, the oppression and State of Literature During This Period suppression being done by the Marcos “The early post-liberation period was government continued, and rebellion marked by a kind of ‘struggle of mind and was seething among Filipinos. History spirit’ posed by the sudden emancipation would turn a sudden twist when Ninoy from the enemy and the wild desire to see Aquino, one of Pres. Marcos’ critics, print. Filipinos had, by this time, learned were assassinated on August 21, 1983. to express themselves more confidently, 6. Cory Aquino, Ninoy’s widow, was but post-war problems beyond language elected in February 1986 through a and printlike economic stability, the peaceful revolution, and People Power threat of new ideas, and mortality had to brought feelings of euphoria among the be grappled with side by side.” (Kahayon Filipino people. and Zulueta) 7. When before, the press was suppressed and censored, the restoration of The Palanca Memorial Awards for democracy during the time of Pres. Cory Literature (headed by Carlos Palanca, Sr.) Aquino brought back not only press was launched in 1950 and served as freedom, but also freedom for the inspiration to Filipino writers. Till now, Filipino people to speak up and express The Palanca Awards are still being given themselves. although Mr. Palanca had already died. FINEST WRITERS/AUTHORS FROM VII. DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE COUNTRY CONTEMPORARY/MODERN PERIOD (1970 – PRESENT) Kristian Sendon Cordero (April 1983) His books of poetry in three languages have A. Characteristics won the Madrigal-Gonzales, Best First 1. The seeds of activism resulted in the Book Award, the Philippine National declaration of Martial Law by Pres. Awards and the Gintong Aklat Awards Ferdinand Marcos in 1972. The youth (Golden Book Awards). In 2017, he became completely rebellious during represented the Philippines in the this period. This was proven not only in International Writing Program at the the bloody demonstrations and in the University of Iowa. As a translator, he has sidewalk expressions, but also in translated the works of Rainer Maria Rilke, literature. Campus newspapers showed Jorge Luis Borges, Franz Kafka, and Oscar rebellious emotions. (Kahayon and Wilde into Bikol and Filipino. Zulueta) M. Barbosa ABDON M. BALDE, JR. (Sept 12, 1946) CIRILO F. BAUTISTA (1941-2018) National He was born in Busac, Oas, Albay, and a Capital Region contemporary Bicolano writer in Bikol, A poet, fictionist and essayist with Filipino and English. He was awarded as one exceptional achievements and significant of the Outstanding Bikolano Artists for contributions to the development of the 2009 in Literary Arts category in Naga country’s literary arts. As a way of bringing City, In 2012, he was named Poet laureate poetry and fiction closer to the people who of Albay. otherwise would not have the opportunity to Today, he is a councillor of the organization develop their creative talent, Bautista has Lupon Sa Wika, a member of the been holding regular funded and unfunded National Commission for Culture and the workshops throughout the country. Summer Arts (NCCA) and director of the Unyon ng Suns (1963), The Trilogy of Saint Lazarus mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas (UMPIL; (2001), Pedagogic (2008), Third World English: Writers’ Union of the Philippines) Geography (2005). MERLINDA BOBIS (November 25, 1959) Award-winning writer Merlinda Bobis grew 21ST BICOLANO AUTHORS AND THEIR up in Albay, Philippines at the foot of an FAMOUS MASTERPIECES active volcano, which figures prominently in her writing and performance. As a child her main interest was painting, but at age ten she began writing poetry because ‘painting Francisco Penones Jr. with words’ was cheaper. She has published Sounded a clarion call in his poem An Opon novels, short stories, dramas and poems. Sabalbon Kan Mahale an Maskara (The Works: Fish-Hair Woman, Coffee Grove, Board in Ibalon When Unmasked). Banana Heart Summer, Dwell, The Kissing Society, he declared, is the boar that brought hunger and poverty to the land. He received a CCP award. GIL L. GREGORIO (June 24, 1961) Born in Naga, Camarines Sur. He has been into poetry writing since 1983 while serving Merlinda C. Bobis as one of the staff of the Nueva Caceres Bulletin, the official publication of the Wrote a masterly poetic drama titled University of Nueva Caceres. Daragang Magayon (Beautiful Maiden) He is a regular contributor to the Bicol overturns the passive maiden in the legend literature publication, An Tambobong and makes her decisive to do her part in nin Literaturang Bikolnon, where several of changing society. In her poems, Bobis subtly his poems in Bicol dialect were published. presents an idealism associated with Notable work: A View From Afar remembering one's childhood, each of them a strong and evocative portrait only FRANCISCO SIONIL JOSE or F.Sionil Jose thoughtful, sensitive poet can create. For this, From Rosales, Pangasinan (1924-Present) she merited a Palanca awarad. Region 1, Ilocos Region. His writings since 1960s when taken collectively can be described as epic. His works reflect the consistent espousal of the aspirations of Carlos O. Aureus Filipinos: National Sovereignty and Social Weaves together theology and philosophy Justice and were translated into various to present Bikol values and a panaroma of languages. Rosales Saga, The Pretenders, Bikol scense. In ten well-written stories, a The Molave and the Orchid (2004) M. Barbosa  novel and a play, he wins the covered Basically, a majority of writers will write on Palanca, CCP, Free Press and Graphic their past history or what happened to them in literary awards. common. Events in a society are highly associated with the culture of that place. By writing on these traditions they help grow Emelina G. Regis those literary traditions both locally and regionally. They also remind people of those Won a Palanca Award for her environmental cultures that were long forgotten. play Dalawang Mukha ng Kagubtan (Two Local writers may also help to explain events Faces of the Forest) in details. People locally or regionally depending on the popularity of the writers is in a position or understand the literary Barbara Barquez Ricafrente traditions. Writers are able to spread their literary Writes poem and paints with rage. She is traditions in a variety of ways. One way is the first novel awardee of the UP Creative through poems and songs. Writing Center. Writers are valuable in the development and growth of traditions. Maria Lilia F. Realubit Significance of Authors in the Development of Recipient of the national award “Alagad ni Regional Literature Balagtas” by the Unyong ng Mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas and is a National Book Awardee Local authors play an important role not only (1987) for her book “Philippine Drama: in the development of regional literature but also our national literature. They have Twelve Plays in Six Regional Languages”. enriched the Filipino culture, preserved Se wrote the first book on Bikol history the heritage of our literary arts and helped and literature: “Bikols of the Philippines.” in introducing and exploring our humanity as Filipinos. Jaime Jesus Borlagdan He wrote Maynila: Libro ng Pobya, which What is Literature? is now considered by his young followers as derived from the Latin word "littera" which an important and influential collection. means "a letter of the alphabet". defined as body of written works associated to imaginative and creative works of Estelito “Esting” Baylon Jacob poetry and prose and can be classified according to variety of systems such as He wrote the collection of poetry in Bikol language, national origin, historical period, entitled Mga Nirukitdukit. genre and subject matter (Britannica). Can be in oral or written form. Local authors contribute to the development of regional literary traditions in various ways. Some Literary Text of these are the following: products of written literature Local writers are directly influence literary A text can be considered literary if it has the traditions. elements of psychological characterization Writers are directly and indirectly reply to and chronology. Also, literature uses literary writings of others on literary traditions. devices such as metaphor and symbolism M. Barbosa  It narrates a story. are crime, fantasy, romance, science Expresses feelings, thoughts, and ideas fiction, western, inspirational, historical which can either be based from the fiction and horror. imagination or real life experiences of the b. Non-fiction - stories inspired by real events author or other people. where the writers aim to present, Delivers significant information and crosses interpret, or describe experiences based on boundaries of time, places, cultures, and facts. The judgments, opinions, and languages. commentaries of the writers may be presented in the form of essays, journals, diaries, feature articles, editorials, and the Literary structure like. refers to the organizational method used in literature in which the most common type SOME EXAMPLES OF MAJOR FORMS OF is the narrative LITERATURE Parts of the narrative structure (or plot) are the exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution (denouement). TWO MAJOR FORMS OF LITERATURE 1. Poetry - usually written in lines and is characterized by having the element of rhythm, Genre sound, imagery, and form. Its main purpose is to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas forms of literature. The general ones are oral a. Narrative Poetry - tells a story and has the and written. The main types are prose and elements of a narrative such as characters, poetry. setting, conflict, etc. “may be determined by literary technique, b. Dramatic Poetry - emotionally appealing tone, content, or even (as in the case of drama written in verse that tells a story and is fiction) length.” intended to be recited or sung in front of the audience by a character speaking in poetry. c. Lyric Poetry - most common type of poetry Literary elements that focuses on expressing feelings rather particular identifiable characteristics of a than telling a story. whole text. They are not “used,” per se, by authors; they represent the elements of storytelling which are common to all 2. Prose - applies a natural flow of speech and literary and narrative forms. grammatical structures which are mainly Common elements of a story are: setting, consisting of complete sentences arranged character, conflict, theme, point of view, logically and sequentially in a paragraph form. and plot. Plot has its own elements such as exposition, rising action, climax, falling a. Fiction - serves as a product of the writer's actions, and resolution or denouement. wild imagination and creative thinking In poetry there are four essential elements: where the characters react to the conflict form, imagery, rhythm, and sound. and various issues central to the main idea of a literary work. Its three types are: short story, novel, and novella. The main genres M. Barbosa Traditions especially on intended to be acted on a stage: a play. It may be any situation or series of refers to the specific traits of literary works events having vivid, emotional, conflicting that define a generation or period in or striking interest. history. a collection of works that have an underlying interconnectedness and coherence that makes them more than simply Fiction a group of works sharing geography or group. literature created from the imagination, not presented as fact, though it may be based on a true story or situation. Types of Internal Conflict literature include the novel, short story and novella. when a character struggles with their own opposing desires or beliefs. It happens within them, and it drives their development as a character. Non-Fiction based on facts and the author’s opinion External Conflict about a subject. The purpose of non-fiction writing is to inform and sometimes to sets a character against something or examples are biographies, articles from someone beyond their control. External textbooks and newspapers. forces stand in the way of a character’s motivations and create tension as the character tries to reach their goals. 21st CENTURY LITERATURE GENRES Types of Literary Conflict Illustrated Novel man vs. man, man vs. nature, man vs. self, man vs. supernatural, man vs. technology, a story or narrative told through words and man vs. society complemented by illustrated images. In most illustrated fiction, 50% of the narrative is presented without words while some may not contain any text at all, so the Let’s recall all the majority literary genres! reader must interpret the images to Poetry comprehend the story completely. Example: The Invention of Hugo Cabret imaginative awareness of experience by Brian Selznick & The Arrival by Shaun expressed through meaning, sound and Tan. rhythmic language choices to evoke an emotional response. It has been known to employ meter and rhyme. The very nature of Digi-Fiction poetry as an authentic and individual mode of expression makes it nearly impossible to also called Triple Media Literature. It uses define. the combination of three media: book, movie/video, and internet website to tell a narrative, so readers must engage in Drama navigating, reading, and viewing in all three forms to comprehend the full story. a composition in prose or verse presenting Example: Skeleton Creek by Patrick in dialogue or pantomime a story involving Carman and Level 26 Anthony Zuiker. conflict more contrast of character, M. Barbosa Graphic Novel Chick Lit or Chick Literature narratives told in comic-strip formats and often humorous and lighthearted fiction published as a book. To differentiate from which addresses issues of modern illustrated fiction, graphic novels tell a story womanhood. Stories may include romantic using a combination of words and pictures relationships, friendships, and issues in the in a sequence across the page. The term is workplace. It generally targets young employed in a broad manner, encompassing women readers. non-fiction works and thematically linked The night before Christmas, It started short stories as well as fictional stories across with a Kiss several genres. Example: Achie Comics, The Death of Captain Marvel Flash Fiction story narrated in an extremely brief way, Manga but still offers plot and character development and implies a larger story. It Japanese word for comics. It is used in the could range from a word to a thousand. English-speaking world as a generic term Varieties of flash fiction identified by word for all comic books and graphic novels count include six-word stories (6 words), originally published in Japan. Manga-style dribble or minisaga (50 words), 280- comics created by American artists are character story or twitterrature (280 words or sometimes called Ameri manga. a story in one tweet) drabble or microfiction Example: Shonen-Boy’s Manga, Shojo- (100 words), sudden fiction (750 words) and Girls’ Manga flash fiction (1,000 words). Example: For sale: baby socks, never worn Doodle Fiction Creative Nonfiction literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle writing, drawings, also known as literary nonfiction or and handwritten graphics in place of the narrative nonfiction. It is a genre of writing traditional font. Doodles are simple that uses literary styles and techniques to drawings or random shapes and lines that create factually accurate narratives. In may or may not have concrete contrast with other nonfiction, such as representational meanings. These enhance technical writing or journalism, which is also the story, often adding humorous elements. rooted in accurate fact, it is not primarily Example: The Diary of a Wimpy Kid and written in service to its craft. Timmy Failure Example: 1000 Gifts Text-Talk Novels Science Fiction stories told almost entirely in dialogue genre of speculative fiction dealing with simulating social network exchanges. imaginative concepts such as futuristic Narratives are usually presented in blog, science and technology, space travel, time email, and IM (instant messaging) format. travel, faster than light travel, a parallel Example: Vince and Kath universe and extraterrestrial life. often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations and has been called a “literature of ideas”. Example: Kingdom of Ash and Mockingjay M. Barbosa Blog Songs a website containing short articles called posts that are updated regularly. Some Great variety, expressive of a gamut of blogs are written by one person containing human experiences and feelings. They are his or her own opinions, interests and used at almost every occasion at work, at experiences, while others are written by worship, and at play accompanied with different people. musical instrument, mostly of the percussive Break My Style by Kryz Uy and stringed varieties. What is Literary Genre? A category of literary composition. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD LITERARY Genres may be determined by literary GENRES technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length. Defined by the general cultural movement of Epics the historical period in which they were composed. These are narratives of sustained length It shouldn’t be confused with age categories, based on oral tradition, revolving around by which literature may be classified as either supernatural events or heroic deeds, in the adult, young adult, or children. They also form of verse which is either chanted or sung must not be confused with format, such as with a certain seriousness of purpose, and graphic novel or picture book. embodying or validating the beliefs, customs, ideals, or life values of the people. Folk Narratives BIOGRAPHICAL, LINGUISTIC, AND SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS Created to explain why certain things existed in their physical environment. Thse come in the form of origin myths, legends, Biographical context fables, tales of the supernatural, and requires the readers to analyze the life and humorous accounts about some trickster. experience of the author to understand the literary text. It is essential for readers to Proverbs understand the author’s background. Understanding the author’s life can help you These are terse statements of practical understand his or her work thoroughly. This wisdom based on long experience and can happen by reading the author’s biography observations about life. or autobiography. Riddles Here are some guide questions that you may answer when you are reading literature through These attest to the wit and ingenuity and the sociocultural context: the richness of the imagination of ancient Filipinos. What is the relationship between the characters or speaker in the text and their society? M. Barbosa  How does this story reflect the nation? What does this say about the country and its inhabitants? Sociocultural context requires the reader to analyze the social, economic, political, and cultural standpoint of the literary text. It is also important to note the year or period a literary text was written for readers to be able to identify the historical or significant events that took place in that year which add to the readers’ understanding of the text. In reading using sociocultural context, you will examine the factors that affect the writing of the literary text and how the work was received by the readers during the time it was written. Here are some guide questions that you may answer when you are reading literature through the sociocultural context: What is the relationship between the characters or speakers in the text and their society? How does this story reflect the nation? What does this say about the country and its inhabitants? Linguistic context requires the readers to analyze the language, form and structure of the text. Reading through a linguistic context focuses on the language used in the literary work and how it is used to convey meaning. The following are some strategies you may use to read a text through the linguistic context: Analyze the diction or choice of words in the text. Examine the text use of sentences, clause, phrases, line cuts, etc. Observe the use of figurative language. Analyze the mood and tone of the text. Observe the text’s overall structure. Analyze the content of the text. M. Barbosa M. Barbosa