History of Architecture II - Tarlac State University PDF

# History of Architecture II ## Tarlac State University College of Architecture and Fine Arts Compiled by Paolo Andrew Canlas-Hasegawa, M.Arch ## Chapter 8: Romanesque Architecture ### I. Introduction "Romanesque" means “Roman-like”, similar to the Roman style 1000-1150 ### II. Influences...

# History of Architecture II ## Tarlac State University College of Architecture and Fine Arts Compiled by Paolo Andrew Canlas-Hasegawa, M.Arch ## Chapter 8: Romanesque Architecture ### I. Introduction "Romanesque" means “Roman-like”, similar to the Roman style 1000-1150 ### II. Influences #### a. Geographical * **Central Italy** - Republic of Florence - Northern extent - Republic of Pisa - Northwestern extent - Duchy of Naples - Southern extent * **North Italy** - Milan - capital of Kingdom of Lombardy - Ravenna and Venice - trading links with the east * **Southern Italy** - Kingdom of Sicily * **Kingdom of France** - High road of North and South Europe * **Germany (Holy Roman Empire)** - Flourished on the banks of the river Rhine. * **British Isles (Norman Conquest)** - Isolated Island Kingdom #### b. Geological * **Central Italy** - Bricks - Ordinary building material of Rome - Stone - Abundant especially in Tuscany - Volcanic Stone, Travertine-Obtained in Tivoli - Marble - Obtained in Carrara or Paros * **North Italy** - Brick -primary building material in the plains of Lombardy * **Southern Italy** - Sulfur - Contributed to the wealth of the island - Limestone - Primary influence of its architectural style * **Kingdom of France** - Rich in building materials, especially Stone * **Germany (Holy Roman Empire)** - Stone - Quarried from the banks of the Rhine valley. - Bricks - Due to the lack of stone in Northern Germany, brick was used as an alternative * **British Isles (Norman Conquest)** - Stone - Transferred by sea to different isles. - Granite - Obtained in Cornwall and Devonshire - Limestone-Obtained from Portland Isles #### c. Climatic * **France** - Colder in the north and sub-tropical in the south. * **Germany** - Experiences extreme heat in summer and colder winters * **British Isles** - Cool, temperate, mild and moist climate. #### d. Religious * **Christianity** - Chief source of education, civilization, and culture. - Erection of a church is often the foundation of a city. - The papacy had been rising to great power and influence. - The separation of the Eastern and Western Christianity has grown wider. * **Pragmatic Sanction (554 BCE)** - Bishops conferred with authority over provincial and municipal governments * **Monastic Communities** #### e. Socio Political * **Feudal System** - Holding of land on the condition of military service. - Constant warfare rendered the condition of the people unsettled. - Skill in craftsmanship is at its lowest ebb. #### f. Historic * **799** - Election of the Frankish King, Charlemagne. - End of the Roman Empire - Formation of the Holy Roman Empire. * **1000** - Belief of the world's end resulted to less construction projects. - Most European nations had its time to come into full existence. - France, Germany and Spain becoming powerful. - Foundation of Nordic Kingdoms. - Norman conquest of England ### III. Architectural Character * **Sober and Dignified | Picturesqueness** ### Structural System: Romanesque Vaulting #### a. Plan * Latin Cross Plan #### b. Wall * Walls are rough and coarsely built. * Buttresses are employed formed by pilaster strips. #### c. Openings * Use of semicircular arches. * Jambs are formed with receding planes or rectangular recesses. #### d. Roofs * **Romanesque Vaulting** * Vaulting was usually employed at the side aisles to address fire-proofing. * **Two types of vaulting introduced in the Romanesque Period:** - Quadpartite Vaulting - Sexpartite Vaulting #### e. Columns * The shaft of the columns varies in treatment. * Fluting was employed of vertical, spiral or trellis work form. * Shaft is sometimes covered with sculptured ornaments. * **Capitals** - Early examples are patterned from the Corinthian and Ionic capitals. - Later examples are in Cubiform (Cushion) shape #### f. Mouldings * Carved elaborately usually depicting vegetable or animal motifs. * Horizontal stringcourses often varied. #### g. Ornaments * Usually derived from many types of vegetable and animal kingdom. * Often rudely carved. * Fresco paintings were more commonly used than mosaic which required great technical skill. #### The Principal Doorways are usually placed in the transepts. #### Rose/Wheel Window #### Usually placed over the principal door of the church in the west front. #### Common in southern Italy. ## Chapter 9: Gothic Architecture ### I. Introduction The Gothic style is called “L’architecture Ogivale” from the word ogive referring to a pointed arch. 1130-1500 ### II. Influences #### a. Geographical * **British Isles, France, Germany, Italy** - Refer to Romanesque Architecture * **Spain** - Mountainous character allowed the existence of rival races and kingdoms. - Reino de Leon – Reino de Castilla – Reino de Aragon – Reino de Portugal #### b. Geological * **British Isles, France** - Refer to Romanesque Architecture * **Germany** - Bricks - Greatly influenced the architecture of Gothic Germany * **Italy** - Marble - Colored marble supplied by Northern and Central Italy. - Brick and Terra-cotta * **Spain** - Stone - Generally used material. #### c. Climatic * **British Isles, France, and Germany** - Refer to Romanesque Architecture * **Italy** - Refer to Roman Architecture * **Spain** - North - Northern Spain, especially in Burgos is cold – South - Sub-tropical #### d. Religious * Power of the Papacy is at its height. * The Papacy gives and takes away the authority from Kings and Emperors. * The popularity of adoration of Mary and the saints enabled the construction of chapels. * **British Isles** - Many cathedrals formed part of monastic foundations. * **France** - Abbot Suger influenced the early Gothic cathedrals. * **Germany** - Reformation - Publication of the Ninety-Five Theses by Martin Luther * **Italy** - Papal influence declined with the death of Gregory X. - Popes were subjected to the influence of the King of France. * **Spain** - Santiago as a pilgrimage centre allowed the increase of the size of cathedrals. #### e. Socio Political * **British Isles** - Formation of towns around abbeys and castles - William of Wykeham - Gothic Builder - Geoffrey Chaucer - Renowned poet of the period. * **France** - The political environment of France differs in various regions. * **Germany** - Trade guilds has been pivotal in the influence of design and working out of the Gothic Style. * **Italy** - Divided into small principalities and commonwealths. - The erection of cathedrals was largely due to the civic pride of various rival cities. * **Spain** - Continued drive to resist Islamic influence in the Iberian Peninsula. - Decline of the Islamic Influence Cuneiform writing system ### III. Architectural Character * **Vertical and Inspiring** ### Structural System: Gothic Rib Vaulting #### a. Plan * Picturesqueness and beauty of individual features. * Grandeur gained by multiplicity. * Towers and spires are predominant features. * Interiors are more irregular. #### b. Wall * Uncoursed rubble. * Boldness and richness of sky-line and intricacy of mass. #### c. Openings * Usually pointed openings. * Opening formed in receding planes. #### d. Roofs * Vaulting developed from the pointed arch. * Open-timber roofing * Gothic Rib Vault #### e. Columns * Columns were mostly attached to piers for structural purposes. #### f. Mouldings * Parapet is often battlemented or pierced with open tracery. * Vertical features, such as buttresses casting a deep shadow, numerous pinnacles, turrets, high roofs, with towers and spires, produce an effect of verticality #### g. Ornaments * Extensive use of Stained Glass * Colors for exteriors was dependent on the actual material. * Carving was often grotesque and rudely executed. #### Transverse Rib #### Diagonal Rib #### Ridge Rib #### Tiercerons #### Liernes #### Boss ## Chapter 9.1: English Gothic Architecture ### I. Stages of English Gothic * **Early English (Lancet) 13th Century** * **Decorated 14th Century** * **Perpendicular 15th Century** ### II. Local Architectural Character #### a. Plan * Long, narrow, and low. * Cloisters are frequently used. * Transepts have bold projections * Seldom use if side chapels * Square east end * Single aisles * Central Tower #### b. Wall * Buttresses usually formed with offsets * Flying buttresses seldom used. * Battlemented parapets #### c. Openings * Doorways are placed laterally and provided with a porch. * Plate tracery was seldom used. #### d. Roofs * Moderate pitch approaching to flatness. * Advance carpentry and single frame timbers. * Ornamental wooden roofs. * Use of the Gothic Vault * Use of the Fan Tracery Vaulting #### e. Columns * Clustered shaft was preferred. * Classical capitols were only occasionally used. * Moulded "bell" capitals were often used. * Rounded abacus #### f. Mouldings * Bold, rich and of great variety. * Applied to pier arches, doors and windows. #### g. Ornaments * "Dog tooth" ornament was commonly used. * Used stained glass influenced from France. ## Chapter 9.2: French Gothic Architecture ### I. Stages of French Gothic * **Lancet** * **Rayonnant** * **Flamboyant** ### II. Local Architectural Character #### a. Plan * Short, wide and high. * Use of Cloisters are rare * Transepts have slight projections * Numerous side chapels * Apsidal end * Sometimes with double aisles (chevet) * Two western towers #### b. Wall * Buttresses often nearly vertical without offsets * Flying buttresses are largely employed. * Tracery parapets #### c. Openings * Doorways are elaborate and rich, larger and finer than in England. * Main doors were set in the WEST * Windows have tracery #### d. Roofs * Steep roofing * Wooden roof framing. * Domical vaulting #### e. Columns * Plane circular nave columns (Roman Tradition) * Capitals with the foliage of the Corinthian type. * Square abacus #### f. Mouldings * Large, or less variety and not as rich as in England. #### g. Ornaments * Decorative figure sculpture of the highest type was attained. * Gargoyles, finials, crockets, and corbels was of either floral forms or of animals and birds. * Developed the stained glass ### III. Examples #### a. Ecclesiastical Buildings * **Notre-Dame de Paris** - 700+ years old. - One of the oldest French Gothic Cathedrals - Restored by famous French architect Eugene Viollet-le-Duc. * **Bourges Cathedral** - No transepts * **Chartres Cathedral** - One of the finest examples of French Gothic - 152 of the 186 stained glass windows are originals * **Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Reims** - Coronation church of French kings * **Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens** * **Bayeux Cathedral** * **Coutances Cathedral** - Noyon Cathedral -Troyes Cathedral - Soissons Cathedral -Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Laon -Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Rouen -Sainte-Chapelle, Paris –Depository of relics. -Church of St. Ouen, Rouen -Church of St. Maclou, Rouen -St. Jacques Church, Dieppe -Église Saint-Vulfran d’Abbeville -Sainte-Cecile Cathedral of Albi - Has the widest gothic nave in France -Beauvais Cathedral - Highest nave in Europe (45.5m) - 3 tiers if flying buttresses. - Basilique Saint-Sernin de Toulouse #### b. Palaces * Palais de Justice #### c. Chateau * Château de Pierrefonds * Château Royal de Blois #### d. Houses * House of Jacques Coeur, Bourges ## Chapter 9.3: German Gothic Architecture ### I. Local Architectural Character #### a. Plan * Based upon the French plan * Chevet was uncommon * Triapsal plan * Entrance was at the North or South #### b. Wall * Tracery employed in the outer and inner walls. * Mostly brick made. #### c. Openings * Elaborate tracery * Tall windows * North clerestories are larger. #### d. Roofs * Churches were nearly always vaulted, but sometimes covered only with a wooden roof. * Immense roof, due to the side isle having the same height as the nave. #### e. Columns * Piers used mostly in naves #### f. Mouldings * Complexity rather than simplicity. * Interpenetration of mouldings. * Pinnacles are larger in size. #### g. Ornaments * Foliage treated in a naturalesque manner. * Branch Tracery * Tabernacles or Sacrament Houses were developed. * Stained glass and ironwork were well treated. * Bricks were not suited for sculptural work, compensated with colored brickwork ### II. Examples #### a. Ecclesiastical Buildings * **Cologne Cathedral** - Largest cathedral of North Europe. * **Strasbourg Cathedral, Germany** * **St, Lamberti, Hildesheim** * **St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna** * **St. Quintin's Church, Mainz** * **Freiburger Minster** * **Regensburg Cathedral** * **Ulm Minster** * **St. Elizabeth's Church** * **Munich Frauenkirch** * **St. Barbara's Church, Kuttenburg** * **St. Martin's Church, Landshut** * **Lubeck Cathedral** * **St. Mary's Church, Lubeck** #### b. Castles * Marienburg * Heidelburg * Albrechtsburg #### c. Rathouses (Townhalls) * Brunswick * Hildesheim * Halberstadt * Munster * Regensburg * Lubeck ## Chapter 9.4: Italian Gothic Architecture ### I. Local Architectural Character #### a. Plan * Widely spaced nave arcades. * Clerestory is reduced * Towers are usually isolated have square shafts without buttresses. * Dome was an imposing feature #### b. Wall * Flatness of the wall is a predominant characteristic. #### c. Openings * Windows are often semicircular headed. * Venetian tracery. #### d. Roofs * Low pitch * Small importance in design. * Ceilings are treated with mosaics #### e. Columns * Round piers recalling Roman work #### f. Mouldings * Flatness and squareness often little change from Roman work. #### g. Ornaments * Opaque decoration was preferred. * Fresco art. * Sculpture is attributed to the classical tradition. ### II. Examples #### a. Ecclesiastical Buildings * **North Italy** - Milan Cathedral - Largest Medieval cathedral - Built entirely of white marble. - San Petronio, Bologna - Certosa di Pavia - Basilica dei Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice - Basilica dei Frari - Sant’Anastasia, Verona * **Central Italy** - Florence Cathedral - Designed by Arnolfo di Cambio - The dome is one of the primary elements which started Renaissance Architecture - Basilica of Santa Maria Novella - Duomo di Sienna - Duomo di Orvieto - Basilica of San Francesco d’Assisi - Santa Maria sopra Minerva * **South Italy** - Messina Cathedral - Palermo Cathedral #### b. Palaces * **North Italy** - Doge’s Palace, Venice - Ca’ d Oro - Ca’ Foscari - Contarini Fasan - Pisani Moretta - Cavalli-Franchetti * **Central Italy** - Palazzo Vecchio - Pubblico Palace #### c. Loggia - Loggia dei Lanzi ## Chapter 9.5: Spanish Gothic Architecture ### I. Local Architectural Character #### a. Plan * Short nave. * Chapels are numerous and large. * Octagonal vaults. #### b. Wall * French models are favored * Horizontal Arcades in place of gables * Traceried open work spires. #### c. Openings * Large openings * Glazed Triforium #### d. Roofs * Vaulting was used freely, but only for decoration. #### e. Columns * Importance of the central piers. #### f. Mouldings * Flatness and squareness often little change from Roman work. #### g. Ornaments * Retablo-most decorative feature in churches. * Sculpture in stone and marble was often life-size. * Stained glass was also employed. * Rejas - rich and lofty grilles ### II. Examples #### a. Ecclesiastical Buildings * **North Italy** - Basilica of San Isidoro, Leon - Salamanca Cathedral - Santiago de Compostela Cathedral - Influenced by French Gothic - Burgos Cathedral - Toledo Cathedral - Collegio de San Gregorio, Valladolid - Barcelona Cathedral - Cathedral of Girona - Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona - Catedral de Seville - Largest Gothic cathedral in Spain #### b. Townhalls * Barcelona * Valencia ## Chapter 10: Renaissance Architecture ### I. Introduction * Dawn of a New Age after the Medieval Age * Age of Humanism * Rinascimento - "ri" again + "nascere" be born = REBIRTH * Time of the great revival of art, literature 14th-17th Century ### II. Stages of the Renaissance #### a. Renaissance (14th-15th Century) * Early Renaissance, Quattrocento #### b. High Renaissance (1500-1525) * Proto-Baroque, Cinquecento #### c. Late Renaissance (1520-1600) * Age of Mannerism #### d. Baroque (1630-1660) * Bizzare, Fantastic, or Irregular #### e. Rococo (1700 until Neoclacissicism) * Lightness, Swirling forms, Flowing Lines, Ornate Stucco Work ### III. Influences #### a. Geographical * **British Isles, France, Germany** - Refer to Romanesque Architecture * **Italy** - Birthplace of the Renaissance Period. - FLORENCE as its epicenter. - Refer to other architectural styles for other details * **Spain** - Spain’s discovery of the New World made her the leading nation in Europe. #### b. Religious * **Catholic Kingdoms / Territories** - **Italy** - GIROLAMO SAVONAROLA - A Dominican preacher divided the city in his goal for Christian Reformation. Although suppressed by the Pope, his influence on the minds of his generation was not lost - **France** - The reformation maintained practically no hold in France. - **Spain** - IGNATIUS DE LOYOLA - The REFORMATION obtained no hold, with the counter reformation led by Ignatius de Loyola. * **Reformists and Protestant Kingdoms / Territories** - **Germany** - MARTIN LUTHER - Attacked the practical abuses of certain doctrines of the Church thus starting the REFORMATION - **British Isles** - JOHN WYCLIFFE - The authority of the Popes was increasingly felt to be irksome causing dissidents to the Church #### c. Socio Political * **Literature** - Renaissance manifested itself in written art. It caused a revolt against medieval art. - DANTE ALIGHIERI - FRANCESCO PETRARCA - GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO * **Vitruvian Literature** - Vitruvius’ books on Architecture were translated in Italian. - Italian architecture was naturally the first to be affected, because the Gothic style had never taken a firm hold on the Italians #### d. Historic * Three great historical inventions which influenced both society and architecture: - GUNPOWDER -Changed the whole method of warfare. - MARINER’S COMPASS - Led to the discovery of the West Indies and America - PRINTING PRESS - Caused the reformation in religion and the revival of learning ### IV. General Architectural Character * **Classicism and Horizontality** ### Structural System: Dome #### a. Plan * Symmetry and proportion of parts carefully studied. * Grandeur gained by simplicity. * The domes are predominantly used. * Interiors of churches were planned Roman principles. #### b. Wall * Ashlar Masonry * Simplicity of treatment and breadth of mass. #### c. Openings * Usually semicircular openings. * Classic system of moulded architrave. #### d. Roofs * Vaults are of simple Roman form without ribs. * The dome over a large space was generally constructed with an inner and outer covering. #### e. Columns * Revival of the Classical columns and orders were used decoratively in facades. #### f. Mouldings * The principal cornice plays an important part in the style. * Cornices, balconies, string bands, and horizontal features generally are strongly pronounced, and by their frequency and importance produce an effect of horizontality.. #### g. Ornaments * Stained glass was little used. ## Chapter 10.1: Italian Renaissance Architecture ### I. Local Architectural Character #### a. Plan * Italian houses feature the CORTILE #### b. Wall * Straight facades varied by orders, arcades, or window-dressings. * Brickwork with ashlar facing. #### c. Openings * Detail concentrated on the openings. #### d. Roofs * Flat or low pitch roof. * Domes used in churches. #### e. Columns * Carved or Plain pilasters. * Usually, a single order prevails. #### f. Mouldings * Heavy cornices. * Mouldings usually large. #### g. Ornaments * Frescos and molded plaster. * Great extravagance in sculpture. ### II. Examples #### a. Florentine School (Florence) * Golden age of the arts began in the 14th century. * Growing secularism and interest in the Classical Roman civilization * Patronized by aristocratic families: Medici, Strozzi and Rucellai ##### Filippo Brunelleschi * Dome of the Florence Cathedral * Basilica di San Lorenzo * Basilica di Santo Spiritu * Pazzi Chapel * Riccardi Palace * Palazzo Pitti #### b. Roman School (Rome) * Cultural center of Europe in the 16th century * Vatican City as the center of the Roman Catholic faith. ##### Donato Bramante * Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan * Palazzo della Cancellaria * Palazzo Torlonia * Cortile di San Damaso * Cortile del Belvedere * San Pietro in Montorio * Santa Maria della Pace, Rome ##### Leon Battista Alberti * Rucellai Palace - First renaissance building to showcase superimposed pilasters. * Tempio Malatestiano * Santa Maria Novella * Basilica di Sant'Andrea, Mantua * Strozzi Palace * Palazzo Guadagni ##### Bramante’s Pupils and Followers: Baldassare Peruzzi * Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne * Villa Farnesina * Church of Saint Mary of Consolation * Antonio da Sanggallo the Younger * Palazzo Farnese * Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Raphael) * St. Peter’s Basilica * San Lorenzo in Miranda * Villa Madonna * Giulio Romano * Palazzo del Te ##### Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola * Villa Giulia * Villa Farnese * Chiesa di Sant’Andrea del Vignola * Church of the Gesu ##### Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni * Dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral * Senatorial Palace * Laurentian Library ##### Historical Development of St. Peter’s Basilica * Old St. Peter’s Basilica was built during the time of Emperor Constantine * 1506 - Bramante (original architect)- proposed for a Greek cross * 1513 - Sangallo the older, Raphael, and Fra Giacondo were entrusted with superintendence. Raphael suggested a Latin cross * 1514 - Death of Bramante * 1516 - Death of Sangallo the older * 1520 - Death of Raphael, PERUZZI appointed as architect. * 1536 - Death of Peruzzi. Antonio da Sangallo the younger. Proposed a picturesque design. * 1546 - Death of Sanggalo the younger. MICHELANGELO appointed as architect. Rejected Sanggalo’s plan, restored it to a Greek cross. Designed the final Dome of the Basilica. * 1564 - Death of Michelangelo, VIGNOLA continued the work. Added cupolas at the side of the dome. * 1585-1590 - Giacomo DELLA PORTA and Domenico FONTANA erected Michelangelo’s dome. * 1605-1612 - Carlos MADERNO lengthened the nave as instructed by Pope Paul V * 1612 - RAINALDI appointed as architect and planned for a campanile, but was never constructed * 1629-1667 - BERNINI erected the fourfold colonnades closing the piazza. #### c. Venetian School (Venice) * **Secular** - Court of the Doge’s Palace - Biblioteca Marciana - Zecca of Venice - Ca’ Vendramin Calergi - Palazzo Corner della Ca’ Grande - Palazzo Grimani di Santa Maria Formosa - Pesaro Palace - Scuola Grande di San Rocco * **Ecclesiastical Architecture** - Santa Maria dei Miraoli - San Zaccaria, Venice - San Giobbe, Venice - San Salvatore, Venice - San Giorgiodei Greci - San Francesco della Vigna - II Redentore - San Giorgio Maggiore - Santa Maria della Salute #### d. Vicenza ##### Andrea Palladio * Palazzo Barbarano da Porto * Palazzo Chiericati * Palazzo del Capitaniato * Palazzo Valmarana Braga * Teatro Olimpico * Basilica Palladiana * Villa Capra #### e. Vicenza ##### Michele Sanmicheli * Palazzi Pompeii * Palazzo Bevilacqua * Plazzo Canossa * Palazzo del Consiglio dei Dodici ## Chapter 10.2: French Renaissance Architecture ### I. Local Architectural Character #### a. Plan * **Chateaux** - Half castle, half palace. - Composed of a main block with two lower wings inclosing a courtyard. #### b. Wall * Pediment and Balustraded elevation. * Stone and red brick used for walls. #### c. Openings * Vertical coupling of windows was practiced, but as the orders came increasingly in to use, the horizontal lines of their entablatures prevailed. #### d. Roofs * High Roofs. * Dormer Windows and Chimneys. * Mansard Form #### e. Columns * Pilasters were decorative adjuncts. * An order varies every storey. #### f. Mouldings * Gothic influence pervaded. #### g. Ornaments * Carved wood paneling. ### II. Examples #### a. Secular Architecture * Château de Bury * Château de Chambord - Partially a hunting lodge for King Francis I * Château de Fontainebleau * Château d'Azay-le-Rideau * Château de Chenonceaux * Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye * Louvre Museum * Tuileries Palace * Luxembourg Palace * Château de Maisons * Palace of Versailles - Built for Louis XIV - Architects: Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin Mansart - Center of political power in France from 1682-1789 * Château de Blois - Built by King Louis XII and Francis I. - Famous for its “Staircase Tower” #### b. Ecclesiastical Architecture * Saint-Eustache , Paris - Saint-Étienne-du-Mont - Sorbonne Chapel - Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis - Saint-Sulpice, Paris - Les Invalides. Paris - Pantheon Paris - La Madeleine, Paris ## Chapter 10.3: German Renaissance Architecture ### I. Local Architectural Character #### a. Plan * French method of an internal courtyard was adopted. #### b. Wall * Columnar features as ornament. * Brick and Stone was used in combination.. #### c. Openings * Use of oriel windows. * Windows are large and mullioned. #### d. Roofs * Predominantly large roofs #### e. Columns * Columns were employed in a free manner. * Often supported by corbels. #### f. Mouldings * Boldness and vigor * Lack or refinement and purity in detail. #### g. Ornaments * Statues in native grotesque. ### II. Examples #### a. Secular Architecture * Heidelberg Castle * Gewandhaus, Brunswick * Cologne City Hall * Lemgo Town Hall * Solothurn Town Hall * Pellerhaus, Nuremberg * Stuttgart Castle * Leipzig Rathaus * Altenburg Rathaus * Heilbronner Rathaus * Stadtweinhaus, Munster * Zwinger Palace, Dresden #### b. Ecclesiastical Architecture * St. Michael’s Church, Munich * Frauenkirche Munich ## Chapter 10.4: Spanish Renaissance Architecture ### I. Local Architectural Character #### a. Plan * **Churches** - Wide naves without aisles are usual. - Lanterns/Domes at crossing. * **Houses** - PATIO-Spanish version of the CORTILE - Large Staircases. - Largeness of scale. #### b. Wall * Brickwork * Arabesque pierced parapets/cresting. #### c. Openings * Doorways are emphasized. * Windows treated with grilles. #### d. Roofs * Flat or low pitch roof. * Towers with spires. #### e. Columns * The orders were used in slight and fanciful decorative forms. #### f. Mouldings * Much refinement was given to forms due to Gothic and Moorish influences. * Bracket Capital #### g. Ornaments * Sculpture varies in quality. * Tilework is excellent in southern Spain. * Elaborate metalwork. ### II. Examples #### a. Secular Architecture * University of Alcalá * Archibishop’s Palace, Alcala * Casa Miranda, Burgos * Casa Lonja, Seville * Alcazar of Toledo * Palace of Charles V * El Escorial #### b. Ecclesiastical Architecture * Santo Domingo, Salamanca * Burgos Cathedral * Granada Cathedral * Valladolid Cathedral * Malaga Cathedral * Carmona Cathedral ## Chapter 10.5: English Renaissance Architecture ### I. Local Architectural Character #### a. Plan * E or H shaped plan. * Regular and Symmetrical #### b. Wall * Classic orders being used in a very free manner in the facades. * Parapets are pierced. #### c. Openings * Use of Bay Windows. * Use of Dormer Windows. #### d. Roofs * High, flat, or low roofs with balustrades. * Arcaded, Pierced or Battlemented balustrades. #### e. Columns * Rarely employed with purity. * Square columns with strap ornamentation #### f. Mouldings * High, flat, or low roofs with balustrades. * Arcaded, Pierced or Battlemented balustrades. #### g. Ornaments * Strap ornamentation. * Prismatic rustication. * Plasterwork for ceiling. * Tapestries. ### II. Examples #### a. Elizabethan Style * Transition style from Tudor (Gothic) to Renaissance * Attributed to Queen Elizabeth I ##### Mansions * Charlecote, Warwickshire * Kirby , Northants * Knole, Kent * Penshurst, Kent * Burghley, Northants * Longleat, Wiltshire * Montacute House, Somerset * Wollaton, Notts * Longford Castle, Wiltshire * Westwood, Worcester ##### Colleges * The Gate of Honour, Caius College. * Emmanuel College * Sidney Sussex College (Court) * The Quadrangle, Clare College * S. John’s College (Court) * Neville Court, Trinity College * Jesus College. * Merton College (Library). * Wadham College. * Oriel and Jesus Colleges (portions of) and others. * Pembroke College.. #### b. Jacobean Style * Development of the Elizabethan Style * Attributed to King James I ##### Mansions * Holland House , Kensington * Charlton House, Wilts. * Bramshill, Hants * Hatfield House, Herts * Cranbourne Manor House, Dorsetshire. * Audley End, Essex * Aston Hall, Warwickshire * Loseley Park, near Guildford * Bolsover Castle, Derbyshire * Blickling Hall, Norfolk #### c. Anglo-Classical Style ##### Inigo Jones * Chilham Castle, Kent * Banqueting House, Whitehall * St. Paul, Convent Garden * Greenwich Hospital * York Water Gate, London ##### Sir Christopher Wren * St. Paul , London * St. Stephen, Walbrook * Bow Church, Cheapside * St. Bride, Fleet Street * St. Martin, Ludgate * St. Clement, Danes * St. James, Piccadilly ## Chapter 10.6: Russian Renaissance Architecture ### I. Local Architectural Character * Italian architects contributed in applying Italian Motifs * Chaotic skylines * Vividly colored surfaces * Onion domes ### II. Examples #### a. Secular Architecture * Rostoc Kremlin * Pskov Kremlin * Peterhof Palace * Catherine Palace * Winter Palace * Kiev Imperial Palace * Academy of Fine Arts, St. Petersburg * Marble Palace * Pashkov Palace * Petrosvsky Palace * Tauride Palace * English Palace, Peterhof * Academy of Science, St. Petersburg * Hermitage Theatre * Pavlovsky Palace * Academy of Mines, St. Petersburg * New Admirality, St. Petersburg #### b. Secular Architecture * Church of the Decapitation of St. John the Baptist, Dyakovo * Old Cathedral, Monastery of the Virgin of the Don, MoscOW * Church of the Trinity and of the Georgian Virgin, Moscow * St. John the Baptist, Zagorsk * Monastery of the New Jerusalem, Istra * Church of the Intersession of the Virgin, Fili * Church of the Virgin of the Sign, Dubrovitsky * Church of the Archangel Gabriel, Moskow * Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul in the Fortress * Smolny Cathedral * Cathedral of St. Andrew, Kiev * Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Zagorsk * Church of the Trinity, Nenoska * Cathedral of the Virgin of Kazan, St. Petersburg * Cathedral of St. Isaac of Dalmatia, St. Petersburg ## Chapter 11: Architecture of Pre-Columbian America ### I. Influences #### a