Romanesque Architecture PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE CONTRIBUTORS: Ar. Roy John M. De Guzman Ar. Jose Enrico V. Gallego TRACING THE ROOTS TRACING THE ROOTS TRACING THE ROOTS TRACING THE ROOTS TRACING THE ROOTS TRACING THE ROOTS Recap…. Rome at its peak System of ro...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE CONTRIBUTORS: Ar. Roy John M. De Guzman Ar. Jose Enrico V. Gallego TRACING THE ROOTS TRACING THE ROOTS TRACING THE ROOTS TRACING THE ROOTS TRACING THE ROOTS TRACING THE ROOTS Recap…. Rome at its peak System of roads and shipping were organized by Rome the Romans promote the spread of a common culture derived from Hellenism (koine Greek). the rise of cities in Roman Empire around the Mediterranean What goes up must come down The Roman empire became so vast that it became difficult to manage Economy was bankrupt Slave trade was low because they did not expand to new territories Decline 379– 395 East-West Split After Valens' 440– 454 Huns Attack The central Asian Huns led by death, Theodosius (ruled 379– their king Attila (r. 434-453) 395) briefly reunited the Empire, threatened Rome, were paid off, but it didn't last beyond his and then attacked again. reign. At his death, the empire was divided by his sons, Arcadius, in the East, and Honorius, in the West. 401– 410 Sack of Rome Visigoths made several successful incursions into Italy beginning in 401, and in the end, 455 Vandals Sack Rome Vandals plunder Rome, amounting under the rule of the Visigoth to the fourth sack of the city, but, king Alaric (395–410), sacked by an agreement with Pope Leo I, Rome. This is often a date given they injure few people or for the official Fall of Rome. buildings. 429– 435 Vandals Sack North Vandals, under Gaiseric (King of Africa the Vandals and Alans between 476 Fall of the Emperor of The last western emperor, 428–477), attacked northern Rome Romulus Augustulus (r. 475–476), Africa, cutting off the grain is deposed by the barbarian supply to the Romans. general Odoacer who then rules Italy. The Fall of Rome 476 AD Odoacer the Goth declared Emperor Romulus Augustulus himself the king of Italy What happened next? Rome was left in ruins After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the economy in the entire region declined markedly and there was no commanding government to build public use projects. Wood and straw was less expensive than stonework, more available, and easier to turn into structures than stone. It was a matter of simple economics in the end, but of course how Rome declined was more complicated. What happened next? Over the millennia, imperial Rome's splendid buildings have been damaged, plundered, redesigned and then recycled into the fabric of the modern city. The Dark Ages is the period of transition from the fall of the West Roman Empire to the early middle ages. The Dark Ages After the fall of the West Roman Empire in 476 AD: Individual territories that were part of the Roman started to establish their own localities. The lack of a centralized system of government put a halt to the construction/repair of large buildings Wars between former territories shifted focus from the construction of buildings to either protection of their territory to conquer new ones The Dark Ages is not so dark In the absence of a civic government, The Church replaced the Roman Empire as the most powerful force in Europe, redefining the relationship between church and state. The Early Middle Ages were boom times for agriculture. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Romanesque architecture is not centralized to a single region. It arose Independently on various locations: Italy Spain Central italy Northern italy The holy land Southern italy and sicily British isle France Scandinavia Central Europe ROMANESQUE = “ROMAN-LIKE” Romanesque Coined by French medievalists and archaeologists in at the beginning of the 19th century – To distinguish it from earlier revivals – To distinguish it from Gothic art Romanesque = “Roman-like” esque = in the style of Romanesque Used roman forms and technology but is much different from Roman Architecture Romanesque = “Roman-like” Romanesque What Characterizes Roman Architecture? Arches Romanesque What Characterizes Roman Architecture? Romanized Greek orders Romanesque Greek vs Roman Roman vs Romanesque Romanesque Brief Background Romanesque architecture developed from 800-1100 AD Stylistic period after the Byzantine era but before the rise of 9th century pre-Romanesque building Gothic Romanesque Influences Geographical Geological Climate Romanesque Trigering Factors: Religion CHRISTIANITY was an influential factor that unified society in achieving a common religious goal, church building. Romanesque Triggering Factors: Religion Charlemagne reunited the city-states of the Roman empire and made Aix-la- Chapelle as its center. Once settled, he called artists and craftsmen from both the Western and the Eastern Roman empires to provide adornment for his churches and palaces. It was under his rule that Romanesque style was born. Romanesque Trigering Factors: Society and Politics FEUDALISM Even though religion created some peace in the region, the civil wars from the decline of the Roman Empire continued. Feudal lords who own most of the lands, had established territories with military defences. Fortified walls with watchtowers and castles where the lord lived were built, and peasants became part of the military force as a form of land payment. 800 to 1200 AD ROMANESQUE is a style of architecture developed between the Roman and the Gothic styles after 1000 AD. characterized by round arches and vaults and thick walls developed from the buildings constructed during Charlemagne's reign. 800 to 1200 AD ROMANESQUE rise in the tradition of pilgrimages to the shrines of important saints. move from wooden to stone buildings Inspired by Byzantine style which focused on sweeping religious buildings  TYPOLOGIES CHURCHES MONASTERIES CASTLES ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Styles differ from region to region. However, there are common trends that persists that characterizes the period ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ROMANESQUE BYZANTINE CHURCH EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH PLAN PLAN CHURCH PLAN ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ROMANESQUE BYZANTINE CHURCH EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH FACADE FACADE CHURCH FACADE ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE 1. Atrium/ narthex 2. Porch/ galilee 3. Western façade 4. Western central tower 5. Western staircase turrets 6. Central nave (clerestory) 7. Side aisle 8. Central tower 9. Transept 10.Transept towers 11.Choirs apse 12.Apse ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE ATRIUM ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE PORCH ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE WESTERN FACADE ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE WESTERN CENTRAL TOWER ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE WESTERN STAIRCASE TURRETS ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE CENTRAL NAVE ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE SIDE AISLE ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE CENTRAL TOWER ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE TRANSEPT ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE TRANSEPT TOWERS ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE CHOIR APSE ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE APSE  ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS CHOIR ARCHITECTURE APSE SIDE AISLE ATRIUM CENTRAL NAVE APSE PORCH WESTERN CENTRAL TOWER WESTERN FACADE WESTERN STAIRCASE TRANSEPT TURRETS TRANSEPT TOWER ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE West fronts Without towers With flanking towers With central tower With three tower WEST FRONT WITH FLANKING TOWERS Church of the Holy Trinity, Caen WEST FRONT WITHOUT TOWER S. Miniato al Monte, Florence WEST FRONT WITH CENTRAL TOWERS Santa Maria del Tiglio WEST FRONT WITH THREE TOWERS ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE CENTRAL WEST TOWER ABOVE PORCH ST. Benoit-Sur-Loire, mid eleventh century ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR ROMANESQUE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE BLIND WEST FRONT High steep facades Divided by three parts by vertical clustered pilasters Raking blind arcades along the edge of gable Symmetrical arrangement of windows San Michele in Pavia ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SEMICIRCULAR ARCH/ROMAN ARCH ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ELABORATE EXTERIORS ON WESTERN ENTRANCES SPANDREL – The almost triangular space between one side of the outer curve of an arch, a wall, and the ceiling or framework ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ELABORATE EXTERIORS ON WESTERN ENTRANCES ARCHIVOLTS – a band of molding, resembling an architrave, around the lower curve of an arch. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ELABORATE EXTERIORS ON WESTERN ENTRANCES ARCHIVOLTS – a band of molding, resembling an architrave, around the lower curve of an arch. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ELABORATE EXTERIORS ON WESTERN ENTRANCES VOUSSOIR – a wedge-shaped or tapered stone used to construct an arch. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ELABORATE EXTERIORS ON WESTERN ENTRANCES TYMPANUM – is the semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door or window, bounded by a lintel and arch. It often contains sculpture or other imagery or ornaments. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ELABORATE EXTERIORS ON WESTERN ENTRANCES COLONETTE – A small column, usually decorative. And is a thin round shaft o give a vertical line in elevation, or as an element in a compound pier. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ELABORATE EXTERIORS ON WESTERN ENTRANCES COLONETTE – A small column, usually decorative. And is a thin round shaft o give a vertical line in elevation, or as an element in a compound pier. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ELABORATE EXTERIORS ON WESTERN ENTRANCES TRUMEAU – A column supporting the tympanum of a doorway at its center ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE ELABORATE EXTERIORS ON WESTERN ENTRANCES ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SCULPTURES TOWERS ARCADES  ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE VAULTED MASONRY CEILINGS ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE VAULTED MASONRY CEILINGS ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE VAULTED MASONRY CEILINGS ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE VAULTED MASONRY CEILINGS ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE VAULTED MASONRY CEILINGS ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE CRUCIFORM PLAN AND ITS PARTS ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE BUTTRESS ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE CRUCIFORM PLAN AND ITS PARTS ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE CRUCIFORM PLAN AND ITS PARTS 1 2 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE CENTRAL ITALY Pronounced features of facades were ornamental wall passages Use of marble-faced walls Choir raised above a crypt ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN CENTRAL ITALY PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN CENTRAL ITALY PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN CENTRAL ITALY BAPTISTERY Special feature of italian architecture and represents a period of Christianity where the baptistry is of special importance, therefore large and separate building BAPTISTERY, PISA ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN CENTRAL ITALY CAMPANILE (BELL TOWER) Product of the period Northern italian towns, campanile are civic monuments rather than integral part of the church Symbol of power and served as watch guard CAMPANILE, PISA ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN CENTRAL ITALY MINIATO AL MONTE, FLORENCE (1013–1090) ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN CENTRAL ITALY SAN MINIATO AL MONTE, FLORENCE (1013– ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE NORTHERN ITALY LOMBARD ARCHITECTURE Northern Italy (7th to 8th CE) Early Christian and Roman Forms Development of Ribbed vault and vaulting Shaft  ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN ITALY LOMBARD BAND S. AMBROGIO, MILAN ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN ITALY S. AMBROGIO, MILAN Material: brick Only exisiting atrium among Lombard churches Narthex, flanked by towers Vaulted nave Triforium gallery ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN ITALY S. AMBROGIO, MILAN BLIND ARCADE A series of arches superimposed in a wall for decoration. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN ITALY S. AMBROGIO, MILAN AMBULATORY- the covered walk of an atrium or cloister ATRIUM- the forecourt of an early church, flanked or surrounded by porticoes ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN ITALY S. AMBROGIO, MILAN BALDACHIN- An ornament canopy of stone or marble permanently placed over the altar in a church. Also, baldachino, baldaquin or ciborium ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN ITALY S. MICHELE, PAVIA ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN ITALY S. MICHELE, PAVIA ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN ITALY S. MICHELE, PAVIA ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN ITALY S. MICHELE, PAVIA ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN ITALY S. MICHELE, PAVIA ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN ITALY LABYRINTH- a mazelike pattern inlaid in the pavement of a medieval church  WHEEL WINDOW- a ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE circular window, usually CAMPANILLE- bell of stained glass and tower, usually near SAMPLES IN NORTHERN ITALY decorated with tracery but not attached to symmetrical about the the body of the center church Blind arcades Fine projecting porch has two freestanding columns, supports a semi circular vault over a gabled roof S. ZENO MAGGIORE, VERONA (c. 1123 and later) ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN ITALY S. ZENO MAGGIORE, VERONA ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SOUTHERN ITALY & SICILY ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN SOUTHERN ITALY Two large norman towers CEFALU CATHEDRAL, SICILY (1131- 1240) ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN SOUTHERN ITALY CEFALU CATHEDRAL, SICILY (1131- 1240) CEFALU CATHEDRAL, SICILY ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN ITALY MONREALE CATHEDRAL,SICILY (1174-82) MONREALE CATHEDRAL,SICILY (1174-82) MONREALE CATHEDRAL,SICILY (1174-82)  ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE FRANCE CAROLINGIAN ARCHITECTURE Early Romanesque 751-987 CE Frankish dynasty Germany 911 CE Revival of forms of classical antiquity modified by ecclesiastical requirements NORTHERN FRANCE ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN FRANCE MONREALE CATHEDRAL,SICILY (1174-82) ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN FRANCE MONREALE CATHEDRAL,SICILY (1174-82) ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN NORTHERN FRANCE MONREALE CATHEDRAL,SICILY (1174-82) SOUTHERN FRANCE ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN SOUTHERN FRANCE High window Two flanking western tower tiers of arcades divided intp five bays but loft shafts. Angoulême Cathedral (c. 1105-28 and later) ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN SOUTHERN FRANCE Cluny Abbey (1088-1130) ABBEY- A monastery under the supervision of an abbot, or a convent under the supervision of an abbess, belonging to the highest rank of such institution ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN SOUTHERN FRANCE Cluny Abbey (1088-1130) One of the most important monastic establishment in Europe Only one transept arm survives, was the longest in Europe Had double aisles, double transepts, an ambulatory with radiating chapels and a barrel-vaulted nave ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN SOUTHERN FRANCE Cluny Abbey (1088-1130) ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN SOUTHERN FRANCE Cluny Abbey (1088-1130) ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN SOUTHERN FRANCE Cluny Abbey (1088-1130) GERMANY OTTONIAN ARCHITECTURE Origin: Northern Italy 962 to 1002 CE Development of forms derived from Carolingian and byzantine concepts ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN GERMANY WORMS CATHEDRAL, SOUTHERN GERMANY WORMS CATHEDRAL, SOUTHERN GERMANY WORMS CATHEDRAL, SOUTHERN GERMANY Vaulting Shaft ENGLAND ANGLO-SAXON ARCHITECTURE Early Romanesque before the Norman Conquest in 1066 Characterized by the transition of timber prototypes into stone.  ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN ENGLAND Earl Barton, Northamptonshire (early 11th CE) ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Earl Barton, Northamptonshire SAMPLES IN ENGLAND (early 11th CE) ENGLAND NORMAN ARCHITECTURE Romanesque introduced from Normandy into England before the Norman conquest and flourishing until the Rise of Gothic arch in 12th CE. Two tower façade supplementing the central tower Use of geometric ornamentation ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN ENGLAND Durham Cathedral (1093-1133) Norman work in choir transepts and western towers (among the finest in England) Vaults of the eastern arm are probably the earliest essays in ribbed vaulting outside Italy Nave earliest incorporate of pointed transverse arches Durham Cathedral (1093-1133) Durham Cathedral (1093-1133) Durham Cathedral (1093-1133) ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN ENGLAND Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire (1137-1200) ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN ENGLAND Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire (1137-1200) ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN ENGLAND Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire (1137-1200) ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE SAMPLES IN ENGLAND Peterborough Cathedral (1118-44) Peterborough Cathedral (1118-44) Peterborough Cathedral (1118-44)