Music 10 Quarter 2 Reviewer PDF

MUSIC 10 – QUARTER II AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN AND POPULAR MUSIC MUSIC OF AFRICA 4. Spiritual – It originated in the Unites States and created by...

MUSIC 10 – QUARTER II AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN AND POPULAR MUSIC MUSIC OF AFRICA 4. Spiritual – It originated in the Unites States and created by African-American slaves. It is also known as “Negro Spiritual”. It African music is one of the most influential styles of became a means of imparting Christian values and a way of music in the world. It has greatly influenced the music of venting their hardships as slaves. Contemporary America, Latin America, and European music. Its 5. Call and Response – It is likened to a question-and-answer highly energetic and rhythmically challenging beats are quite sequence in human communication. The slaves used to sing universal. Jazz, Gospel and Spiritual, and Rhythm and Blues these songs while simultaneously doing all their tasks in a day. (RnB) are genres of music that have deep roots to African music. The music of Africa is the product of the diverse history, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF AFRICA topography, and unique musical heritage of more than 50 countries. It is the result of the fusion of traditional and European African music has a very wide range of genres. It influences which was a result of the colonization of Europe to includes all the major instrumental genres of western music most of the continent until the 19th Century including strings, winds, and percussion, along with a tremendous variety of specific African musical instruments for solo or TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF AFRICA ensemble playing. Get ready to learn their most popular instruments! African traditional music is mainly functional in nature which is used primarily in ceremonial rites, such as birth, death, CLASSIFICATION OF TRADITIONAL AFRICAN marriage, succession, worship, and spirit invocations. Others are INSTRUMENTS work related or social in nature, while many traditional societies A. Idiophones – Sound is produced by the body of the instrument view their music as a form of entertainment. vibrating. 1. Agogo - It is a single bell or multiple bells TYPES OF AFRICAN MUSIC and is considered as the oldest samba instrument based on West African Yoruba 1. Afrobeat – It is a term used to describe the fusion of West single or double bells. It has the highest pitch African with Black American music. of any of the bateria instruments. 2. Apala (Akpala) - It is a musical genre from Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal style to wake up the worshippers after fasting during 2. Shekere – It is a type of gourd and shell the Muslim holy feast of Ramadan. megaphone from West Africa, consisting of a 3. Axe - It is a popular musical genre from Salvador, Bahia, and dried gourd with beads woven into a net Brazil. It fuses the Afro-Caribbean styles of marcha, reggae, and covering the gourd. calypso. 4. Jit - It is a hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean dance music 3. Slit/Log drum – It is a hollow percussion played on drums with guitar accompaniment influenced by mbira- instrument. Although known as a drum, it is based guitar styles. not a true drum but is an idiophone. It is 5. Jive - It is a popular form of South African music featuring a usually carved or constructed from bamboo or lively and uninhibited variation of the jitterbug, a form of swing wood into a box with one or more slits in the dance. top. 6. Juju - It is a popular music style from Nigeria that relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms. A drum kit, keyboard, pedal steel 4. Atingting Kon (Slit Gong) – It is a guitar, and accordion are used along with the traditional dun-dun hollowed cylinder of wood with a narrow (talking drum or squeeze drum). longitudinal opening or slit w hose edges are 7. Kwassa Kwassa – It is a music style that begun in Zaire in the struck to produce a deep, sonorous tone. late 1980s popularized by Kanda Bongo Man. In this dance style, They are portraits of ancestors so that when the hips move back and forth while the arms move following the played, it is the voices of awakened ancestors hips. which resonate from their interior chamber. 8. Marabi – It is a South African three-chord township music of the 1930s-1960s which evolved into African Jazz. It is 5. Balafon – It is a kind of wooden xylophone characterized by simple chords in varying vamping patterns and or percussion idiophone which plays melodic repetitive harmony over an extended period. tunes. It has been played in the region since the 1300s. In the 16th century, it became a VOCAL FORMS OF AFRICAN MUSIC real art at the royal court of Sikasso/ Mali and was flourishing under the reign of a generous 1. Maracatu – It is the combination of strong rhythms of African king. percussion instruments and Portuguese melodies. This form of music is being paraded along the streets by up to 100 B. Membranophones – Sound is produced by the vibration of a participants. tightly stretched membrane. 2. Blues – It is one of the most widely performed musical forms of the late 19th century. The melodies of blues are expressive and 1. Body percussion - It refers to African soulful. The slaves and their descendants used to sing these as music using their bodies as instruments. they work in the fields. Their body can be used to produce sound by 3. Soul – It is a popular music genre of the 1950s and 1960s clapping their hands, slapping their thighs, which originated in the African-American community throughout pounding their upper arms or chests, or the United States. It combines elements of African-American shuffling their feet. Wearing of rattles or bells gospel music, rhythm and blues, and often jazz. 1  MUSIC 10 – QUARTER II AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN AND POPULAR MUSIC on their wrists, ankles, arms, and waists enhances their emotional their home country as well as to voice out their sentiments on their response. desperate condition at that time. 2. Talking drum – It is used to send messages to announce DIFFERENT FORMS OF JAZZ: births, deaths, marriages, sporting events, dances, initiations or 1. RAGTIME - Its style was said to be a war. It is believed that the drums can carry direct messages to the modification of the “marching mode” spirits after the death of a loved one. made popular by John Philip Sousa, where the effect is generated by an 3. Djembe - The West African djembe internally syncopated melodic line pitted (pronounced zhem-bay) is one of the best-known against a rhythmically straightforward bass line. African drums. It is shaped like a large goblet and played with bare hands. The body is carved from 2. BIG BAND - The term ‘Big Band” refers to a large ensemble a hollowed trunk and is covered with goat skin. form originating in the United States in the mid 1920’s closely associated with the Swing Era with jazz elements. Relying C. Lamellaphone – Sound is produced by the vibration of heavily on percussion (drums), wind, rhythm section (guitar, tongues of metal, wood or other material. piano, double bass, vibes), and brass instruments 1. Mbira (Kalimba/ Thumb Piano) – It is a set (saxophones), with a lyrical string section (violins and other of plucked tines or keys mounted on a sound string instruments) to accompany a lyrical melody. board. It is being played by holding the instrument in the hands and plucking the tines 3. BEBOP - A musical style of modern jazz, which is with the thumbs. They used this instrument to characterized by a fast tempo, instrumental virtuosity, and drive away evil spirits since it is believed that it was a vector of improvisation that emerged during World War II. The speed of communication with ancestors and spirits. the harmony, melody, and rhythm resulted in a heavy performance where the instrumental sound became more 2. Array Mbira – It is a hand-crafted instrument tense and free. with a unique harp or bell-like sound. It is a popular traditional instrument of the Shona 4. JAZZ ROCK - A synonym for “jazz fusion,” jazz rock is a mix people in Zimbabwe. It is a radical redesign of of funk and R&B (“rhythm and blues”) rhythms, where the the African Mbira and it consists of up to 150 music used amplification and electronic effects, complex time metal tines attached to a wooden board, comprising up to five signatures, and extended instrumental compositions with octaves. lengthy improvisations in the jazz style. D. Chordophones – Sound is produced by the vibration of a MUSIC OF LATIN AMERICA string or strings that are stretched between fixed points. The music of Latin America is the product of three major 1. Musical Bow - The Musical bow is the influences – Indigenous, Spanish-Portuguese, and African. ancestor of all string instruments. It is the oldest Sometimes called Latin music, it includes the countries that have and one of the most widely used string a colonial history from Spain and Portugal, divided into the instruments of Africa. It consists of a single string following areas of Andean Region, Central America, Caribbean attached to each end of a curved stick, similar to and Brazil. a bow and arrow. INFLUENCES ON LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC 2. Zeze - The Zeze is an African fiddle played 1. Indigenous Latin-American Music – The natives were found with a bow, a small wooden stick, or plucked to be using local drum and percussion instruments. The with the fingers. It has one or two strings made indigenous music of Latin America was largely functional in nature, of steel or bicycle brake wire. It is from Sub- being used for religious worships and ceremonies. Saharan Africa. 2. Native American/ Indian Music - The ethnic and cultural groups of the principal Native Americans share many similar yet E. Aerophones – Sound is produced through the vibration of air. distinctive music elements. Songs had a wide range of volume 1. Fulani – It is a type of flute which is widely levels. Songs celebrate themes like harvest, planting season or used throughout Africa and either vertical or other important events or occasions of the year. side-blown. They are usually fashioned from a 3. Afro-Latin American Music - The African influence on Latin single tube closed at one end and blown like a American music is most pronounced in its rich and varied rhythmic bottle. patterns produced by drums and various percussion instruments. 4. Euro-Latin American Music - The different regions of Latin 2. Kudu Horn – It is made from the horn of the America adopted various characteristics from their European kudu antelope. Its sound releases a mellow and colonizers. Melodies of the Renaissance period were used in warm sound that adds a unique African accent Southern Chile and the Colombian Pacific coasts. to their music. 5. Mixed American Music - The result of the massive infusion of African culture also brought about the introduction of other music JAZZ and dance forms such as the Afro-Cuban rumba, Jamaican The arrival of the jazz genre did not come overnight. It reggae, Colombian cumbia, and the Brazilian samba. was an offshoot of the music of African slaves who migrated to America. As music is considered a therapeutic outlet for human feelings, the Africans used music to recall their nostalgic past in 2  MUSIC 10 – QUARTER II AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN AND POPULAR MUSIC POPULAR LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC 1. Ocarina - It is an ancient vessel flute made of clay 1. Samba - It is a dance form of African origin around 1838 which or ceramic with four to 12 finger holes and a evolved into an African-Brazilian invention in the working class and mouthpiece that projected from the body. slum districts of Rio de Janeiro. Its lively rhythm was meant to be executed for singing, dancing, and parading in the carnival. 2. Zampoñas (Panpipes) – These are ancient 2. Son – It is a fusion of the popular music or canciones (songs) instruments tuned to different scalar varieties, of Spain and the African rumba rhythms of Bantu origin. played by blowing across the tubetop. Originating in Cuba, it is usually played with the guitar, contrabass, bongos, maracas, and claves. Its most important legacy is its C. Andean Instruments influence on present-day Latin American music, particularly as the These are the instruments that were being played during forerunner of the salsa. the Andean Civilization (c. 3000 BCE – 1537). This civilization is 3. Salsa – It is a social dance with marked influences from Cuba considered indigenous and not derived from other civilizations and Puerto Rico that started in New York in the mid 1970s. Its style mainly because they came from the river valleys of the coastal contains elements from the swing dance and hustle as well as the desserts of Peru. complex Afro-Cuban and Afro-Caribbean dance forms of pachanga and guaguanco. 1. Siku - It is a side-blown cane flute that is played all year round. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF LATIN AMERICA The varied cultures developed in Latin America gave rise 2. Tarkas - These are vertical duct flutes with a to different types of wind and percussion instruments. As some mouthpiece similar to that of a recorder, used during instruments were considered holy and music was supposed to the rainy season. glorify the gods, mistakes in playing these instruments were considered offensive and insulting to them. 3. Quenas – These are vertical cane flutes with an end-notched made from fragile bamboo. They are A. Aztec and Mayan Instruments used during the dry season. These are the instruments that were played during the Aztec Empire (c. 1345-1521 CE) and Mayan Civilization (1800 BC D. Mariachi – AD 950). Aztec and Mayan people are people who lived in It is an extremely popular band in Mexico whose original Southern Mexico and Northern Central America Central. ensemble consisted of violins, guitars, harp, and an enormous guitarron. Mariachi music is extremely passionate and romantic 1. Tlapitzalli – It is a flute variety from the Aztec with their blended harmonies and characterized by catchy culture made of clay with decorations of abstract rhythms. designs or images of their deities. VOCAL AND DANCE FORMS OF LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC 2. Teponaztli – It is a Mexican slit drum hollowed 1. Cumbia – It is a popular African courtship dance with European out and carved from a piece of hardwood with and African instrumentation and characteristics, originating in designs representing human figures or animals to be Panama and Colombia. It contains varying rhythmic meters. used for both religious and recreational purposes. 2. Tango – It is a foremost Argentinian and Uruguayan urban popular song and dance and remains a 20th century nationalistic 3. Conch – It is a wind instrument made from a Argentinian piece of music that is most expressive. seashell usually of a large sea snail. It is prepared 3. Cha Cha – It is a ballroom dance originated in Cuba in 1953 by cutting a hole in its spine near the apex, and then that was derived from the mambo. The Cuban Cha Cha is blown into as if it were a trumpet. considered more sensual because it contains polyrhythmic patterns. 4. Rasp – It is a hand percussion instrument whose 4. Rumba - It is a popular recreational dance with Afro-Cuban sound is produced by scraping a group of notched origin. It is normally used as a ballroom dance where a couple sticks with another stick, creating a series of rattling would be in an embrace though slightly apart, with the rocking of effects. the hips to a fast-fast-slow sequence. 5. Bossa nova – It is the slower and gentler version of the Cuban 5. Huehueti – It is a Mexican upright tubular drum Samba, originated in the 1950s. It is the Portuguese term for “new used by the Aztecs and other ancient civilizations. It trend”. This genre integrates melody, harmony and rhythm into is made of wood opened at the bottom and standing swaying feel and mostly sung in a nasal manner. Antonio Carlos on three legs cut from the base, with its stretched Jobim is the foremost international figure of Bossa nova while Sitti skin beaten by the hand or a wooden mallet. Navarro is his Filipino counterpart. 6. Reggae - It is an urban popular music and dance style that B. Incan Instruments originated in Jamaica in the mid1960s. It is instantly recognizable These are instruments that were being played during the from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat and civilization of Inca between c. 1400 and 1533 CE in Pre-Columbian the offbeat rhythm section. Bob Marley is the best-known America, which was centered in what is now Peru. The Incas built proponent of reggae who hails from Jamaica. one of the largest, most tightly controlled empires the world has 7. Foxtrot – It is a 20th century social dance that originated after ever known. 1910 in the USA. This dance had no fixed step pattern, instead borrowing from other dance forms and having a simple forward/backward sequence. 8. Paso Doble - It is a theatrical Spanish dance used by the Spaniards in bullfights which means “double step”. The dance is 3  MUSIC 10 – QUARTER II AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN AND POPULAR MUSIC arrogant and dignified where the dancer takes strong steps HIP HOP AND RAP forward with the heels accompanied by artistic hand movements, is a stylized, highly rhythmic type of music that usually (but not foot stomping, sharp and quick. always) includes portions of rhythmically chanted words called “rap.” In rapping, the artist speaks along with an instrumental or POPULAR MUSIC synthesized beat. In the broader sense, Pop Music means any sort of music intended for mass consumption and propagated over the PHILIPPINE POPULAR MUSIC radio and similar media. The one word that comes to mind when we think of contemporary Philippine music is the type commonly termed as BALLADS Original Pinoy Music or Original Philippine Music, or OPM for Ballads originated as an expressive folksong in narrative short. verse dealing typically about love. The word is derived from both the medieval French chanson balladee and ballade which refer to Philippine Jazz a dancing song. It was used by poets and composers since the Philippine musicians have also been inspired by jazz music. 18th century until it became a slow popular love song in the 19th Among them are jazz pianist and recording artist Boy Katindig, century. Today, it refers to a love song in a slightly pop or rock who comes from the well-known clan of musicians that includes style, with the following variations: jazz piano legend Romy Katindig and saxophonist Eddie Katindig. The Katindig family pioneered Latin jazz in Manila. 1. Blues Ballads - a fusion of Anglo-American and Afro-American styles from the 19th century that deals with the anti-heroes PHILIPPINE ALTERNATIVE FOLK MUSIC resisting authority. The form emphasizes the character of the The Philippines also saw the rise of alternative folk music which performer more than the narrative content and uses a banjo or a was different from the traditional and popular form. guitar as accompaniment. This new form combined ethnic instrumentation with electronic 2. Pop Standard and Jazz Ballads - a blues style built from a accompaniment, while presenting themes or issues of society and single verse of 16 bars ending on the dominant or half-cadence, the environment. followed by a refrain/chorus part of 16 or 32 bars in AABA form. The B section acts as the bridge, and the piece normally ends with PHILIPPINE ROCK – The year 1973 saw the birth of Philippine or a brief coda. “Pinoy” rock music which successfully merged the rock beat with 3. Pop and Rock Ballads - an emotional love song with Filipino lyrics. This new sound was introduced by the legendary suggestions of folk music. This style is sometimes applied to Juan de la Cruz Band (with their song Ang Himig Natin) which had strophic (verse-repeating) story-songs. for its members Joey “Pepe” Smith, Wally Gonzales, and the originator of Jeproks, Mike Hanopol, who later became a major ROCK AND ROLL - Rock and roll were a hugely popular song symbol of Pinoy rock. form in the United States from the late 1940’s to the 1950’s. It combined Afro- American forms such as the blues, jump blues, PINOY RAP - In the Philippines, rap was also made popular by jazz, and gospel music with Western swing and country music. such composers and performers as Francis Magalona. The greatest exponent of the rock and roll style was the legendary Elvis Presley DISCO The disco style had a soaring and reverberating sound rhythmically controlled by a steady beat (usually 4/4 Meter) for ease dancing and accompanied by string, horns, electric guitars, and electric piano or synthesizer. POP MUSIC Parallel with the disco era, other pop music superstars continued to emerge. Michael Jackson “King of Pop” - He was an American recording artist, entertainer, singer-songwriter, record producer, musical arranger, dancer, choreographer, actor, businessman, and philanthropist. Today’s Pop Idol - As the 21st century continues to unfold, more and more pop groups will emerge spanning an entire range of musical styles and genres. There are music groups like Black Eyed Peas, K Pop (Korean), My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boys, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, Souja Boy, Train, Maroon 5, and One Direction. o While solo performers include Adele, Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran, Rihanna, Chris Brown, Ariana Grande, Justin Bieber, Miley Cyrus, Katy Perry, Nikki Minaj, Selena Gomez, and others. 4