NeuroAnatomy PDF

Summary

This document provides detailed information about neuroanatomy, covering various aspects such as cranial anatomy, encephalic distribution, meninges, ventricles, and cerebral cortex. It includes detailed explanations and diagrams, making it a good resource for medical students or anyone interested in neuroscience.

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🦴 NeuroAnatomy Cranium Anatomy: Sutures: Composed mostly of collagen, with a wavy shape & they “close” after the structural body development is completed. Calvarial sutures: cranial connection btw upper skull bones, protect the sup part of the...

🦴 NeuroAnatomy Cranium Anatomy: Sutures: Composed mostly of collagen, with a wavy shape & they “close” after the structural body development is completed. Calvarial sutures: cranial connection btw upper skull bones, protect the sup part of the CNS. ⇒ 1. Coronal ⇒ 2. Lambdoidal ⇒ 4. Pterion Facial sutures: connect the bones where the facial muscles insert. ⇒ 1. Frontozygomatic ⇒ 2. Frontamaxillary ⇒ 3. Temporozygomatic Internal sutures: connect the bones inside of the skull. Anatomical Encephalic Distribution: NeuroAnatomy 1 Telencephalon: Neocortex, hippocampus & lat ventricles. Diencephalon: Subcortical nuclei/structures & third ventricle Mesencephalon: Brainstem & cerebral peduncle. Rhomboencephalon: Cb, pons & medula Meninges & Ventricles: 1. Meninges: membranous cover of the hole CNS (encephalon & SC). Function: mechanical & immunological protection & provides a framework for vascularization. They can be divided in 3 layers: Dura mater: Closest to the skull, 4 areas: Falx cerebri, Falx cerebelli,Tentorium cerebelli, Diaphragma. Arachnoid Mater: under dura mater, connect to dura & allow transition of CSF btw layers. ⇒ CSF(cerebrospinal fluid): cushion for encephalon, protect it against mechanical damage. Pia Mater: hold the form of gyri & sulci 2. Ventricles: Production of CSF for protection against mechanical damage/pressure (ICP) & immunological harm. CSF is produced in the choroid plexus in each of the ventricles: lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle & 4th ventricle. CEREBRAL CORTEX & CORTICAL AREAS: NeuroAnatomy 2 Sulci and Gyri: Frontal lobe: Parietal lobe: Delimit: Behind Delimitation: in front of central sulcus, end central sulcus, where on POf & being precentral gyrus lies. divided into sup & inf parietal lobules by IPS. Temporal lobe: Occipital lobe: Delimit: Beneath lat Delimit: by fissure, being divided parietooccipital in 3 principal gyri that sulcus on med run parallel to this surface fissure. Insular lobe: Delimit: Deep Function: involved in different stages of underneath Sylvanian fissure, sensory processing, role in behavioral under F, P & T lobules. modulation, mediating compulsion Sulci: Short insular sulcus Gyri: Ant insular lobule. Post insular lobule. Cortical areas: Terms & Concepts 1. Laterality: Dominant 1. Non- dominant hemisphere: hemisphere - Complex connection btw Tp & Pl - Most developed M1 - higher in involving perception/ abstraction (connection complexity) - Communication centers 3. Brodmann Areas: NeuroAnatomy 3 - Higher in involving planning/strategy 2. Homunculus Cerebri: representation of the body in primary motor (M1) & somatosensory cortex (S1) 4. Functional Description: - Primary cortical areas : various sensory systems or responsible for executing a motor plan Primary motor cortex [M1], somatosensory cortex [S1], visual cortex [V1], auditory cortex [A1], olfactory cortex/Entorhinal cortex [O1] - Secondary Cortical Areas: combining inputs assembled in 1st areas to create internal & external processes, maintain memory of motor processes Supplementary motor cortex [SMA/SpMC], Premotor cortex [PMC], Association cortex [AC], Secondary visual cortex [V2], Broca area, Wernicke area ⇒ SMA/SpMC & PMC involved in motor processes require procedural memory info to facilitate & ↑ speed of motor execution area M1. - Tertiary Cortical Areas: interpreting internal & external contexts, reasoning processes, decision making & declarative memory processes Prefrontal cortex [PFC], Tertiary visual cortex [V3], Temporal pole: TA, area 36, area 35, CT, TI Frontal Cortex dlPFC: involved in the dvlpmt of motor strategies (dominant) & behavioral strategies (non-dominant) FPC/FP: involved in intrinsic cognitive processes vlPFC: involved in adaptive behavior dmPFC: involved in working memory & its relation to emotional modulation OFC: involved in associative learning, mainly taste & smell with visual representation from the temporal pole NeuroAnatomy 4 SMA & PMC: involved in procedural memory (short and long- term respectively), mvmt strategy. M1: responsible for executing the motor plan & influences the direction of the mvmt (grossly) on the dominant side. Temporal Pole: Dorsal network: Connected to somatosensorimotor & auditory regions, related to verbal communication semantics. Ventromedial network: Connected to higher level visual areas, HPC & parahippocampal cortex, related to visual perception Medial network: Connected to paralimbic structures & the olfactory tubercle in O1, related to olfactory association. Anterolateral network: Temporal insular cortex & Amygdala/Hippocampus, related to default semantic. Speech and Understanding: 2 areas & 1 tract (arcuate fasciculus) can be described: - Broca area: Responsible for speech production, including syntax, coherence... - Wenicke area: Language comprehension. Corpus Callosum: A buddle of axons (white matter) the connects the R & L hemisphere, being in this way involved in all disconnective disorders. SUBCORTICAL NUCLEI & STRUCTURES: Limbic System: - Hippocampus (HPC): memory processes, found on the floor of post horn (lat vent). Divided in 4 fields in relation to the connection to other cortical areas, such as the prefrontal cortex and association cortex. Spatial memory processes (R) & declarative memory (L). - Amygdala (AM): involved with memory, role in emotional & planning processes related to memory & decision making. Center of innate & acquired fears. ⇒ Cingulate Cortex (CC)/ Cingulate Gyrus: Prolongation of subcortical structures Role: in reasoning , higher cognitive functions, connection to memory & emotion 2 main parts: anterior (aCC), posterior (pCC) NeuroAnatomy 5 - Thalamus (THA): assemble of nuclei, connect diff parts of cortex & involved with perception/section of inputs & attention - Hypothalamus (HPT): composed 9 nuclei, connection btw nervous system & endo system. Produce of H (oxytocin, vasopressin), regulate autonomous functions of body - Hypophysis (Hyp): inside of infudibular stem: filled with oxytocin. Produce/release some H - Basal Nuclei (BN): assembly of nuclei direct or indirect in regulation of almost all systems, regulate of motor processes. ⇒ system: caudate nucleus (CN), putamen (PUT), globus pallidus (GPe,i), subthalamic nucleus (STN), subtantia nigra (SN). ⇒ GP: control conscious & propriosceptive ⇒ GPi: intrinsic nucleus, relay 4 info / GPe: output nucleus, sends info to THA. Subcortical Structures: - Striatum: direct connection to cerebral cortex, connects inputs & outputs. Subdivided into ventral & dorsal striatum. Composed of: Caudate nucleus, Putamen nucleus, Accumbens nucleus (NAcc) & Olfactory tubercle at the end of the CN1. ⇒ Caudate: learning, memory, reward, emotion, romantic interactions - Putamen (PUT): regulate mvmts & goal-directed behavior. M ≠ F. Connects directly to cerebral cortex & other BN (GPe, GPi) for self regulatory. - Substantia Nigra (SN): produce dopamine for CNS & main output nucleus of regulatory pathways. ⇒ Divide in 2 anat parts: compact (SNc) & reticulate (SNr) - Nucleus Basales Meynert (NbM): connects (ACh) to F & Temp cortices & AM. Excitatory/regulatory role in rational & emotional process. - Claustrum: not considered of BN, function of building a connection btw cortical areas for high cognitive function from environment before attribut of meaning. - Locus Coeruleus (LC): produce norepinephrine, origin of war-reaching noradrenergic systems, affects behave, memory & H regulation. - Raphe Nuclei: reticular formation. 6 nuclei are deep embedded in the brainstem. Produce serotonin, but not all neurons are serotonergic ≈ 10 to 80% depends on nucleus. NeuroAnatomy 6 - Cerebellum: postural control, old structure of the CNS. 3 areas: Flocculonodular lobe, ant & post lobe. Center: represent the trunk. - Deep Cerebellar Nuclei (DCN): last station in Cb, where an output leaves to other areas of the CNS. - Red Nucleus: supports the transmission of motor info from Cb to SC, involved with postural control & coordination - Brainstem Nuclei: > Nucleus Edinger Westphal: parasympat innervation from oculomotorius nerve, pupillary reflex > Nucleus Oculomotorii: somatomotory inner from CNIII, eye mvmt > Nucleus Trochlearis: innerv trochlearis nerve, eye mvmt > Nucleus Abducens: gets input from vestibular nucleus, vestibulooculary reflex > Nucleus Cochlearis: move eyes to sound origin > Nucleus Vestibularis - CN7 Innervation: - Cranial Nerves: Irrigation: Blood Supply: Internal carotid artery (ICA)// Paravertebral artery (PVA) Basilar artery Anterior inferior cerebellary artery (AICA) Posterior inferior cerebellary artery (PICA) NeuroAnatomy 7 Circle of Willis Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) Middle cerebral artery (MCA) Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) Relevant ACA and MCA Branches ACA: MCA: Anterior communicating artery: Ant Lat lenticulostriate arteries: Supplies connection of the Circle of Willis caudate, GP, PUT, & post portion of the Medial lenticulostriate arteries: Supplies internal capsule BN & anterior portion of internal capsule Cortical segments: supplies aINS & Recurrent artery of Heubner: Supplies pINS head of caudate & ventral portion of internal capsule Pericallosal artery: Medial face of cerebral hemispheres THA: selection of input att piPC: spatial reasoning / psPC: coordination M1: execute motor plan control of the body V1: visual without perception SMA: short term motor memory / PMC: long term motor memory NeuroAnatomy 8 V2: colors / V3: perspective ⇒ W: language comprehension / B: speech process & interpretation of visual prod (words, syntax) ⇒ arcuate fasciculus, input dominant hemisph. A1: sound, noise, rhythm TP: perception, gathers all the process inputs & mix it with the memory that we have aINS: interpret, further communication / pINS: self CC: reasoning, connection to memory & control, gather & process info motion & process FEF: control visual attention aCC: connection btw memory & emotions, PFC (pre frontal cortex): reasoning attention, what are we focused on ? process, decision making BN: regulation of motor processes ⇒ dlPFC: motor strat (dom), AM: threats, emotion, planing processes behavior strat (non-dom) HPC: consolidates input into memory traces ⇒ mPFC: mediate decision Claustrum: transmit info btw R/L hemisphere, making consciousness/awareness ⇒ vmPFC: personality, social PHG (Parahippocampal gyrus): memory behavior & adaptive learning encoding ⇒ vlPFC: adaptive behavior Cb: balance, motor reflex NeuroAnatomy 9

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