Handout Q2 Mapeh 10 PDF

Q2 MUSIC o Blues - The notes of the blues create an expressive and soulful MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN AND sound. The feelings that are evoked are normally associated POPULAR MU...

Q2 MUSIC o Blues - The notes of the blues create an expressive and soulful MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN AND sound. The feelings that are evoked are normally associated POPULAR MUSIC with misfortune, lost love, frustration, or loneliness. From Traditional Music of Africa extreme joy to deep sadness, the blues can communicate o African music has interlocking structural format. It is mainly various emotions more effectively than other musical forms. overlapping and has dense texture as well as its rhythmic o Soul - a popular music genre of the 1950s and 1960s. It complexity. Its many sources of influence have produced such originated in the United States, and combined elements of varied styles and genres as the following: African American gospel music, rhythm, and blues, and often § Afrobeat - used to describe fusion of Western African with jazz. The catchy rhythm is accompanied by handclaps and Black American music. extemporaneous body moves which are among its important § Apala (Akpala) - a musical genre from Nigeria in the features. Other characteristics include “call and response’’ Yoruba tribal style. It used to wake-up worshippers after between the soloist and the chorus, and an especially intense fasting during Muslim holy feast of Ramadan. Percussion and powerful vocal sounds. instrumentation includes the rattle (sekere), thumb piano o Spiritual - associated with deeply religious person. It pertains (agidigbo), bell (agogo), and two or three talking drums. to a song form, known as the “Negro spiritual” sang by the § Axe - a popular genre from Salvador, Bahia, & Brazil. It African slaves in America who became enslaved by their white fuses the Afro-Caribbean styles of marcha & reggae, & is communities. This form of music is used as outlet to express played by carnival bands. loneliness and anger. It was a result of the interaction of music § Jit - a hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean dance music and religion from Africa with that of American. played on drum with guitar accompaniment, influenced by o Call and Response - a method of a succession of two distinct mbira-based guitar styles. musical phrases usually rendered by different musicians, § Jive – a popular form of South African music featuring a where the second phrase acts as a direct commentary on or lively and uninhibited variation of the jitterbug. Jitter is a response to the first. It is somewhat same with question-and- form of swing dance. answer sequence in human communication. It also resembles § Juju - a musical style from Nigeria that relies on the to the verse-chorus form in many vocal compositions. traditional Yoruba rhythms, where instruments are more Western in origin. A drum kit, keyboard, pedal steel guitar, MUSIC OF LATIN AMERICA and accordion are used along with the traditional dun-dun Influences on Latin American Music (talking drum or squeeze drum). Indigenous Latin American Music - it was largely functional in § Kwassa kwassa - a dance style that began in Zaire in the nature, being used for religious worship and ceremonies. The use late 1980s, popularized by Kanda Bongo Man. In this style, of instruments, as well as singing and dancing, served to implore the hips move back & forth while arms follow the hip the gods for a good harvest or victory in battle, to guard against movements. sickness and natural disasters, and of course to provide recreation. § Marbi - a South African three-chord township music of the Afro-Latin American Music - The rich and varied rhythmic 1930s-1960s which evolved into African jazz. It is patterns produced by drums and various percussion instruments characterized by simple chords in varying vamping patterns are noticeable in this music. Complex layering of rhythmic pattern with repetitive harmony over an extended period of time to was favorite device, where fast-paced tempo adds to the rhythmic give the dancers more time on the dance floor. density. Vocal music was often deep-chested while instrumental Latin American as Influenced by African music greatly relied on drums and buzzer to produce rich sounds o Music Reggae - a Jamaican musical style that was influenced and occasional loud volume levels for added intensity. by the island’s traditional mento music. Its offbeat rhythm and Euro-Latin American Music - The different regions of Latin staccato chords are the most distinctive qualities of reggae. American adopted various characteristics from European o Salsa - a dance music from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Colombia. colonizers. The melodies of renaissance period were used in It is composed of various genres including the Cuban son Southern Chile and the Colombian Pacific coasts, while stepwise montuno, guaracha, chachacha, mambo, and bolero. melodies were preferred in the heavily Hispanic and Moorish o Samba - a Brazilian musical genre and style. Its roots can be influenced areas of Venezuela and Colombia. traced to Africa via the West African slave trade and African Mixed American Music - The diversity of races and cultures from religious tradition particularly in Angola and the Congo. It has the native Americans, Afro-Latin Americans and Euro-Latin basic underlying rhythm that typifies most Brazilian music. It is Americans account the rich combination of musical elements. This lively and has rhythmical beat with three steps to every bar, musical fusion, combining native instruments with Europe making the samba feels like a timed dance. counterparts and musical theories, was further enriched by the o Soca - also called as the “soul of calypso”. It originated as a instruments brought by the African slaves. fusion of calypo with Indian rhythms, thus combining the Popular Latin American Music - Latin American has produced musical traditions of the two major ethnic groups of Trinidad several musical genres and forms that had been influenced by and Tobago. It is a modern Trinidadian and Tobagonian pop European folk music, African traditional music, and native source. music combining soul and calypso music. Much of its popular music has in turn found its way to America, o Were - a Muslim music often performed as a wake-up call for Europe, and eventually the rest of the world. Its danceable the early breakfast and prayers during Ramadan celebrations. rhythms, passionate melodies, and exotic harmonies continue to Relying on pre-arranged music, it fuses the African and enthrall music and dance enthusiasts worldwide. Some of these European music styles. Latin American popular music forms are the tango, bossa nova, o Zouk - a carnival–like rhythm, from the creole slang word for samba, son and salsa. “party”. It originated in the Caribbean Islands of Guadeloupe o Samba - a dance form of African origin which evolved into an and Martinique and popularized in the 1980s. It has pulsing African -Brazilian favorite in the working class and slum beat supplied by the gwo ka and tambour bele drums, a tibwa districts of Rio de Janeiro. Its lively rhythm consists of two four- rhythmic pattern played on the rim of snare drum, a rhythm time signature that are danced as three steps per measure, guitar, a horn section, and keyboard synthesizers. thus creating a feeling of three four-time signature. Vocal Form of African Music o Son - It is a fusion of the popular music or canciones (songs) o Maracatu - first surfaced in the African state of Pernambuco, of Spain, the African rumba rhythms of Bantu origin. combining the strong rhythm of African percussion instruments o Salsa - It is a social dance with marked influences from Cuba with Portuguese melodies. The maracatu group called nacoes and Puerto Rico that started in New York in the mid 1970s. The (nations) who paraded with a drumming assemble numbering moderate tempo is used throughout. up to 100, are accompanied by singer, a chorus, and coterie of dancers. Vocal and Dance Form of Latin American Music Popular Music - It literally means “ music of the populace”, like 1. Cumbia - consists of varying rhythmic meters in different locations- traditional music of the past. In the 20th century, pop music (as it has two four-time signature in Colombia, two four, four four, and six come to be called) generally consisted of music for entertainment of eight-time signatures in Panama, and two two-time signature in large number of people, whether on radio or in live performances. Mexico. The instruments used are drums of African origin, such as Folk Music - Traditionally, folk music pertains to melodies and the tabora, (bass drum), claves (a pair of the thick hardwood sticks songs of the common people handed down one generation to the struck together to set the beat), guitar, accordion, clarinet, modern next. Folk music commonly expresses the character of ethnic and flute, and caja (a type of snare drum). social groups, and sometimes of a nation. As the music of the 2. Tango - The word " tango" has been of African origin, meaning people, it shows political or religious beliefs, tells a story, recount "African dance" or from the Spanish word taner meaning "to play" history, or simply provides amusement. an instrument. During the 1890s, it developed as the foremost Country and Western Music - It is the combination of popular urban song and dance form in the working-class areas of Buenos, musical forms originally found in the southern United States. The Aires, Argentina related to the Cuban contradanza and habanera. terminology "country music" began to be used in the 1940s when 3. Chacha - It is a ballroom dance originated in Cuba. It was derived the earlier term "hillbilly music" was felt to be degrading, and the from the mambo and its characteristics rhythm of 2 crochets-3 term was subsequently embraced in the 1970s. The music reflects quavers- quaver rest, with a syncopation on the fourth beat. the people's life experiences and local settings, even while 4. Rumba - It is popular recreational dance of Afro-Cuban origin, combining the ideas of a continued development of the society with performed in a complex duple meter pattern and tresillo, which is nostalgia for one's roots and culture. a dotted quaver- dotted quaver -dotted semiquaver rhythm. It has Ballad - It is about expressive folksong in narrative verse with text a repetitive melody with an ostinato pattern played by maracas, dealing typically with love. The word “ballad” derived both from the claves, and other percussion instruments. medieval French “chanson balladee” and “ballade”, means a dancing 5. Bossa nova - It originated in the late 1950s when a slower, gentler song. Nowadays, the term ballad pertains to a love song in slightly pop version of the classic Cuban samba become popular with the or rock style, with following variations: upper- and middle-class sectors of Brazilian society. The name 1. Blues Ballads — It often deals with anti-heroes resisting bossa nova is Portuguese (the language of Brazil) for "new trend." authority and emphasizes the character of the performance more The music integrates melody, harmony, and rhythm into a swaying than narrative content as accompanied by banjo or guitar. feel, where the vocal style is often nasal. 2. Pop Standard and Jazz Ballads —It is a blues style built from 6. Reggae - It is an urban popular music and dance style that single verse of 16 bars ending the dominant of half-cadence, originated in Jamaica in the mid-1960s. It contained English texts followed by a refrain or chorus part of 16 or 32 bars in AABA form coupled with Creole expressions that were not so familiar to the. The B section acts as the bridge, and the piece usually ends non-Jamaican. with a brief coda or the tail—a few additional lyrics that bring the 7. Foxtrot - The foxtrot is a 20th century social dance that originated song to a close after 1910 in the USA. It was executed as one step, two step and 3. Pop and Rock Ballads — It is categorized as an emotional love syncopated rhythmic pattern. The tempo varied from 30 to 40 bars song with suggestions of folk music. per minute and had a simple duple meter with regular 4-bar Standards - It is used to denote the most popular and enduring songs phrases. from a particular genre or styles. Its style is mostly moderate 8. Paso Doble - It means double step. It is a theatrical Spanish dance tempo with a relaxed mood and highly playable melodies within used by Spaniards in bullfights. The music was played as the the range and technical capacity of armature singers. matador (a bullfighter whose task is to kill the bull) enters (paseo); Rock and Roll - It was greatly popular song from United States during and, during passes just before the kill (faena). The music used is the late 1940s to the 1960s. It combined the Afro-American forms in the duple meter and march-like character. such as the blues, jump blues, jazz, and gospel music with Western swing and country music. The lead instruments were the Jazz Music - The development of the jazz genre was an offshoot of piano and saxophone, but these were eventually replaced by the music of African slaves who were brought to America. As an outlet modern instrument. for their deepest feelings, the Africans used music to recall their Disco - pertains to rock music that was more danceable. The disco nostalgic past in their home country as well as to voice out their style had a soaring and reverberating sound rhythmically sentiments on their desperate condition as slaves in America. Jazz controlled by a steady beat for ease of dancing, and accompanied evolved into different upbeat forms which the world adopted and by stringed, horns, electric guitars, and electric pianos or incorporated into other contemporary styles. synthesizers. 1. Ragtime - It is a popular American music style mainly for piano. It Pop Music - Like disco era, other pop music superstars continued to originated in the Afro-American communities of St. Louis and New emerge including pop superstars like Celine Dion, Madonna, Orleans. It was said to be a modification of the "marching mode" Michael Jackson (The King of Pop) & the today’s pop music idols, made popular by John Philip Sousa, where the effect is generated such Boyzone, Westlife, Black Eyed Peas, K-pop groups, etc. by an internally syncopated melodic line pitted against a Hip Hop & Rap - The musical style is a highly rhythmic type of music rhythmically straightforward bass line. that usually includes rap (rhythmic chanted words). In rapping, 2. Big Band - It refers to a large ensemble originated in the United the artist performs along within the instruments, or the synthesizer States in the mid-1920s closely associated with the Swing Era & beat. its jazz elements. The style relied heavily on percussion (drums), Alternative Music - It is an underground and independent form of wind, rhythm (guitar, piano, double bass, vibes), and brass music that arose in the 1980s. It was recognized as instruments (specifically saxophones), with a lyrical string section unconventional practices such as distorted guitar sounds, (violins and other string instruments) to accompany a lyrical oppressive lyrics, and defiant attitudes. melody. 3. Bebop - Bebop or bop is a musical style of modern jazz that Classical Musical Made Popular - In the 20th century the composers emerged during World War II. It was recognized by its tempo, expanded the genres of classical music with bold or daring new instrument virtuosity, and improvisation. The speed of the styles, such as minimalism, chance music, & avant-garde music. harmony, melody, and rhythm resulted to heavy performance Crossover Performance: Classical and Pop - Number of where the instrument sound more intense and freer. classical musicians have begun to render “crossover” 4. Jazz Rock - It is the music of 1960s and 1970s bands that inserted performance, in which they combine classical compositions with jazz elements into rock music. A synonym for “jazz fusion”, jazz a jazz, rock, and folk music in the same concert or recording. rock is a mix of funk and R&B (rhythm and blues) where the music Philippine Popular Music Original Pilipino Music (OPM) - It used amplification and electronic effects, complex time signature, pertains to the Philippine pop song, particularly ballads, such as and extended instrumental compositions with lengthy those popular after the fading of its predecessor, the Manila improvisations in the jazz style. Sound, in the late 1970s. Q2 ARTS behavior, producing learning, and promoting brain plasticity; involve Technology-Based Art: Elements, Characteristics & Adaptation predominately active forms of learning; typically more effective than Computer/Digital Arts - In the early 1960s, digital or computer art first passive learning came on the scene. Understandably, this was due to the Digital Painting - a method of creating artwork using a computer; technology that was constantly developing, and that became still makes use of traditional painting mediums such as acrylic paint, available at that time. oils, ink, and watercolor, and applies the pigment to traditional Philippine Scene - Filipino artists in our country were influenced by surfaces, such as canvas, paper, polyester, etc.; employs computer the technology trend in art. However, this was more in the software that drives a type of robot device (such as a plotter) or an commercial sphere. From the 1960s to the 1990s, their computer- office machine (such as a printer) that takes the place of the artist's generated works were primarily geared towards illustrating hand; a technique using a graphics software program to create an international comic books. artwork that is totally virtual; finished work is stored in virtual format Antonio Gorordo is a 55-year-old digital artist who used to be shared through cyberspace traditional painting tools and techniques for several years. He was inspired by the works of Ang Kiukok & Jose Joya. In 2010, Video Technology / Imaging Videos he discovered the art of digital painting. He created his pieces 1. Social Media Purposes - Provide a new platform for video using Adobe Photoshop, a popular photo-editing software. He materials targeting the "netizens" of today; produce videos that are believes digital art is the new creative frontier offering limitless constantly uploaded to online platforms like YouTube-from music, possibilities & accessibility. He encourages artists & art lovers dance, and stage performances; and provide tutorials of all kinds to embrace new technologies in making art. to recipes to documentaries to news clips to marriage proposals. Anina Rubio is a famous visual artist in the Philippines; a 2. Medical / Scientific Purposes - Today’s video technology is that muralist and a digital artist. She works in top brands Keds, of imaging videos in the fields of medicine and science. Examples Guess, Kate Spade, and National Bookstore or NBS. are Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computerized Tomography (CT scans), and the like which are used to create and Technology-Based Artworks - Art and technology have become record visual images of a patient’s internal anatomy to diagnose more intertwined than ever before. It provides us with new ways to and treat diseases and injuries. Ultrasound tests or sonograms mix different types of media, allowing more human interaction or translate sound waves bouncing off physical objects into images simply making the process of creating something easier. that can be studied—whether a baby developing in the womb (in Technology -based arts or simply digital art, once created, can be 2D, 3D, and 4D options), growths or malformations inside the body, easily mass-produced because it is a work made and presented structural flaws in buildings, as well as objects in outer space, on digital technology. underground, and deep in the ocean Mobile Phone Arts – changed the way we do things today and can do a wide range of things; a means of personal Q2 PHYSICAL EDUCATION expression and artistic creativity; used for school projects, or reports that require combining images, incorporating text, or Physical Activity, Exercise and Eating Habit even including simple animations; essential tool for most Warm-up: An effective warm-up exercise should: people; use mobile phone cameras to capture the spontaneity o Increase blood flow to the muscles; of the moment; and gives birth to a new art form called mobile o Increase muscle elasticity; photography o Gently raise heart rate; Computer-generated Images (CGI) – application of o Increase mental alertness; and, computer graphics to create images in art, print media, o Increase core body temperature. videogames, television programs, commercials, & videos; Sample warm-up and stretching exercises visual scenes may be dynamic or static and may be 2D; o Neck stretch commonly refers to 3D computer graphics to create scenes o Shoulder rolls Other Warm-up exercises or special effects in films & televisions; used in foreign movies o Side arm stretch o Hip circles like Avatar, Pirates of the Caribbean, Incredible Hulk and etc. o Triceps stretch o Alternate cross kicks Digital Photography – capture, create, edit and share digital o Hamstring stretch o March on the spot images/ photographs; primary function is to record history, the o Quadriceps stretch o Knee lifts whole series of past events connected with someone or o Outer thigh stretch o Waist turns something; equate history with writing; provide electronic or o Inner thigh stretch o Jog in place computer-based photography services; mainly used to o Calf stretch o Lower back stretch create, publish, or use digital photographs on computers o Knee bends / squats o Alternate to touch and/or the Internet; outcome or output is stored in a bitmap Build your lower body strength o Jumping jacks (BMP) format. o Walking lunge Strengthen your chest muscles o Side lunge o Push-up Some electronic and computing technologies that are part of digital o Triceps drip o Decline push-up photography o Squats o Knee push-up Electronic/digital cameras: capture images/photographs and o Prone hold / planking store them in built-in/integrated storage media cards o Glute lift Computing devices: include webcam integrated with a computer/laptop or a scanner that enables the capturing of existing Leisure as time - free from obligations, work (paid and unpaid), and physical (paper/card) images tasks required for existing (sleeping, eating) Digital photography software: purpose-built software enables the modification of texture, color, brightness, and many other image Leisure as an activity - Leisure is a set of activities that people attributes engage in during free time – activities that are not work-oriented or do not involve life maintenance tasks such as housecleaning or sleeping. For today’s younger generation that grew up in a digital world, even entertainment now comes courtesy of computer devices. A major Play - an imaginative, intrinsically motivated, non-serious, freely component of such entertainment is in the form of video games of chosen, and actively engaging activity every conceivable genre, subject matter, and skill level. Video Games - various interactive games played by electronically Recreation - an activity that people engage in during their free time, manipulating images on a screen; uses specialized electronic which people enjoy. People recognize it as having socially redeeming gaming devices, computers, or mobile devices for entertainment; values and generates a general sense of well-being. modern video games have evolved into sophisticated experiences; instantiate many principles that are fundamental in altering Eating disorders - are illnesses that involve dangerous disturbances practice and procedures (testing, screening, and in eating behaviors thought to stem from some environmental counseling) in health organizations and associations, pressures. These disorders are characterized by an intense fear of monitoring of cases with confidentiality, and programs for becoming fat, which does not disappear even when the person is anti-discriminatory acts (in the workplace, hospitals, and losing weight in extreme amounts. other public institutions). o Anorexia nervosa – an eating disorder characterized by self- v Republic Act No. 9165 (Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs imposed starvation to lose and maintain very low body weight Act of 2002) due to a false/ distorted perception of being fat Ø This protects citizens from the harmful effects of dangerous o Bulimia nervosa – an eating disorder characterized by a drugs to their physical and mental well-being. pattern of binge eating and purging in an attempt to lose weight v Republic Act No. 9211 (Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003) and/or maintain low body weight Ø This protects people from the sale, use, and advertisements o Binge-eating disorder – an eating disorder characterized by of hazardous tobacco products. It promotes the right to uncontrollable episodes of eating excessive amounts of food health and instill health consciousness among them. within a relatively short time v Republic Act No. 10175 (Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012) o Emotional eating – the consumption of large quantities of food Ø The law mandates the prohibition of cybersex, child to suppress negative emotions pornography, unsolicited commercial communications, and The combination of diet and exercise leads to greater weight loss. computer-related identity theft. Exercise increases the rate of weight loss and is vital in maintaining v Republic Act No. 9775 (Anti- Child Pornography Act of 2009) the ideal weight. Not only will exercise maintain lean tissue, but those Ø It defines the crime of child pornography. The Act recognizes who exercise and remain physically active for 60 or more minutes per the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote day can keep their weight off. and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, emotional, psychological and social well-being. It Q2 HEALTH guarantees the fundamental rights of every child from all forms of neglect, cruelty and other conditions prejudicial to NATIONAL HEALTH TRENDS, ISSUES, CONCERNS AND THEIR his/her development, protects every child from all forms of EXISTING HEALTH-RELATED LAWS exploitation and abuse including, but not limited to: the use v Republic Act No. 7394 (Consumer Act of the Philippines) of a child in pornographic performances and materials; and Ø The policy of the State that protects the interests of the the inducement or coercion of a child to engage or be consumer, promote his general welfare, and establish the involved in pornography through whatever means. standards of conduct for business and industry. v Republic Act No. 8949 (Anti-Hazing Law) v Republic Act 8423 (Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act Ø The Act penalizes those who will go too far during initiation (TAMA) of 1997 ) rites of social groups (fraternities or sororities) wherein the Ø The policy of the State that provides for the improvement of “applicant” is subjected to severe physical and emotional the quality and delivery of health care services to the Filipino pain and suffering. people through the development of traditional and v Republic Act No. 7719 (National Blood Services Act of 1994) alternative health care and its integration into the national Ø It aims to promote and encourage voluntary blood donation health care delivery system. by the citizenry, provide for adequate, safe, and affordable v RA 10354 (Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health and equitable distribution of blood and blood products. Act of 2012) v Republic Act No. 9512 (National Environmental Awareness Ø A law which guarantees universal access to methods on and Education Act of 2008) contraception, fertility control, sexual education, and Ø This Act promotes environmental awareness through maternal care. environmental education. Various educational agencies, Ø Four Pillars of the Responsible Parenthood and DSWD, DOST, and DENR shall integrate environmental Reproductive Health Act education in their curricula. It shall encompass the concepts 1. Informed Choice - The Act states that effective and and principles, laws, international and national best quality reproductive healthcare services, which are practices, threats of degradation and its impacts to human ethically and medically safe, legal, accessible, and well-being, responsibilities of humans in conservation, affordable shall be given primacy to ensure the health of protection and rehabilitation of resources, and sustainable the mother and child. Also, the government shall development through the environment. promote and provide unbiased information and access v Republic Act No 8750 (Seat Belts Use Act of 1999) to these services. Ø It aims to secure and safeguard passengers and drivers of 2. Respect for Life - The Act recognizes that abortion is motor vehicles from injuries and other effects of vehicular illegal and punishable by law. However, mothers will be accidents. The policy includes the mandatory wearing of identified to have aborted an unborn child will be served seatbelts by the driver and front seat passengers of any with post -abortive treatment and counseling in a running motor vehicle. The Act also prohibits children from humane, nonjudgmental, and compassionate manner. sitting in the front seat of any motor vehicle. 3. Birth Control - Reproductive healthcare, information, and v Republic Act No. 10586 (Anti-Drunk & Drugged Driving Law) supplies shall be made available most especially to poor Ø It penalizes those who will be caught driving under the beneficiaries. However, the Act provisions also that the influence of alcohol, drugs, and other similar substances. government must respect the citizen’s individual v Mandatory Reporting of Notifiable Diseases and Health preferences and choices of family planning method. Events of Public Health Concern Act (Republic Act No. 4. Responsible Parenthood - Couples determine their ideal 11332) family size. In addition, the government shall equip each Ø It endeavors to protect the people from public health threats parent with needed information in all aspects of family through the efficient and effective disease surveillance of life, reproductive health, and this pillar. notifiable diseases including emerging and re-emerging v The Republic Act No. 8504 (Philippine AIDS Prevention and infectious diseases, diseases for elimination and Control Act of 1998) eradication, epidemics, and health events including Ø The Act promulgates “policies and prescribing measures for chemical, radio-nuclear and environmental agents of public the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in the Philippines, health concern and provide an effective response system in instituting a nationwide HIV/AIDS information and compliance with the 2005 International Health Regulations educational program, establishing a comprehensive (IHR) of the World Health Organization (WHO). The State HIV/AIDS monitoring system, strengthening the Philippine recognizes epidemics and other public health emergencies National AIDS Council, and for other purposes” (PNAC). as threats to public health and national security, which can Ø The Act also provides for education and information undermine the social, economic, and political functions of dissemination in various institutions and agencies, safe the State.