Media and Information Literacy PDF

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY Misinformation - Describes a false information that is intentionally Web browsers or unintentionally disseminated on online platforms. There are no...

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY Misinformation - Describes a false information that is intentionally Web browsers or unintentionally disseminated on online platforms. There are no - Mozilla Firefox political intentions/ill intentions in this action. - Google chrome Disinformation – describes false information that is spread - Microsoft internet explorer deliberately to deceive the public. Usually, these actions are - Apple safari planned and organized. - Opera - Mosaic, Netscape Malinformation – based on truth Search engines Netiquette – a set of rules for acceptable behavior online. - Google search EVOLUTION OF MEDIA - Bing FOUR AGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF MEDIA - Baidu Pre – Industrial Age (Before 1700s) - Ask - YAHOO! People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged - DuckDuckGo weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper, and iron. - Aol. - Cave paintings - Yandex - Clay tablets - Ecosia - Papyrus - Internet archive - Acta diurna in Rome - social media - Dibao in China - portable computers - Codez in the Mayan Region - laptops - Printing press using wood blocks - netbook - tablets Industrial Age (1700s-1930s) - augmented reality/virtual reality People use the power of steam, developed machine tools, - smartphones established iron production, and manufacturing. - wearable technology - cloud data - Printing press - Telegraph ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF MEDIA IN A DEMOCRATIC - Newspaper SOCIETY - Motion pictures Channel – media provides opportunities for people to - Typewriter communicate, share ideas, speculate, tell stories and give - Telephone information. - motion picture photography/projection - commercial motion pictures Watchdog – media exposes corrupt practices of the government - motion picture with sound and the private sector. Creating a space wherein governance is - punch cards challenged or scrutinized by the governed. Guarantees free and fair elections. Electronic Age (1930s-1980s) Resource center – acts as a gateway of information for the The invention of the transistor ushered. People harnessed the society’s consumption. It becomes a keeper of memories of the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic community, preserver of heritage and source of academic circuits, and the early computers. Long distance communication knowledge. became more efficient. Advocate – through its diverse sources or formats, media bridges - Transistor radios the gap of digital divide. - Television - Mainframe computers Traditional Media – Pre-Industrial, Industrial, and Electronic Age) - Projectors New Media – Information Age Information Age (1980s-2000s) Sources of information: libraries, Internet or web, alternative The internet paved the way for faster communication and the media, indigenous media and communication. creation of the social network. People advanced the use of Stages or elements of information literacy. microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Voice, image, sound and data 1. Identifying or recognizing information needs are digitalized. 2. Determining the sources of information 3. Citing or searching for information 4. Analyzing and evaluating the quality of information. Industrial IoT - equipment and machinery in factories and other industrial settings that are connected to the Internet and can collect 5. organizing, storing or archiving information data on performance, maintenance needs and other metrics. 6. Using information in an ethical, efficient and effective way. Smart City Infrastructure – internet-connected devices and 7. Creating and communicating new knowledge. sensors that are used to manage and optimize various aspects of Plagiarism is using other people's words and ideas without clearly urban life, such as traffic flow, energy consumption and waste acknowledging the source of the information. management. Common knowledge is facts that can be found in numerous Healthcare IoT - devices such as remote patient monitoring places and are likely to be widely known. systems and medication dispensers that can help healthcare providers monitor patients’ health remotely and improve treatment Interpretation- document facts that are not generally known, or outcomes. ideas that interpret facts. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing Quotation is using someone's words directly. When you use a devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or direct quote, place the passage between quotation marks, and people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the document the source according to a standard documenting style. ability to transfer data over a network without requiring Paraphrase is using someone's ideas but replacing them in your human-to-human for human-to-computer interactions. own words. Although you will use your own words to paraphrase, Technological convergence is the synergy of technological you must still acknowledge and cite the source of information advancements to work on a similar goal or task. Strategies and avoiding plagiarism Media Convergence - the coexistence of traditional and new 1. Submit your own work for publication period you need to cite media. The coexistence of print media broadcast media (radio and even your own work. television), the Internet, mobile phones, as well as others, allowing media content to flow across various platforms 2. Put quotation marks around everything that comes directly from the text and cite the source. The Internet is a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of 3. Paraphrase but be sure that you are not simply rearranging or interconnected networks using standardized communication replacing a few words and cite the source. protocols. 4. Keep a source journal, a notepad, or a note card - annotated MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES bibliographies can be especially beneficial. Classification of Libraries 5. Use the style manual in properly citing sources and get help from a writing center or library. Academic - for college and universities TYPES OF MEDIA Public - for cities and towns Print Media - media consisting of paper and ink, reproduced in the School - for students from kindergarten to grade 12 printing process that is traditionally mechanical. Special - in specialized environment such as hospitals, private Broadcast Media - media such as radio and television that reach business, and the government target audiences using airwaves as the transmission medium. Alternative media - refers to any form of media that operates New Media - content organized and distributed on digital platforms outside the mainstream media and offers alternative perspectives, opinions, and information. This can include independent Outdoor Media - includes billboards, posters, and other types of newspapers, magazines, websites, podcasts, blogs and social outdoor advertising. Outdoor media can be effective for reaching a media platforms. local audience, but it is often seen as less targeted and less engaging than other types of media. Indigenous – native; local; originating or produced naturally in a particular region Smart Home Devices - devices such as smart thermostats, smart lighting systems, and smart locks that can be controlled remotely Indigenous Knowledge - a knowledge that is unique to a specific using a smartphone or other Internet-connected devices. culture or society; most often it is not written down. Wearable technology - devices such as fitness trackers, Indigenous communication - transmission of information through smartwatches, and health monitors that collect data on physical local channels or forms. It is a means by which culture is activity, heart rate, and other biometric information. preserved, handed down, and adopted. Connected cars - cars that are equipped with Internet-connected Indigenous media and communication - original information sensors and software that can collect data on vehicle performance created by a local group of people. This also refers to a content and provide information to drivers, such as navigation and traffic about indigenous people that may be distributed through dominant updates. forms of video or through forms of communication unique to their people group. MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES Horror films - focus on the adrenaline rides for the audience that dial in the gore, scarce and creative monsters. Horror is always Every medium has its own codes and conventions threatening, venting old classics like adding fast zombies and CGI Language - pertains to the technical and symbolic ingredients or creatures. It is seen as the most bankable genre with a huge codes and conventions that media and information professionals built-in audience. Ghouls, ghosts, slashers, creatures and body may select and use in an effort to communicate ideas, information disfiguring are some of its settings and knowledge. Romance movies - about people coming together, falling apart, Media languages - codes, conventions, formats, symbols and and all the hurdles in between. Love is a universal language. A narrative structures that indicate the meaning of media messages straightforward romance focuses on two characters or an to an audience. ensemble falling in love Convention - in the media context, refers to a standard or norm Thriller movies - usually linked with horror, action and drama, but that acts as a rule governing behavior thrillers are about exciting situations that have constant danger. Messages - the information sent from a source to a receiver They are about stressed characters, corrupt investigators and criminals living on the edge. Audience - group of consumers for whom a media message was constructed as well as anyone else who is exposed to the War or conflict movies - about POWs, men in foxholes, tanks, message and planes. They are about people finding commonalities, differences, and sacrificing their lives Producers are people engaged in the process of creating and putting together media content to make a finished media product TYPES OF CODES Other stakeholders - libraries, archives, museums, Internet and Technical Codes other relevant information providers - the way in which equipment is used to tell stories Genre - a French word which means “kind” or “class”. The original (camera techniques, framing, depth of fields, lighting and Latin word is “genus” and means class of things that can be broken etc) down into subcategories. CAMERA TECHNIQUES PRIMARY GENRE Extreme Wide Shot – shot of, e.g. large crow or a view of scenery News - stories that have critical importance to community and as far horizon national life. Also told following the basic structure of beginning, Wide Shot – view of situation or setting from distance middle, and the end. Journalists, people trained to report news to Medium Shot – shows a subject down to his/her waist with a audiences are expected to be objective, comprehensive and space above the head bias-free. They work for newspapers, radio stations, televisions and online or web-based news services Medium Close-Up – shows a subject down to his/her chest with a space above the head Entertainment - derived from the French word “entrenir” which means to hold the attention, keep busy or amused Close-Up – full screen shot of a subject’s face MOVIE GENRE Two Shot – frame encompasses two people. The subjects do not have to be next to each other. Action Movies - require stunts, set pieces, explosions, guns and karate. They are usually about a clear hero and a clear villain. Cut away – interruption of a continuous shot by inserting a shot of They are often bombastic and move quickly. Their pacing and something else. Usually, you then cut back to the first shot. Same structure are built around scenes like car chases and their scene, cuts to another scene, or one continuous shot as the climaxes often have the biggest set pieces. camera pans across to something else. Adventure movies - usually built around the quest. They take Over the shoulder – camera angle used in film and television, the place in faraway lands or jungles. They can be swashbucklers or camera is placed above the back of the shoulder and head of a treasure hunts. subject. Most commonly used to present conversational back and forth between two subjects. Comedy movies - usually are written with a few laughs a scene. The steaks are usually much smaller or interpersonal. It can vary in Point of view – POV shot, an angle that shows what a character is their darkness and the way they deal with life and death. They tend looking at. Placed in between a shot of a character looking at to be shorter films, spoofs, and can have broader casts. something and a shot showing the character’s reaction. Drama - regularly mashed up with other genres because most Selective focus – using a shallow depth of field, the subject can movies and television rely on character driven stories to keep the be rendered in sharp focus with the rest of the image blurring into audience involved. These are serious stories that hinge on events the image foreground and background. Isolates the subject within that regularly happen in everyday life and usually focus on the image, drawing the eye of the viewer to the exact point which character and how these people act over time. the photographer wishes to be observed. Eye-level – the level of your camera is placed at the same height Acting – actors portray characters in media products and as the eyes of the characters in your frame. Simulates standard contribute to character development, creating tension or advancing human vision and presents visual information through a familiar the narrative. The actors portray a character through: viewpoint. - Facial expression High Angle – cinematic technique, the camera looks down on the - Body language subject from a high angle and the point of focus often gets - Vocal qualities “swallowed up”. Make the subject seem vulnerable or powerless - Movement when applied with the correct mood, setting and effects. - Body contact Low Angle – shot from a camera angle positioned anywhere Colour – highly cultural and strong connotations. Different aspects below the eye line, pointed upward. to be looking at when studying the use of color are: Bird’s eye view – camera shoots a scene from directly overhead. - Dominant color Usually has an extreme long shot, to establish setting. Used to - Contrasting foils look down at the scene from a higher point. - Color symbolism Worm’s eye view – shot that is looking up from the ground, meant Written Codes to give the viewer the feeling that they are looking up at the - The formal written language used in a media product. character from way below, and meant to show the view that a child - Used to advance a narrative, communicate information or a pet would have. about a character or issues and themes. CAMERAWORK – refers to how the camera is operated, - Includes printed language which is text you can see positioned and moved for specific effects. Includes: within the frame and how it is presented, and spoken language, which includes dialogue and some lyrics. - Positioning - Movement Conventions – accepted ways of using media codes. Closely - Framing connected to audience expectations of a media product. - Exposure Types of Conventions - Lens choice Form conventions – certain ways we expect types of media’s Editing – process of choosing, manipulating and arranging images codes to be arranged. i.e. the audience expects to have a title of and sound. the film at the beginning, and then credits at the end, and Audio – expressive or naturalistic use of sound. Three aspects of newspapers will put the most important news on the front page and audio are: sports news on the back page. - Dialogue Story conventions – common narrative structures and - Sound effects understandings that are common in storytelling media products. - Music Examples: Lighting – manipulation of natural or artificial light to selectively - Narrative structures highlight specific elements of the scene. Elements of lighting - Cause and effect include: - Character construction - Point of View - Quality - Direction Genre conventions – points to the common use of tropes, - Source characters, settings or themes in a particular type of medium. - Color Closely linked with audience expectations. Can be formal or thematic. Symbolic Codes - show us what's beneath the surface of what we see (objects, setting, body language, clothing, color, etc) Setting – time and place of the narrative. You can describe the setting of the whole story or just a specific scene. Mise en scene – a French term that means ‘everything within the frame’. Become to mean the description of all the objects within a frame of the media product and how they have been arranged. Analysis includes: - Set design - Costume - Props - Staging and composition