Mid Greek Architecture Part 2 PDF

GREEK ARCHITECTURE PT. 2 Purity of Lines & Refinement of Details Influences Greek Periods Ornaments Acropolis Temples Orders Structures THE ACROPOLIS THE ACROPOLIS...

GREEK ARCHITECTURE PT. 2 Purity of Lines & Refinement of Details Influences Greek Periods Ornaments Acropolis Temples Orders Structures THE ACROPOLIS THE ACROPOLIS Many of the Greek cities were built upon or within the vicinity of a hill known as an acropolis and formed a citadel. ACROPOLIS "City on the height” In classical Greek architecture, a city stronghold or fortress was constructed on higher ground than the surrounding urban fabric. THE ACROPOLIS The Acropolis, Athens is a temenos for the Greek goddess, Athena TEMENOS A holy sanctuary or a piece of land marked off from common uses and dedicated to a god/goddess THE ACROPOLIS THE ACROPOLIS ③ ② ⑤ ① ① Propylaea ② Parthenon ③ Erechtheion/ Erechtheum ④ Temple of Athena ⑤ Statue of Athena ④ THE ACROPOLIS PROPYLAEA monumental gates or entranceways to aspecific space, usually toa temple or religious complex THE ACROPOLIS PROPYLAEA THE ACROPOLIS PROPYLAEA its construction was part of Pericles’ great rebuilding program for Athens designed by architect, Mnesicles Constructed with white Pentelic marble. It lies on an east-west axis and was designed to mirror the architectural style and proportions of the nearby Parthenon. THE ACROPOLIS PROPYLAEA The northern wing, provided with windows was used as a pinacotheca. PINACOTHECA A picture gallery or a building to contain painted pictures THE ACROPOLIS PARTHENON Built from 447-438 B.C. in honor of Athena, the city’s patron goddess. THE ACROPOLIS PARTHENON Athens, Greece THE ACROPOLIS PARTHENON The temple was designed by two ancient Greek architects, Iktinos (Ictinus) and Kallikrates (Callicrates). The famous sculptor Pheidias was responsible for the sculptural decoration and the ivory statue of Athena, which was inside, as well as the entire construction program of the temple. The first attempts to preserve and restore the Parthenon took place as early as 1896-1900 and in 1922-1933 its second restoration program took place. THE ACROPOLIS ERECHTHEION Also called Erechtheum THE ACROPOLIS ERECHTHEION It was constructed in the Golden Age of the city to house the ancient wooden cult statue of Athena and generally glorify the great city at the height of its power and influence. Architect: Mnesicles THE ACROPOLIS CARYATIDS In the ERECHTHEION, the caryatids have become the temple’s signature feature, as they stand and seem to casually support the weight of the porch’s roof on their heads. THE ACROPOLIS CARYATID Also kore, a carved statue of a draped female figure which functions as a column THE ACROPOLIS TEMPLE OF ATHENA Also called the TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE THE ACROPOLIS TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE The Classical temple is considerably smaller than the other temples of the Acropolis. It is the first building that greets the visitors who approaches the Propylaea THE ACROPOLIS STATUE OF ATHENA THE ACROPOLIS STATUE OF ATHENA The Athena Parthenos was a gigantic statue which is around 11.5m tall and was made of carved ivory for A marble copy of the Athena Parthenos flesh parts and gold for everything else, all wrapped which stood in the Parthenon. (National Archaeological Museum, Athens) around a wooden core. THE ACROPOLIS TEMPLES TEMPLES - PLANNING PLANNING OF TEMPLES Temples were the chief class of building and they were built with special regard to outward effect since they were not intended for internal worship. Entrances are commonly on the east side The altar stood opposite the east front TEMPLES - PLANNING OPISTHODOMOS CELLA / NAOS PRONAOS / ANTICUM a small room in the principal chamber; an enclosed an open vestibule cella for a treasury part of the temple where the before the cell cult image was kept TEMPLES - PLANNING EPINAOS / POSTICUM rear vestibule OPISTHODOMOS a small room in the cella for a treasury CELLA / NAOS principal chamber; an enclosed part of the temple where the cult image was kept PRONAOS / ANTICUM an open vestibule before the cell TEMPLES - PLANNING PERIPTERAL PTERON having a single colonnade parallel to, but row of columns apart from the cella PTEROMA passage between the pteron and the cella STYLOBATE DORIC ORDER it is the top step of a stepped platform upon which colonnades of temple columns are placed. STEREOBATE a solid mass of masonry serving as the visible base of a building, especially a Greek temple TEMPLES - PLANNING TEMPLES - PLANNING Temples are described in two ways: a) according to the number of columns on the entrance frontage. b) by the arrangement of the exterior columns of the temple in relation to the Naos TEMPLES - PLANNING A. BY THE NUMBER OF COLUMNS 1 Henostyle 2 Distyle 3 Tristyle 4 Tetrastyle PARTHENON 5 Pentastyle 6 Hexastyle 7 Heptastyte 8 Octastyle 9 Enneastyle 10 Decastyle 12 Dodecastyle TEMPLE OF APOLLO TEMPLE OF ZEUS TEMPLES - PLANNING B. BY THE ARRANGEMENT OF COLUMNS: IN-ANTIS or Anta, columns are between anta and at front AMPHI-ANTIS or double anta, at front and rear TEMPLES - PLANNING WHEN WE WANT TO DESCRIBE THESE TWO TEMPLE BY THE NUMBER AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE COLUMNS, WE CAN SAY THAT… DISTYLE IN ANTIS DISTYLE AMPHI ANTIS 2 columns are 2 columns are between between anta and at anta and at front and at front of the temple the rear of the temple TEMPLES - PLANNING B. BY THE ARRANGEMENT OF COLUMNS: PROSTYLE portico at front only AMPHIPROSTYLE porticoes at front and rear TEMPLES - PLANNING WHEN WE WANT TO DESCRIBE THESE TWO TEMPLE BY THE NUMBER AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE COLUMNS, WE CAN SAY THAT… TETRA TETRA PROSTYLE AMPHIPROSTYLE 4 columns are at 4 columns are at front front of the temple and at the back part of the temple TEMPLES - PLANNING B. BY THE ARRANGEMENT OF COLUMNS: PERIPTERAL single row of columns on all sides PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL single row of columns attached to the naos TEMPLES - PLANNING WHEN WE WANT TO DESCRIBE THESE TWO TEMPLE BY THE NUMBER AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE COLUMNS, WE CAN SAY THAT… PERIPTERAL PSEUDOPERIPTERAL HEXASTYLE HEXASTYLE 4 columns are at 1 column surround all front of the temple sides attached to the naos with 6 columns standing at the façade. TEMPLES - PLANNING B. BY THE ARRANGEMENT OF COLUMNS: DIPTERAL double line of columns surrounding the naos PSEUDO-DIPTERAL like dipteral, but inner columns are attached to the naos. TEMPLES - PLANNING WHEN WE WANT TO DESCRIBE THESE TWO TEMPLE BY THE NUMBER AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE COLUMNS, WE CAN SAY THAT… DIPTERAL PSEUDODIPTERAL OCTASTYLE OCTASTYLE Double row of double row of columns columns surround all attached to the naos sides with 8 columns surround all sides with standing at the 8 columns standing at façade. the façade. TEMPLES - PLANNING B. BY THE ARRANGEMENT OF COLUMNS: 1. IN-ANTIS – temples that have one to four columns between antae at the front. Two is the usual number. 2. AMPHI-ANTIS – temples that have one to four columns between antae at the front and rear. Two is the usual number. 3. PROSTYLE – temples that have a portico of columns at the front. 4. AMPHI-PROSTYLE – temples that have a portico of columns at the front & rear. TEMPLES - PLANNING B. BY THE ARRANGEMENT OF COLUMNS: 5. PERIPTERAL – temples that have a single line of columns surrounding the naos. 6. PSEUDO – PERIPTERAL – temples that have flanked of columns. Attached to the naos wall. 7. DIPTERAL – temples that have a double line of columns surrounding the naos. 8. PSEUDO – DIPTERAL – temples are like the last, but the inner range of columns is omitted on the flanks of the naos. TEMPLES - PLANNING TEMPLES - PLANNING TEMPLES - PLANNING INTERCOLLUMNATION The systematic spacing of columns expressed as multiples of column diameters ▪1.50D Pycnostyle (1 1/2 D) ▪2.00D Systyle (2 D) ▪2.25D Eustyle (2 1/4 D) ▪3.00D Diastyle (3 D) ▪4.00D Araeostyle (4 D) TEMPLES PARTS OF THE GREEK TEMPLE ACROTERION PEDIMENT ENTABLATURE COLUMN STEREOBATE TEMPLES - PARTS OF THE GREEK TEMPLE ACROTERION a sculpture or ornament at the apex or corners of a pediment Common design of this is the Anthemion ornament TEMPLES - PARTS OF THE GREEK TEMPLE PEDIMENT A triangular upper part of the front of a building in classical style, typically surmounting a portico ofcolumns. TEMPLES - PARTS OF THE GREEK TEMPLE PEDIMENT TYMPANUM Triangular space enclosed by the horizontal and raking of a pediment TEMPLES - PARTS OF THE GREEK TEMPLE ENTABLATURE The horizontal section of a temple that rests on the columns TEMPLES - PARTS OF THE GREEK TEMPLE ENTABLATURE CORNICE decorated projection at the top of a wall provided to protect the wall face or to CORNICE ornament and finish the eaves FRIEZE FRIEZE a long, narrow, horizontal panel or band that is often decorated with bas-reliefs ARCHITRAVE ARCHITRAVE the lowest beam member of the entablature that spans from column to column, resting directly upon their capitals TEMPLES - PARTS OF THE GREEK TEMPLE COLUMN Cylindrical support in classical architecture, either monolithic or built up of drums as per the diameter of the shaft. TEMPLES - PARTS OF THE GREEK TEMPLE COLUMN CAPITAL CAPITAL The distinctively treated upper end of a column, pillar, or pier, crowning the shaft and taking the weight of the entablature or architrave SHAFT SHAFT central part/body of a column BASE the lowermost portion of a wall or column is usually distinctively treated and BASE considered as an architectural unit TEMPLES - PARTS OF THE GREEK TEMPLE STEREOBATE a solid mass of masonry visible above ground serving the foundation structure. Also called Crepidoma or Podium TEMPLES - PARTS OF THE GREEK TEMPLE STEREOBATE STYLOBATE This is the stepped platform on which colonnades of temple columns are placed (it is the floor of the temple) PEDESTAL a construction upon which a column, statue or the like is elevated PLINTH the usually square slab beneath DADO the base of a column PLINTH END OF PT. 2 Influences Greek Periods Ornaments Acropolis Temples Orders Structures