Grade 10 Music and Arts Hand-out PDF

MODULE GRADE 10-MUSIC 2ND 2. Blues -Musical form of the late 19th century that has had deep roots in African American communities (“Deep South” of the United QUARTER:...

MODULE GRADE 10-MUSIC 2ND 2. Blues -Musical form of the late 19th century that has had deep roots in African American communities (“Deep South” of the United QUARTER: States). Slaves used to sing as they worked in the cotton and vegetable fields. The notes of the blues create an expressive and AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN and POPULAR MUSIC soulful sound. The feelings that are evoked are normally associated with slight degrees of misfortune, lost love, frustration, MUSIC OF AFRICA or loneliness.  Historical and Cultural Background of African Music Noted performers of the Rhythm and Blues genre are Ray ❖ Singing, dancing, hand clapping, and the beating of drums are Charles, James Brown, Cab Calloway, Aretha Franklin, and John essential to many ceremonies: birth, death, initiation, Lee Hooker; as well as B.B. King, Bo Diddley, Erykah Badu, Eric marriage, and funerals. Clapton, Steve Winwood, Charlie Musselwhite, Blues Traveler, ❖ Important to religious expression and political events. Jimmie Vaughan, and Jeff Baxter ❖ It has great influences on global music (contemporary 3. Soul -It combines elements of African American gospel music, American, Latin American, and European styles) rhythm, and blues, and often jazz. The catchy rhythms are accompanied by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF AFRICA which are among its important features.  Afrobeat -Afrobeat is a term used to describe the fusion of Some important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s West African with black American music. contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde  Apala -Musical genre from Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal style to McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles and wake up the worshippers after fasting during the Muslim holy Little Richard (who inspired Otis Redding) and James Brown feast of Ramadan. Instrumentation includes the rattle(sekere), were equally influential. Brown was known as the “Godfather of thumb piano (agidigbo), bell (agogo) and two or three talking Soul,” while Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also often drums. acknowledged as “soul forefathers.”  Axe -Popular musical genre from Salvador, Bahia, and Brazil. 4. Spiritual -The term spiritual, normally associated with a deeply It fuses the Afro-Caribbean styles of the marcha, reggae and religious person, refers here to a Negro spiritual, a song form by calypso. African migrants to America who became enslaved by its white  Jit -Hard and fast Zimbabwean dance music played on drums communities. This musical form became their outlet to vent their with guitar accompaniment. loneliness and anger and is a result of the interaction of music and  Jive-Lively and uninhibited variation of jitterbug religion from Africa with that of America.  Juju -Popular style from Nigeria that relies on the traditional 5. Call and Response -The term spiritual, normally associated Yoruba rhythms. with a deeply religious person, refers here to a Negro spiritual, a  Kwassa Kwassa -Shake your booty dance style begun in song form by African migrants to America who became enslaved Zaire in the late 80’s. by its white communities. This musical form became their outlet to  Marabi -Characterized by simple chords in varying vamping vent their loneliness and anger and is a result of the interaction of patterns and repetitive harmony over an extended period to music and religion from Africa with that of America. allow the dances more time on the dance floor. Classification of Traditional African Instruments Latin American Music influenced by African Music  Reggae -Jamaican sound dominated by bass and guitar A. IDIOPHONES -These are percussion instruments that are chops associated with Rastsafarian religion. either struck with a mallet or against one another.  Salsa -Afro-Cuban music.  Samba -Typifies most Brazilian music 1. BALAFON - The balafon is a West African xylophone. It is a  Soca -Modern Trinidadian and Tobago pop music combining pitched percussion instrument with bars made from logs or “soul” and “calypso” music. bamboo.  Were -Muslim music performed often as a wake-up call for 2. RATTLES - Rattles are made of seashells, tin,basketry, animal early breakfast and prayers during Ramadan celebration. hoofs, horn, wood, metal bells, cocoons, palm kernels, or tortoise  Zouk -Fast, carnival-like rhythmic music from the Creole slang shells. word for “party” Originating in the Carribean Islands of 3. AGOGO - The agogo is a single bell or multiple bells that had its Guadalupe and Martinique. origins intraditional Yoruba music and also in the samba baterias (percussion) ensembles. The agogo may be called “the oldest VOCAL FORMS OF AFRICAN MUSIC samba instrument based on West African Yoruba single or double 1. Maracatu -Surfaced in the African state of Pernambuco, bells.” combining the strong rhythms of African percussion instruments 4. ATINGTING KON - These are slit gongs used to communicate with Portugese melodies. It uses mostly percussion instruments between villages. They were carved out of wood to resemble such as the alfaia, tarol and caixa-deguerra, gongue, agbe, and ancestors and had a “slit opening” at the bottom. miniero. The ALFAIA is a large wooden drum that is rope-tuned, 5. SLIT DRUM -The slit drum is a hollow percussion instrument. complemented by the TAROL which is a shallow snare drum and Although known as a drum, it is not a true drum but is an the CAIXA-DE-GUERRA which is a war-like snare. Providing the idiophone. clanging sound is the GONGUE, a metal cowbell. The shakers are 6. DJEMBE -The West African djembe (pronounced zhem-bay) is represented by the AGBE, a gourd shaker covered by beads, and one of the best-known African drums is. It is shaped like a large the MINIERO OR GANZA, a cylindrical metal shaker filled with goblet and played with bare hands. The body is carved from a metal shot or small dried seeds called “Lagrima fre Nossa hollow trunk and is covered in goat skin. Senhora.” 7. SHEKERE - The shekere is a type of gourd and shell leopards, crocodiles, and animal hide as ornaments to the megaphone from West Africa, consisting of a dried gourd with instrument. beads woven into a net covering the gourd. 8. RASP - A rasp, or scraper, is a hand percussion instrument C. LAMELLAPHONE -One of the most popular African whose sound is produced by scraping the notches on a piece of percussion instruments is the lamellaphone, which is a set of wood (sometimes elaborately carved) with a stick, creating a plucked tongues or keys mounted on a sound board. series of rattling effects. 1. MBIRA (hand piano or thumb piano) -The thumb piano or finger xylophone is of African origin and is used throughout the continent. B. MEMBRANOPHONES -Membranophones are instruments It consists of a wooden board with attached staggered metal tines which have vibrating animal membranes used in drums. Their (a series of wooden, metal, or rattan tongues), plus an additional shapes may be conical, cylindrical, barrel, hourglass, resonator to increase its volume. globular, or kettle, and are played with sticks, hands, or a combination of both. MUSIC OF LATIN AMERICA 1. BODY PERCUSSION - Africans frequently use their bodies as The music of Latin America is the product of three major musical instruments. Aside from their voices, where many of them influences –Indigenous, Spanish-Portuguese, and African. are superb singers, the body also serves as a drum as people clap their hands, slap their thighs, pound their upper arms or chests, or INFLUENCES ON LATINAMERICAN MUSIC shuffle their feet. 2. TALKING DRUM - The talking drum is used to send messages 1. INDIGENOUS LATIN-AMERICAN MUSIC -Before the arrival to announce births, deaths, marriages, sporting events, dances, of the Spanish, Portuguese, and other European colonizers, initiation, or war. the natives were found to be using local drum and percussion instruments such as the guiro, maracas, and turtle shells, and C. CHORDOPHONES -Chordophones are instruments which wind instruments such as zampona (panpipes) and quena produce sounds from the vibration of strings. These include (notched-end flutes) remain popular and are traditionally bows, harps, lutes, zithers, and lyres of various sizes. made out of the same aquatic canes, although PVC pipe is 1. MUSICAL BOW - The musical bow is the ancestor of all string sometimes used due to its resistance to heat, cold, and instruments. It is the oldest and one of the most widely used string humidity. instruments of Africa. 2. NATIVE AMERICAN/ INDIAN MUSIC-Some of the Native 2. LUTE - The lute, originating from the Arabic states, is shaped American music includes courtship songs, dancing songs,and like the modern guitar and played in a similar fashion. It has a popular American or Canadian tunes like Amazing Grace, resonating body, a neck, and one or more strings which stretch Dixie, Jambalaya,and Sugar Time. Many songs celebrate across the length of its body and neck. themes like harvest, planting season or 3. KORA - The kora is Africa's most sophisticated harp, while also 3. AFRO-LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC-The African influence on having features similar to a lute. Its body is made from a gourd or Latin American music is most pronounced in its rich and calabash. varied rhythmic patterns produced by the drums and various 4. ZITHER - The zither is a stringed instrument with varying sizes percussion instruments. Complex layering of rhythmic and shapes whose strings are stretched along its body. patterns was a favorite device, where fast paced tempos add 5. ZEZE - The zeze is an African fiddle played with a bow, a small to the rhythmic density. Vocal music was often deepchested wooden stick, or plucked with the fingers. while instrumental music greatly relied on resonant drums and sympathetic buzzers to produce rich sounds and occasional D. AEROPHONES -Aerophones are instruments which are loud volume levels to reflect their intensity. produced initially by trapped vibrating air columns or which 4. EURO-LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC- The different regions of enclose a body of vibrating air. Latin America adopted various characteristics from their 1. FLUTES - Flutes are widely used throughout Africa and either European colonizers. Melodies of the Renaissance period vertical or side-blown. They are usually fashioned from a single were used in Southern Chile and the Colombian Pacific tube closed at one end and blown like a bottle. coasts, while stepwise melodies were preferred in the heavily 2. PANPIPES - consist of cane pipes of different lengths tied in a Hispanic and Moorish-influenced areas of Venezuela and row or in a bundle held together by wax or cord, and generally Colombia. closed at the bottom. They are blown across the top, each 5. MIXED AMERICAN MUSIC - This musical fusion of Latin providing a different note. America combining native instruments with European 3. HORNS - Horns and trumpets, found almost everywhere in counterparts and musical theories was further enriched by the Africa, are commonly made from elephant tusks and animal horns. instruments brought by the African slaves. The result of the 4. KUDU HORN - This is one type of horn made from the horn of massive infusion of African culture also brought about the the kudu antelope. It releases a mellow and warm sound that adds introduction of other music and dance forms such as the Afro- a unique African accent to the music. Cuban rumba, Jamaican reggae, Colombian cumbia, and the 5. REED PIPES - It is the vibration of this reed that causes the air Brazilian samba. within the hollow instrument to vibrate, thus creating the sound. 6. POPULAR LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC 6. WHISTLES -Whistles found throughout the continent may be a. SAMBA -The samba is a dance form of African origins made of wood or other materials. Short pieces of horn serve as around 1838 which evolved into an African-Brazilian whistles, often with a short tube inserted into the mouthpiece. invention in the working class and slum districts of Rio de 7. TRUMPETS - African trumpets are made of wood, metal, animal Janeiro. Its lively rhythm, consisting of a meter but horns, elephant tusks, and gourds with skins from snakes, zebras, containing three steps each that create a feeling of a  meter instead, was meant to be executed for singing, MODULE GRADE 10-ARTS 2ND dancing, and parading in the carnival. QUARTER: b. SON -The son is a fusion of the popular music or TECHNOLOGY – BASED ARTS canciones (songs) of Spain and the African rumba rhythms of Bantu origin.  Technology-based art is essentially computer-generated c. SALSA - The salsa is a social dance with marked and/or manipulated. Through the centuries, visual artists used influences from Cuba and Puerto Rico that started in New actual brushes and palettes, and a whole array of paints, inks, York in the mid 1970’s. Its style contains elements from and natural pigments applied to paper, canvas, fabric, stucco the swing dance and hustle as well as the complex Afro- walls and ceilings. Cuban and Afro-Carribean dance forms of pachanga and guaguanco. ✓ COMPUTER/DIGITAL ARTS - make use of electronic and mechanical devices, rather than the artist’s own hand, to INSTRUMENTAL FORM OF LATIN AMERICA produce the desired images and effects. Thus, these are  Mariachi -The Mariachi is an extremely popular band in technology-based art forms. In recent decades, personal Mexico whose original ensemble consisted of violins, guitars, gadgets such as laptops, tablets, and android phones have harp, and an enormous guitarron (acoustic bass guitar). incorporated the artistic capabilities of large-scale computers. Trumpets were later added, replacing the harp. Mariachi So, it is now possible for anyone to be a digital artist. music is extremely passionate and romantic with their blended ✓ MOBILE PHONE ART/COMPUTER-GENERATED IMAGES - harmonies and characterized by catchy rhythms. Its musicians The mobile phone that you constantly hold has evolved from are distinctly adorned with wide-brimmed hats and silver a mere communication tool into a creative device that allows buttons. you to generate original works of art for an entire range of purposes. These could be personal photographs and videos VOCAL AND DANCE FORMS OF LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC that you can manipulate with a myriad of special effects, both 1. CUMBIA -Originating in Panama and Colombia, the cumbia visual as well as sound and music. And the wonder of it all is became a popular African courtship dance with European and that you can do all these right on your own mobile devices, African instrumentation and characteristics. particularly the new-generation models known as android 2. TANGO- The word tango may have been of African origin tablets, phones, and combination of both called “phablets.” meaning “African dance” or from the Spanish word taner meaning “to play” (an instrument). You are probably already familiar with the following image 3. CHA CHA -The cha cha is a ballroom dance the originated in manipulation programs and applications that run on today’s Cuba in 1953, derived from the mambo. It is considered more android devices: sensual that may contain polyrhythmic patterns, has a normal Pixlr – a powerful, free online image editor count of ‘two-three-chachacha’ and ‘four and one, two, three’. Pic Collage – allows you to make collages incorporating photos, 4. RUMBA -The rumba popular recreational dance of Afro-Cuban stickers, text, and frames origin. It is normally used as a ballroom dance where a solo Photo Grid – a downloadable application for android phones dancer or couple would be in an embrace though slightly apart, that allows you to make collages out of images from your photo with the rocking of the hips to a fast-fast-slow sequence and often gallery containing cross rhythms. Doodle Booth – an iPad application (with a free downloadable 5. BOSSA NOVA -Bossa nova originated in 1958-59 as a version) that enables you to ‘doodle’ on your images using movement effecting a radical change in the classic Cuban samba. available stickers The word bossa comes from the Brazilian capital of Rio de Photo Booth – an application for taking photos and videos Janeiro, which means either “trend” or “something charming,” using an iPad or iPad mini (a version for the iPhone, called integrating melody, harmony, and rhythm into a swaying feel, SimpleBooth, is also available) where the vocal style is often nasal. Famous for this genre are Magic Mirror Booth – an iPhone application that allows you to Antonio Carlos Jobim, who became famous with his song take amusing, distorted images, simulating camera effects Desafinado; and Sitti Navarro is a singer who has become known Pic Monkey – a free online photo editing tool that provides as the “Philippines’Queen of Bossa Nova.” filters, frames, text, and effects to manipulate your images 6. REGGAE -Reggae is an urban popular music and dance style Flipagram – a downloadable application that allows you to that originated in Jamaica in the mid 1960’s. It contained English ‘bring your photos to life’ in short videos set to music of your text coupled with Creole expressions that were not so familiar to choice the non-Jamaican. Famous for this genre is BOB MARLEY Picsart – a free photo editor and drawing application, as well as 7. FOXTROT -The foxtrot is a 20th century social dance that a social network for you to share your art with others originated after 1910 in the USA. It was executed as a one step, Snapseed – a photo application that enables you to enhance, two step and syncopated rhythmic pattern. transform, and share your photos; a free downloadable version 8. PASO DOBLE -The paso doble (meaning “double step”) is a for android phones is available theatrical Spanish dance used by the Spaniards in bullfights, Instagram – a fast and fun way to share images with others; where the music was played as the matador enters (paseo)and snap a photo, choose from among the available filters, and during passes just before the kill (faena). share via Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, and more many more such programs and applications are constantly being developed with even more new, exciting, and fun features and capabilities. Computer Generated Images light for photos is within the first hour after sunrise and the last To create original images from scratch, you may make your own hour before sunset. illustrations using specialized programs for image generation and 4. Avoid taking shots facing the light, as this would make your manipulation. subject backlit and most of the details would be lost in shadow. 5. If you intend to take a posed shot, position your subject where Examples of these would be Adobe Illustrator and Corel Draw. you want in relation to the location, background, and source of These are, however, designed to run on desktop computers and light. laptops, so you would need to have access to these larger and 6. If you intend to take a candid shot, position yourself where you more complex devices. can capture the most interesting, amusing, touching, or engaging moment or expression. There are scaled-down versions of such programs specifically 7. Take a variety of shots—ranging from far shots showing the developed for use on smaller, handheld units like your personal surroundings, to medium-distance shots concentrating on the main tablet or android phone. subject, to tight or close-up shots that focus on details of the subject. You can then choose from among all these for the best Among such programs are: photo or photos. Gimp (GNU Image Manipulation Program), Paint.net, Inkscape, Xara Extreme, Artweaver, Draw Plus, Pencil, Picasa, VIDEO GAMES Paint Star, Smooth Draw, Spray, Karbon, Adobe Photoshop -A major component of such entertainment is in the form of video Express, and Corel PaintShop Pro X5 games of every conceivable genre, subject matter, and skill level. -These range from educational games and mind twisters, to DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY building and construction games, to ones that entail physical Another means of generating an original image is to capture it first interaction by the users (sports, fitness, dance). as a digital file. In the case of today’s electronic technology, that -Then there are the tremendously popular games of strategy, war, would mean recording the image using a digital camera or a science fiction, and mythical worlds that employ amazingly device with a built-in camera, like your mobile phone, android complex and realistic graphics, motion, sound, and other special device, or tablet. Prior to the development of digital photography, effects. cameras were essentially sealed boxes that would allow a split- -Similar to image creation and manipulation, it is now possible for second entry of light to strike a section of light sensitive film inside video game fans to become video game creators themselves. it. Online tutorials and guides are available on sites like e-how, The result was that whatever was in front of the camera at the Instructables, and You Tube. Examples of such programs are: precise instant that the light entered it would be imprinted on that ❖ Twine - http://twinery.org/ exposed section of film as a PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE. ❖ Stencyl -https://www.udemy.com/create-your-first computer-game-withstencyl/ The photographer (or a commercial developing service)would then ❖ GameMaker - https://www.yoyogames.com/learn have to process the exposed film in a special enclosed space known as a “dark room”—and only then would the recorded DIGITAL PAINTING images be seen. -A method of creating artwork using a computer. This is, however, different from the image generating devices and programs Point-and-shoot vs. DSLR(Digital Single Lens Reflex) discussed above, which create, modify, store, and share images entirely on a laptop, tablet, or android phone. POINT-AND SHOOT Digital Type of Camera - But it does so by employing computer software -automatically makes all the adjustments in lighting, focus, zoom-in that drives a type of ROBOT DEVICE (such as a plotter) or an and zoom-out, even removal of “red eye” with the user being given OFFICE MACHINE (such as a printer) that takes the place of the some leeway for slight adjustments. It offers image enhancement artist’s hand. features like adjusting color and brightness imbalances, as well as - Digital painting also refers to a technique using a graphics sharpening or blurring the image. It may even offer unique effects software program to create an artwork that is totally virtual. The like “fisheye” or filters that allow pre-setting of the photo to be canvas, brushes, paints, and other tools are all virtual, existing taken with a colored tint or a special texture. only within the computer. And the finished work is also stored in virtual format, to be shared through cyber space. DSLR This also provides the film-less and instant review features of a VIDEO TECHNOLOGY IMAGING VIDEOS: “point-and-shoot” type of digital camera, but gives the photographer much more artistic freedom and control to select the SOCIAL MEDIA PURPOSES camera settings to create the desired final image with the - Another tremendously powerful and innovative field that digital preferred visual effects. technology has revolutionized is that of creating and presenting videos. The explosion of social media in recent decades has BASIC TIPS FOR TAKING GOOD PHOTOGRAPHS provided a new platform for video materials targeting the 1. Choose a good location. An interesting location can sometimes “netizens” of today. make the difference between a good and a great photo. MEDICAL/SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES 2. Check that the available background is relatively simple and not – Another extremely valuable use of today’s video technology is too cluttered, so that the focus will be on your chosen subject. that of imaging videos in the fields of medicine and science. You’re 3. Natural light in the outdoors or near a window is usually the maybe familiar with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), most flattering or effective for any kind of subject. Ideally, the best Computerized Tomography (CT scans)