Media and Information Literacy Evolution of Media PDF

Media and Information Literacy Quarter 1 – Module 3: EVOLUTION OF MEDIA Lesson Evolution of Media: 3 Traditional to New Media Pre-Industrial Age Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s) - Peopl...

Media and Information Literacy Quarter 1 – Module 3: EVOLUTION OF MEDIA Lesson Evolution of Media: 3 Traditional to New Media Pre-Industrial Age Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s) - People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron. Source: Ferdinand B. Pitagan, Ph.D et.al., “Teaching Guide for Senior High School Media and Information Literacy” Philippines Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education, 2016, pp.20-21 Examples: Cave paintings (also known as “parietal art”) are numerous paintings and engravings found on cave walls or ceilings around 38 000 BCE. Source: “Cave Art”, Encyclopedia Britannica, last Modified May 22, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/art/cave-painting Clay tablets are used as a writing medium especially for writing in cuneiform. Cuneiform is one of the oldest forms of writing. This means of communication was used for over 3 000 years in 15 different languages Source: “The Evolution of Traditional to New Media: Different Devices through the Ages”, Timetoast, accessed June 11, 2020,https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/prehistoric-or- pre-industrial- age-before-1700s 1  Papyrus is made from pith of papyrus plant. It is used in ancient times as writing surface to designate documents written on its sheets, rolled up to scrolls. Source: “The Evolution of Traditional to New Media: Different Devices through the Ages”, Timetoast, accessed June 11, 2020,https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/prehistoric-or- pre-industrial-age-before-1700s Other examples: Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC) Dibao in China (2nd Century) Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century) Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD Industrial Age Industrial Age (1700s-1930s) - People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production, and the manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing press). Source: Ferdinand B. Pitagan, Ph.D et.al., “Teaching Guide for Senior High School Media and Information Literacy” Philippines Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education, 2016, pp.20-21 Examples: Printing press for mass production (19th century) A printing press is typically used for texts. It is a device that applies pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (like paper or cloth). Source: “The evolution of Traditional to New Media”, Sutori, accessed June 11, 2020, https://www.sutori.com/item/printing-press-for-mass-production-19th-century-a-printing-press-is-a-device- 0297 Telegraph is used for long-distance communication by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. Source: “Morse Code and the Telegraph”, History, last modified June 6, 2019, https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/telegraph Motion picture (also known as film or movie) is series of still photos on film, projected in rapid succession onto a screen by means of light. Source: “Motion Picture”, Encyclopaedia Britannica, accessed June 12, 2020,https://www.britannica.com/art/motion-picture/Montage Other Examples: Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640) 2  Typewriter (1800) Telephone (1876) Motion picture photography/projection (1890) Commercial motion pictures (1913) Motion picture with sound (1926) Punch cards Electronic Age Electronic Age (1930s-1980s) - The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long distance communication became more efficient. Source: Ferdinand B. Pitagan, Ph.D et.al., “Teaching Guide for Senior High School Media and Information Literacy” Philippines Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education, 2016, pp.20-21 Examples: Photo ofTransistor Photo ofLarge radio electronic computers- i.e. EDSAC (1949) and UNIVAC 1 (1951) Transistor Radio Large Electronic Computers Mainframe Computers Other Examples: Television (1941) Personal computers - i.e. Hewlett Packard 9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976) OHP, LCD projectors New Age or Information Age Information Age (1900s-2000s) - The Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social network. People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We are now living in the information age Source: Ferdinand B. Pitagan, Ph.D et.al., “Teaching Guide for Senior High School Media and Information Literacy” Philippines Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education, 2016, pp.20-21 Examples: Laptop Facebook Google Meet (Social Network) (Video Chat) 3 Other Examples: Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet Explorer (1995) Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999), Wordpress (2003) Social networks: Friendster (2002), Multiply (2003), Facebook (2004) Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007) Video: YouTube (2005) Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality Video chat: Skype (2003), Google Hangouts (2013) Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo (1995) Portable computers- laptops (1980), netbooks (2008), tablets (1993) Smart phones Wearable technology Cloud and Big Data Lesson Indigenous Media and Other 4 Sources of Information In the previous lesson, we discussed how media and information evolve throughout the history. It makes us easier to access more information. But, how will we know the validity and reliability of the information that we get? SOURCES OF INFORMATION There are three sources of information: indigenous media, library and internet. Let us learn more of them in the following activities. Indigenous Media Indigenous media could also be defined as variety of media expression conceptualized, produced, and circulated by indigenous people with information appropriate to their culture. Source: “Media and Information Sources”, BA Media and Information Literacy,last modified September 18, 2018, https://bamil786447613.wordpress.com/2018/09/18/media-and-information-sources/ Indigenous Knowledge is a unique knowledge from a specific culture or society. Indigenous Communication is the transmission of information through local channels or forms by which the culture is preserved, handed down and adapted. Source: “Media and Information Sources”, BA Media and Information Literacy,last modified September 18, 2018, https://bamil786447613.wordpress.com/2018/09/18/media-and-information-sources/ Characteristics of Indigenous Media 4  oral tradition of communication store information in memories information exchange is face-to-face information is contained within the border of the community Source: “Oral traditions and expressions including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage”, UNESCO, accessed June 12, 2020, https://ich.unesco.org/en/oral-traditions-and-expressions-00053 Forms of Indigenous Media Folk or traditional media Gatherings and social organizations Direct observation Records (written, carved, oral) Oral instruction Library Library is a place where artistic, literary, musical and reference materials such manuscripts, books, and films are kept for use and not for sale. Types of Libraries Academic Library. This is for Colleges and Universities Public Library. This is for cities and towns School Library. This is for students from Kindergarten to Grade 12 Special Library. This is in specialized environment such as hospitals, private business and the government. Internet It is a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. Since it is easy to access information from the internet, the following evaluation criteria will help you how to assess online resources. Currency. It is the timeliness of information. Relevance. It is the significance of the information that you need. Authority. It is the source of information. Accuracy. It is the closeness of the report to the actual data Purpose. The reason why it is created. SKILLS IN DETERMINING THE RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION 1. Check the Author 2. Check the Date of Publication or of update 3. Check for Citations 4. Check the Domain or owner of the site/page..com – commercial.gov – government.edu – educational.org – nonprofit organization.mil – military Source: “Evaluating Information Sources Guide: Activities”, Charles Darwin University Australia, last modified May 4, 2020, https://libguides.cdu.edu.au/evaluation 5 6  Lesson Types of Media 5 Have you ever wondered what will happen to our world today if we still use the same method of communication? We now live in a fast-paced generation, where communication and information are available anytime and anywhere thru different types of media. Any form of media has the goal of sending message across wider audience. It is more efficient and faster. However, which do you think suits your need best? We associate media to ABS-CBN and GMA, the two biggest mainstream media in the Philippines. However, have we ever thought why “media” exist? In this lesson you will understand contents of media, and how issues are presented through different types of media. The evolution of the type of media has drastically taken over the world. From print, to broadcast radio and television and now we have the online media. Print media is a paper publication. It can be in the form of books, newspapers, journals, magazines, newsletters. Broadcast media describes the traditional forms of media that include television and radio. It is the distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience via radio, television. Broadcast media commonly come in two forms: radio and television broadcasting. Radio broadcasting is a one-way sound broadcasting service, transmitted over a radio wave. Television broadcasting is a medium use to transmitting moving images in monochrome or color. Online media is a medium which use internet to send information. Have you ever wondered what content will you upload on this new generation media? In this part of the discussion, you will classify and understand media content. Enjoy reading! The influence of media As media evolve from the regular print to broadcasting, to online media, its content has also progressed. Traditionally, media is known for delivering information. Now, it has become a platform of introducing products and services and even opinion. The media today is more than about information. It is about selling, and convincing you on something: products, services, and ideologies. Through advertisement media can entice as to use and buy a product and try services. Ideologies are being sold too, using your favorite actress on TV, or an online influencer. For example, media wants to sell political ideology. The political advertisement tries to convince you buy showing the side of the politician in an issue, with given facts or none. The convincing power depends on how the content is presented, considering the believability of the presenter and the idea. The result is that you, as an audience or voter will side with that politician and may end up voting for him. Media Content Content is the idea that is delivered to the audiences, in a form of images still and moving, audio, documents and files. News and information were the highlights of print media in its early years. Over the years though it has progressed by adding advertisements, and written entertainment. Radio and Television broadcasting both have the same content with the modern print media. However, radio has been regarded more when it comes to music and radio drama which stirs listeners’ imagination. Television on the other hand has the best attribute and advantage of moving 7 image plus the audio, which is more entertaining. It also can foster emotion and empathy reaching a wider target of audience; thus, the presentation of content becomes more effective. Online media having almost all the content of print and broadcasting, has changed its game by introducing the power of communication and interaction, encouraging the audience to participate, which makes the audience feel they are involve, and that gives the audience satisfaction. Over the time, the content of media is headway to more sophisticated creation, from the basic giving of information, to entertainment and now to influence individual, group of people, and societies in defining themselves; from the use of Print media, to radio and TV broadcasting, and now Online media. Delivery mode of content in different types of media Live streaming allows a creator to share creation and idea in real time. It can be in Broadcast media, but commonly used in online media using Facebook, YouTube and Instagram as its platform. Webinars create a room for seminars, trainings, lectures, and discussion using online media. It can also be use in presenting new products showcasing latest creation. Podcast is known as “new radio” merged from the word iPod and broadcast. It is an audio programme done in series and delivered in digital audio. Listeners can access through online media and download it for offline listening. Infographics is a visual presentation of information and data. It comes in imagery, charts and minimal texts which allows the reader to have a quick overview of the concept or idea. Infographics use print media and online media. E-books are electronic version of printed books. Stories can be read on computer or handheld device. One of the advantages of E-book is its “interactivity” and “personalization”. It is interactive in a way that reader can take note, underline bookmark a page and go through hyperlinks to gain more information. Personalization allows the reader to change the font and the backlight. 8  Lesson Codes, Conventions, and 6 Language of Media Today, media has become very powerful and influential. As a learner, it is not enough that you can read the information given to you. It is also important to understand media and information codes and conventions to help you better understand the message that media professionals are communicating. According to Ute Schaeffer as cited by (Sylvia Braesel, Media and Information Literacy A practical guidebook for trainers, 2018) “People need to be media literate. This involves knowing where to find relevant information, how media shape popular culture and opinion and influence personal choices, and how to navigate the Internet and ensure personal privacy in the cyber world.” Are you familiar of this? 1. What information do you get from the symbol? 2. How is the symbol presented in terms of color, fonts, and design? 3. What if the color is changed into black, how would that affect the information that the symbol is communicating? The information that you get looking at the symbol is actually the message of the symbol itself. Understanding the language of media is a skill that you must acquire. Remember the following terms: Language pertains to the technical and symbolic ingredients or codes and conventions that media and information professionals may select and use in an effort to communicate ideas, information and knowledge. Media language are the codes, conventions, formats, symbols and narrative structure that indicate the meaning of media messages to an audience. Messages are the information sent from a source to a receiver. Source: Teaching Guide for Senior High School Media and Information Literacy. (Ferdinand B. Pitaagan, Ph.D., Virginia P. Andres, Louis Mark N. Plaza, Conrado C. Rotor, Ph.D., Aurelio P. Vilbar, Ph.D., Cheryl F. Villanueva, 2016) 9 Study the cover pictures of the different movie genres. The elements that helped you identify what kind of movie each picture shows are the codes and conventions of media. Media codes and conventions are like the building blocks of all the media around us which generally have an agreed meaning, or connotation to their audience (Young, 2017). There are three (3) types of media codes: symbolic codes, technical codes, and written codes. 1. Symbolic codes are social in nature. Such codes exist beyond the media product themselves but can be interpreted in similar ways in the everyday life of the viewer (Young, 2017). Example: which means Christianity These also include setting, mise en scene, acting and color. https://www.nwaonline.com/news/2016/jun/10/the-conjuring-2-20160610/ Setting is the time and place of the narrative. It can be the setting of the whole story or just a specific scene. This will create atmosphere or build a frame of mind (Young, 2017). 10  https://www.iol.co.za/motoring/mr-bean-drives-fromthe-roof-again- 1911872 Mise en scene is a French term meaning ‘everything within a frame’. Costume and props are included in the analysis in the frame (Young, 2017). https://telecoms.com/475799/surely-verizon-wont- buy-twittertoo/shocked-man- covering-his-mouth-with-hands/ Acting is how an actor portray a character that will lead to character development and tension making through facial expression, body language and vocal qualities (Young, 2017). https://www.insider.com/maleficent-mistress-of-evil-movie-review-2019-10 Color is used to connect connotation to specific scenes, characters or object. Red, for instance, is typically seen as a color of passion, danger, romance, or violence. Green is connected with nature or sickness, blue with calm or depression. Purple is seen to be connected with royalty (Young, R. 2017). 2. Technical codes. According to Arniel Ping technical codes are all the ways in which equipment is used to tell a story in a media text like camera techniques, framing, lighting, etc. (Ping, 2016). Camerawork refers to how the camera is handled, positioned and moved for specific effects like a high-angle camera shot to create a feeling of power in a photograph. 11  CAMERA TECHNIQUES https://nofilmschool.com/camera-angles-and-shots-movements Lighting. According to Robert Young lighting is the manipulation of natural or artificial light to selectively highlight specific elements of the scene( Young, 2017). 12  https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/film-lighting-techniques/ Audio is the expressive or naturalistic use of sound. It includes dialogue, sound effects and music. According to Chris Constantine(Constantine, 2010) music often defines a scene. An example is the use of ominous music to communicate danger in films. 3. Written codes are the formal written language used in a media product. These include language style and textual layout like headlines, captions, speech bubbles, etc. (Frezi.com, Young, R. 2017) https://gravereviews.com/2020/04/16/blo https://design.tutsplus.com/tutorials/how-to-create- https://www.interaksyon.com/trendsspeechbubbles-and-comic- effects-in-adobe- spotlights/2018/12/19/140858/catriona-grayillustrator--cms24764 newspaper-media-australia- miss-universe/ According to Robert Young, conventions are the accepted ways of using media codes. There are three different types of conventions: form conventions, story conventions and genre convention (Young, R. 2017). 1. Form conventions are the expected ways on how media codes are arranged. In newspapers for example, the most important news will be at the front page while sports news is found at the back page. Newspapers also contain masthead. 2. Story conventions are common narrative structures and understandings in story telling media products like cause and effect, character construction and point of view. 3. Genre conventions are the common use of tropes, characters, settings or themes in a particular type of medium. They can be formal or thematic. You are now familiar with the different codes and conventions used by media professionals to deliver the message that they want their audience to receive. Your understanding of the technical, symbolic and written codes will make you media and information literate. 13  Intellectual Property, Lesson 7 Copyright and Fair Use Guidelines The origins of the Internet go back to the 1960’s. It had many milestones from then until now. Internet has changed business, education, government, healthcare, and even the ways in which we interact with our loved ones. It became one of the key drivers of social evolution. The changes in social communication are one of its particular significance. Most communication barriers have been removed because of the internet. Copyright is a legal device authorizing the creator of a literary piece, artistic work, musicals or other creative compositions the sole right to publish and sell such work. Copyright owners have the right to control the reproduction of their work, including the right to receive payment for that reproduction. An author may grant or sell those rights to others, including publishers or recording companies. Violation of such right is called infringement. Copyright law gives creators of original material the exclusive right to further use and duplicate that material for a given amount of time, at which point the copyrighted item becomes public domain. (KENTON, 2020) Plagiarism is an instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without authorization; the representation of that author's work as one's own, as by not crediting the original. Phishing is a cybercrime in which a target or targets are contacted by email, telephone or text message by someone posing as a legitimate institution to lure individuals into providing sensitive data such as personally identifiable information, banking and credit card details, and passwords. The information is then used to access important accounts and can result in identity theft and financial loss. The fair use of a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news, reporting, teaching including multiple copies for classroom use, scholarship, research and similar purposes is not an infringement of copyright. Decompilation which is the reproduction of the code and translation of the forms of the computer programs to achieve the inter-operability of an independently created computer program with other programs, may also constitute fair use. To determine whether use of a work constitutes fair use, the following factors are considered: The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for non-profit educational purposes; The nature of the copyrighted work; The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. Republic Act No. 8293 or the Intellectual Property Code of the 14 Philippines AN ACT PRESCRIBING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE AND ESTABLISHING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE, PROVIDING FOR ITS POWERS AND FUNCTIONS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES It shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for such periods as provided in this Act. The use of intellectual property bears a social function. Lesson Digital Divide, Computer 1 Addiction and Cyber Bullying Technology is very significant in our life specially in using the internet. It makes our works in schools, offices and at home easier and faster in communication, researches, doing business and other online transactions. It greatly helps continue education despite of the pandemic. The world in the internet is not a hundred percent safe for us users. We should bear in mind to follow laws and rules in order to be protected from any cybercrime. Before we proceed further, it is necessary to remember the concepts and ideas in on your past lessons that are important in your current topic on digital divide, addiction and bullying. These lessons could be taken from the previous chapter of the subject in Media and Information Technology. Are you ready! It’s a fun learning! Let’s begin! 15 Using the Anticipation guide, write YES on the blank if you agree and NO if you disagree the statement. Read the statement carefully. The statements in the Anticipated Guide Sheet somehow activated your learning about the issues in accessing the information and communication technology via internet and its underlying ideas. You will find out later on that these ideas are somehow connected to our current topic to be discussed. DIGITAL DIVIDE (DD) Are all members in the family having skills in digital manipulation? How your parent does enroll you in the school this year? In what way, you communicate your family and friends afar from you? 16 Some of you may answers differently like not all members have the ability to use technology while other family members can, some experience enrolling via online while others went to their respective barangay to get the enrolment forms and lastly, others may be through letters or basic phone call while other can have video call as a form of communication. These are simple scenarios that we experience of what we called digital divide. Digital divide pertains to the social and economic imbalance of the opportunities to access to, use of or knowledge of information and communication technology (ICTs). It is referring to a gap between sector in the community who can access, has the skills and has desire to the internet and those who cannot. The unequal opportunity of the internet acquisition is caused by the differences of skills, motivations and preferences of use based on category such as personal category (gender, age, race/ethnicity, personality, intelligence and Health), positional category (education, occupation, household and nation) and the resources category (economic, social and cultural capital) status of a person. The divides arise due to lack of knowledge on how to manipulate the technology and understanding of its benefits as well and some cannot afford to access because the income is low. We can able to overcome this phenomenon by: 1. lowering the cost of internet connection in the house 2. a law should be created to make all public places should have free internet access set by the government. 3. the different LGUs and NGOs should conduct a forum about the advantage of technology and how to use the advance technology in rural areas. 4. the parents should be given with trainings related to technology by the schools and libraries. COMPUTER ADDICTION (CD) 17 Internet is significant to man’s life. It widens the spectrum of communication and accessing information. It’s easy to connect to the people far from us. Let me ask you these following questions. 1. Are you absentminded because you are thinking of an online activity? 2. Do you spend more time in the internet before you are satisfied? 3. Have you tried to stop using the internet (like playing online games) chatting but fail to do it? 4. Is your education, relationship of the family and friends or works affected by using the internet? 5. Is your behavior becoming moody, irritable or depressed if you cannot use the internet? 6. Are you escaping meal or sleep late in using the internet? 7. Does internet give you comfort in times of problem or having bad mood? When your answers have many YES, then it’s a sign that you are experiencing Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) or known as Computer Addiction. What is Computer Addiction? Computer Addiction means the inability to control the desire of using the technology (like computers, smartphones and internet) or an extreme use of the computer which makes the person uneasy or anxiety in the absence of the gadgets. Wherein the daily routine in life like work, eating or sleep are affected that could lead to social problem, change in behavior, relationships and though process. The three reason why computer addiction exist are depression, loneliness and social acceptance where young people commonly experience. 18 Types of Computer Addiction 1. Information Overload - excessive online surfing resulted to inefficient at work and have less family interconnection 2. Compulsion- over time spent in online activities like gaming, bartering of stocks, gambling which cause to a problem at work 3. Cybersex addiction- exceed time spent in surfing porn sites that could interfere one’s relationship 4. Cyber- relationship- excessive time spent in social networking sites to make relationship online than spending time to real persons like family and friends Different Symptoms of a computer addict person 1. Emotional Symptoms- feeling of guilt, anxiety, depression, dishonesty, feeling of great happiness or excitement (euphoric) in front of the computer, defensive, distress, escaping of work, isolation and cannot follow schedule 2. Physical Symptoms - backpain, headache, increase or decrease of weight, sleep disorder, carpal tunnel syndrome, blurred or strain visions Computer Addiction can be prevented through: 1. Set limit in using computers and doing online activities. 2. Talk to your family and friends and mingle with them most of the time. 3. Organize a non-computer related activity like sports 4. Place your gadgets away from you when not needed 19 CYBER BULLYING In this time, social media is significant tool like in communication, and updating information. As the result from the survey of Stairway foundation reported in a news that 80% of young people ages 7 to 16 are victims of cyber bullying through social media. The term bullying “refers to any severe, or repeated use by one or more students of a written, verbal or electronic expression, or a physical act or gesture, or any combination thereof, directed at another student that has the effect of actually causing or placing the latter in reasonable fear of physical or emotional harm or damage to his property; creating a hostile environment at school for the other students; infringing on the rights of another students at school; such as, but not limited the following: 1. Any unwanted physical contact between the bully and the victim like punching, pushing, shoving, kicking, slapping, tickling, headlocks, inflicting school pranks, teasing, fighting and the use of available objects as weapons; 2. Any Act that causes damage to a victim’s psyche and /or emotional wellbeing; 3. Any slanderous statement or accusation that causes the victim undue emotional distress like directing foul language or profanity at the target, name calling, tormenting and commenting negatively on victim’s looks, clothes and body.” (Republic Act No. 10627-Anti-Bullying Act) Bullying happens in face to face (like in school) while cyber-bullying happens in a cyberspace (means in interconnected digital technology). What is cyber bullying? Cyber bullying is a type bullying done online with the use of technology like computers, laptops, and cellphone that can destroy the physical and emotional aspect of the victim (called as bullied) by the one who does the act (refers as bully). This problem is associated with the use of internet and different platforms like text messaging, chatting, emails, websites and social networking sites. The different forms of cyberbullying are posting shameful pictures or videos in social media, sending threatening or hurtful messages through chatting or text messages. The bullying act happens Cyberbullying can be prevented by doing the following: 20 1. Be optimistic person. 2. Share to the person whom you can trust with. 3. Keep your password by yourself. Don’t share it. 4. Always check the content before posting or sharing. 5. Always log out your account after using. 6. Respect and love other people and yourself 21