Reviewer for Media and Information Literacy PDF

**Lesson 1** **MEDIA** -Refers to [physical objects used to communicate] with, or the [mass communication through physical objects.] (Such as: radio, TV, computer, film, etc.) **TECHNOLOGY** -A [practical application of knowledge] especially in a particular area. **INFORMATION** -[Broad term...

**Lesson 1** **MEDIA** -Refers to [physical objects used to communicate] with, or the [mass communication through physical objects.] (Such as: radio, TV, computer, film, etc.) **TECHNOLOGY** -A [practical application of knowledge] especially in a particular area. **INFORMATION** -[Broad term that covers processed data], knowledge derived from study experience, instruction, signals, or symbols. **LITERACY** -[Ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute], using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. - **Media Literacy**-ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety form. - **Information Literacy**-ability to recognize when information is needed, locate, evaluate and effectively communicate information in its various formats. - **Technology Literacy**- ability of an individual either working independently or with others, to responsibly, appropriately and effectively use in technological tools. - **Media and Information Literacy**-ability to access, analyze, and create media and information responsibly, effectively and efficiently. **Lesson 2** **PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE (BEFORE 1700)** -People discovered fire, developed paper from plants and forged weapons and tools with stone, bonze, copper and iron. - Forms of media: - Cave paintings (35,000 BC) - Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC) - Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC) - Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC) - Codex in Mayan region (5^th^ century) - Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD) *\*Additional information* *Language- bran developed and enhanced* *Chau vet cave paintings- southern France (30000)* *Ancient Mesopotamia- "cradle western civilization"* *- Former Tigris --Euphrates river system* *Papyrus-early form of paper from pith of papyrus plant growing wetlands and is abundant in the Nile delta.* *Woodblock painting- was developed 200 CE (craftspeople wrote letters on textile or paper using letters carved into woods).* *Movable printing by Johann Gutenberg-a gold smith, year 1040* - *Movable printing press in 1453* **INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700'S TO 1930'S)** -People [used the power of steam], developed machine tools, established iron production, and the manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing press). - Forms of media: - Printing press for mass production (1900) - Newspaper-the London Gazette (1740) - Typewriter (1800) - Telephone (1876) - Motion picture photography/projection (1890) - Commercial motion pictures (1913) - Telegraph - Punch cards **ELECTRONIC AGE (1930'S TO 1980'S)** -The [invention of the transistor] ushered in the electronic age. [People harnessed the power of transistors] that led to transistor radio, electronic circuits and the early computers. - Forms of media: - Transistor radio - Television(1941) - Large electronic computers - Mainframe computers \[i.e. IBM (1960)\] - Personal computers-i.e. Hewlett Packard 9100A(1968), Apple 1 (1976) - OHP, LCD projectors **INFORMATION AGE (1900'S TO 2000'S)** -The [internet] paved the way for faster communication and creation of the [social network]. -People [advanced the use of microelectronics] with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. - Forms of media: - Web browsers: Mosaic (1930), internet explorer (1955) - Blogs: BlogSpot (1999), WordPress (2003) - Social networks: Friendster (2002), Multiply (2003), FB (2004), Instagram - Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007) - Video: YouTube (2005) - Argumented Reality/ Virtual reality - Video chat: skype (2003), google hangouts (2013) - Smartphones - Wearable technology - Cloud and big data **Lesson 3** **PRINT MEDIA** -[This type of media paper and ink is reproduced in a printing process that is traditionally mechanical] such as books, newspapers, magazines, journal, newsletters and brochures. Print media may include text, graphics or a combination of both. Ex. (newspaper, magazines, books, pamphlets, research papers) - **Text media**- a type of print media which is simple and flexible format for conveying ideas, whether handwritten or printed. This media may also be displayed on screen as part of broadcast media, multimedia or new media. \*important feature-Typography- is the art and technique of arranging visual component of written words. Designs with optical illusions that improve reliability. Fonts and alignments are part of typography. - **Visual media**-is a general term for any medium that mainly makes use of sight as a channel to receive the message. - Information graphics (infographics) - Cartoons ( sketch or drawings) - Photography (image created by light captured on a light **BROADCAST MEDIA** -A type of media that reaches target audiences using airwaves as the transmission medium. Ex. (television, radio, telephone, speaker) - **Audio media**- a type of broadcast media that [uses audio or voice recording as a medium in the delivery of information]. These are devices that appeal to auditory sense. - **Multimedia**- a type of broadcast media concerned with the computer controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images (video), animation, communicated and handled digitally. In the early years of multimedia, "rich media", is an extension of multimedia, where photos or graphics are linked to other sources of information. **NEW MEDIA** -A term used to integrate the different technologies emerging on one digital platform to organize and distribute content. -characteristics of new media: digital, interactive, hyper textual, globally networked, virtual and simulated. Disseminating the information to several receivers which is theoretically infinite, in customized ways depending on the specification for endorsed categories. Ex. (podcast, blogs, video games, online articles, online videos, social media) **MEDIA CONVERGENCE** -Involves the merging of the different types of media: print media, broadcast media, new media - **Print and New media convergence** - Blogs - Online books - Online magazines - News portals - **Broadcast and New media convergence** - Online videos/ vlogs - Online streaming - Video conference - Online messaging **Lesson 4** **INDIGENOUS MEDIA** - Native; local; [originating or produced naturally] in a particular region or locality. - [Defined as forms of media expression] conceptualized, produced, and circulated by indigenous peoples worldwide as vehicles for communication, including cultural preservation. Cultural and artistic expression, political self- determination, and cultural sovereignty. **EXAMPLES OF INDIGENOUS MEDIA:** 1\. Northern Dispatch Weekly (NORDIS) Philippines\' 2\. Zigzag Weekly 3\. Northern Philippine Times **CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIGENOUS MEDIA:** - The oral tradition of communication stores information in memories - Information exchange is face-to-face - Information is contained within the border of the community - Knowledge is unique to a given culture and society - Relayed through people media and community media **FORMS OF INDIGENOUS MEDIA:** 1\. Folk or traditional media 2\. Gatherings and social organizations. 3\. Direct observation 4\. Records 5\. Oral instruction **INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE** -Knowledge that is [unique to a specific culture or society], most [often it is not written down.] **INDIGENOUS COMMUNICATION** -Transmission of information through local channels or forms. It is a means by which [culture is preserved, handed down, and adapted]. **INDIGENOUS MEDIA and INFORMATION** -[Original information] created by a local group of people. **TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES** PRIMARY SOURCES, SECONDARY SOURCES, TERIARY SOURCES - **PRIMARY SOURCES** - **SECONDARY SOURCES** - **TERTIARY SOURCES** -Consist of information which is a distillation and [collection of primary and secondary sources.] **PRIMARY SOURCES**: - Thesis - Photographs - Dissertation - Speeches - Scholarly Journal Articles (research-based) - Letters - Memos - Some Government - Personal Narratives - Reports - Diaries - Symposium - Interviews - Conference proceedings - Autobiographies - Original Artwork - Correspondence - Poems - **SECONDARY SOURCES:** - Textbooks - Edited works - Books - Articles that interpret or review research works - Histories - Biographies - Literary Criticism and Interpretation - Reviews of Law and Legislation - Political Analyses - Commentaries **TERTIARY SOURCES:** - Dictionary - Encyclopedia (may also be secondary) - Almanac - Bibliographies (may also be secondary) - Directories - Guidebooks - Manuals - Handbooks - Textbooks (may also be secondary) - Indexing - Abstracting Sources **CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION SOURCES** 1. Library Sources 2. Internet Sources - **LIBRARY SOURCES** -A library [is a building or room where literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials] (such as books, manuscripts, recordings, or films) [are kept] for use but not for sale. **TYPES OF LIBRARIES** - Academic Library - Public Library - School Library - Special Library - **INTERNET SOURCES** -Internet is [a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities], consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. **Things to consider in evaluating information:** - **Reliability**[. Information is reliable] if it can be [verified] and evaluated. - **Accuracy**. It refers to the [closeness of the report to the actual data] - **Value** [Information is valuable] if it aids the user in making or improving decisions. - **Authority**. Sources with an [established expert on the subject matter] are considered as having sound authority on the subject. - **Timeliness**. Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary based on whether it was produced or acquired. **SKILLS IN DETERMINING THE ACCURACY OF INFORMATION** a. Look for facts. b. Cross-reference with other sources to check for consistency. c. Determine the reason for writing and publishing the information d. Check for advertising **HUMAN SOURCES** -A [person who contributes information] to a piece of reportage, whether or not it is ultimately published or aired in any venue print, the internet, radio (audio podcasts included), video on a news report on television, the web or in a documentary film. **CATEGORIES OF HUMAN SOURCES** - Information generator - Information gatherer - Information recorder - Information processer - Information disseminator - Translator - Condenser - Retriever - Technologist - Information preserver - **Information generator:** [Individuals who create original ideas], concepts, or data. They might be researchers, artists, writers, or inventors. - **Information gatherer:** They [collect data from various sources], such as surveys, interviews, or observations. They might be journalists, social scientists, or market researchers. - **Information recorder:** This person [documents information in a structured format], such as writing reports, taking notes, or creating databases. They might be librarians, secretaries, or data entry clerks. - **Information processer:** This individual [analyzes and interprets data to extract meaning.] They might be statisticians, analysts, or data scientists. - **Information disseminator:** This person [communicates information to others through various channels], such as publications, presentations, or social media. They might be teachers, public relations specialists, or marketing professionals - **Translator:** [This person converts information from one language or format to another]. They might be language translators, technical writers, or data conversion specialists - **Condenser:** [This individual summarizes or simplifies complex information into a more concise form.] They might be editors, abstractors, or content writers. - **Retriever:** This person [locates and retrieves information] from various sources, such as libraries, databases, or the internet. They might be librarians, researchers, or information specialists. - **Technologist:** This individual [develops and maintains the tools and systems used to create, store, and access information]. They might be computer programmers, network engineers, or systems analysts. - **Information preserver:** This person [ensures that information is preserved] for future use through archival or preservation methods. They might be archivists, curators, or digital preservation specialists. **Lesson 5** "Language may be a source of misunderstanding" -- Marshall McLuhan 1964 **Reasons:** - Language barriers - Cultural differences - Ambiguity - Tone and context - Slang and jargon - Non-verbal communication **MEDIA LANGUAGE** -Codes, conventions, formats, symbols and narrative structures [that indicate the meaning of media messages] to an audience. **GENRE** -Comes from the [French word meaning "type" or "class"] -Can be recognized by its common set of [distinguishing features (codes and conventions).] - **CODES** - Are systems of signs which create meaning. - *Semiotics* is the study of signs. **Types of codes:** 1. **Symbolic codes** -show what is [beneath the surface of what we see] (objects, setting, body language, clothing, color, etc.) or iconic symbols that are easily understood. -include the language, dress or actions of characters, or iconic symbols that are easily understood. - **Setting**-[time and place] of the narrative. - **Mise en scene**-everything within the frame, the [description of all the objects within a frame] of the media product and how they have been arranged. - **Acting**-actors [portray characters] in media productions and contribute to character development, creating tension or advanced narrative. **Methods of describing a word** **Connotation**-refers to the wide array of [positive and negative associations that most words] naturally carry with them. **Denotation**-the precise, [literal definition] of a word that might be [found in a dictionary]. 2. **Written codes** -are the [formal written language used in a product]. It is a use of language style and textual layout. \*written codes can be used to advance a narrative, communicate information about a character or issues and themes in the media product. 3. **Technical codes** -are ways in which [equipment is used to tell the story]. -this includes sound, camera angles, types of shots and lighting as well as camera techniques, framing, depth of field, lighting, exposure and juxtaposition. **CAMERA SHOTS** -A camera shot is [composed of series of frames that are shot uninterrupted] from the moment the camera starts rolling until it stops. **Types of camera shot size** - **Extreme long shot**-also called extreme [wide shots such as a large crowd scene or a view of scenery as the horizon]. - **Long shot**-a view of a [situation or setting from a distance]. - **Full shot**-a view of a figure's [entire body] in order to show action and/or a constellation group of characters. - **Medium long shot**-shows a [group of people in interaction with each other], ex. (fight scene with part of their surroundings in the picture). - **Cowboy shot**-frames the subject from roughly [mid thighs up.] - **Medium shot**-shows a subject [down to his/her chest/waist]. - **Close up shot**-a [full screen shot of a subject's face] showing the finest nuances of expression. - **Extreme close up shot** --is most [you can fill a frame with your subject] (mouth, eyes and gun triggers). [Smaller object get greater detail and focal point]. - **Establishing shot**-at the head of the scene that [clearly shows us the location of the action] (followed by [aerial shot to show where everything will happen]). **CAMERA SHOT FRAMING** -Is the [art and science of placing subjects in your shots]. Camera shots are all about composition. Rather than pointing the camera at a subject. You need to [compose an image]. **Type of camera shot framing:** - **Single shot**-[captures one subject]. It can also be set and [framed in any shot size] you like, just as long as there is only one character featured within a frame. - **Two shot**-is a camera shot with [two characters] featured in the frame. - **Three shot**- features [three characters] in the frame. - **Over-the-shoulder shot**- shows your subject [from behind the shoulder of another character]. - **Over-the-hip shot**-is placed with the [characters hip in the foreground], and the focus subject in the plane of acceptable focus. - **Point of view shot**-is a camera that shows the [viewer exactly what the characters see]. **CAMERA SHOT ANGLES** -Is used to [specify the location where the camera is placed to take a shot]. The position of the camera in relation to the subjects can affect the way the viewer perceives the scene. **Types of camera shot angles:** - **Eye-level shot**-subject is at an [eye-level they're in neutral perspective]. (Not superior/inferior). - **Low-angle shot**- frames the subject from a [low camera height looking up at them]. - **High-angle shot**-camera [points down at the subject]. (Creates a feeling of [inferiority or "looking down]" on your subject). - **Hip-level shot**-is when your [camera is roughly waist high]. - **Knee-level shot**-camera height is about as [low as your subject's knees]. - **Ground-level shot**-camera's height is on [ground level with the subject]. - **Shoulder-level shot**- camera is as [high as your subject's shoulder.] - **Dutch tilt shot**-[camera is slanted to one side]. The horizon lines tilted in this way, you can [create a sense of disorientation.] - **Overhead shot**-([bird's eye view]) is from way up-high, [looking down on your subject and a good amount of scenery] surrounding him/her. This can [create a sense of scale and movement.] - **Arial shot**- is a [shot from way up high] to establish [a large expense of scenery] (helicopter, drone or more). **CAMERA MOVEMENTS** -Camera movement is a powerful filmmaking tool employed to modify the relationship between the subject and the camera frame, with [the goal of altering viewer\'s perspective of space and time] for a more impactful and visceral visual storytelling. **Types of camera movements:** **Static/Fixed Shot**-when there\'s [no movement] (l.e. locked camera aim) it\'s called a static shot. Static shots work well in every genre, but they\'re nice for comedy because the [actor\'s performance and dialogue is often the focus.] **Dolly shot**-A dolly shot is [where the camera is affixed to a mechanism called a dolly], which is a specialized [push-cart built] to handle heavy cinema cameras. **Zoom shot**-Zoom shots are camera shots that [change the focal length of the lens during the shot.] **Pan shot**-[Camera pans rotates the camera side to side on a horizontal axis]. This can reveal something to the viewer or allow them to follow an action. **Tilt shot**-A camera [tilt is when you move your camera up and down on a vertical axis.] So, it\'s exactly like a pan, only vertical. **Tracking shot**-A tracking shot [moves with your subject]. Sometimes it follows behind or beside them on a dolly, Steadicam or a gimbal. **CONVENTION** \- refers to a [standard or norm that acts as a rule governing behavior] generally established and accepted ways of doing something **EXAMPLES OF CONVENTION** **FORM CONVENTION STORY CONVENTION GENRE CONVENTION** - Form conventions are the distinct ways that audiences expect codes to be arranged in media. - These story conventions are common narrative structures and expectations from media. - Genre conventions include the common use of tropes. Characters, settings or themes in a certain media. **MESSAGE** \- The information sent to a receiver from a source. **AUDIENCE** \- The group of consumers for whom the media message was constructed as well as anyone else who is exposed to the message. **PRODUCER** -People engaged in the process of creating and putting together media content to make a finished media product. **STAKEHOLDER** -Libraries, archives, museums, internet and other relevant information provider.