History of Architecture Exam Review 2015 PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 1 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 Reviewer  Obelisk – A...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 1 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 Reviewer  Obelisk – A monumental, 4-sided stone shaft, usually monolithic and tapering to a pyramidal tip. Pre Historical Structures Ancient Greek Architecture  Tumuli - Earthen burial mounds containing upright and lintel stones forming chambers for consecutive burials for several to a hundred  Marble - The mineral of greatest importance to Greek architecture persons.  Columnar trabeated – Essential characteristic of Greek  Megaliths - Large Stones Architecture.  Dolmen – Burial tomb consisting of three or more upright stones  Propylaea - entrance to the acropolis and erected by the architect and one or more capstone. Mnesicles  Cromlech - An enclosure formed by huge stones panted in the grave  Pteroma - The space between the colonnade and the naos wall in in a circle Greek temple.  Stoa - An ancient Greek Portico, a long colonnaded shelter used in Egyptian Architecture public places.  Pyramid - the tomb of the pharaohs in Egyptian architecture  Acropolis - The fortified high area or citadel of an ancient Greek City.  Cheops - Architect of The Great Pyramid at Giza  Antefix - An upright ornament at the eaves of a tile roof, concealing  Rameses 1 - The beginner of the great hypostyle hall at Karnak and the foot of a row of convex tiles that cover the joints of the flat tiles. the founder of the 19th dynasty.  Acroterion - a pedestal at the corners or peak of a roof to support  Senusret I - erected the earliest known obelisk at Heliopolis. an ornament  Pyramid of Zoser - The world's first large-scale monument in stone  Doric - The style of the order with massive and tapering columns  Pyramid of Khufu - highest sloped pyramid in Gizeh resting on a base of 3 steps.  Sarcophagus – Richly carved coffins  Peripteral - A single line of columns surrounding the Naos.  Imhotep - King Zoser's architect who was deified in the 26th  Dipteral - double line of columns surrounding the naos. dynasty.  Prytaneion - Senate house for chief dignitaries in Greek architecture  Crypt - The tomb beneath a church.  Canephora - Female statues with baskets serving as columns.  Palm, Lotus, and Papyrus - Favorite motifs of design of the  Abacus - A slab forming the crowning member of the capital. Egyptians.  Capital - The crowning member of a column.  Hypostyle Hall - A pillared hall in which the roofs rests on the  Plinth - rectangular or square slab supporting the column at the column in Egyptian temples. base.  Thothmes I - began the building of the Great Hypostyle Hall at  Bouleuterion - council house in Greece. Karnak  Echinus - convex projecting molding of eccentric curve supporting  Ptolemy III - Architect of the Great Serapeum at Alexandria. the abacus of a Doric capital.  Rock-Hewn Tombs - Tombs built for the Egyptian nobility rather  Agora - Greek equivalent of the Roman forum, a place of open air than the royalty. assembly or market.  Papyrus - The Egyptian Ornament symbolizing fertility.  Entasis - A slight vertical curvature in the shaft of a column.  Pylon – Massive gateway formed by a pair of tapering walls of  Amphi-Prostyle - From the Greek temples, a temple that have oblong shape. porticoes of columns at the front and rear. COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 2  Acanthus - A plant whose leaves form the lower portions of the Ancient Roman Architecture Corinthian capital.  Architrave - In the classical order, the lowest part or member of the  Arch and vault – Primary characteristic of Roman Structures. entablature; the beam that spans from column to column.  Composite & Tuscan – the orders added by the Romans to the  Cornice, Frieze, Architrave – parts of the Greek column Greek Orders.  Entablature - In classical architecture, the elaborated beam  Pantheon - most famous and perfect preservation of all ancient member carried by the columns. buildings in Rome.  Atlantes - The Greek male statues used as columns.  Amphitheaters – used for Gladiatorial Contests  Stylobate - The uppermost step in the crepidoma.  Basilica - A hall built in Roman Empire for the administration of justice  Stereobate - The lowest step in the crepidoma.  Forum - The public square of imperial Rome.  Gymnasium - A building in Greek and Roman for exercises or physical activities.  Circus - Roman building which is a prototype of the hippodrome of the Greek  Naos - the equivalent of the crypt in Greek temples.  Colosseum - Roman building for which gladiatorial battles took  Prostyle - Temple with a portico of columns arranged in front. place.  Stadium - A foot race course in the cities.  Palaestra – where wrestling takes place.  In Antis - A temple with 1-4 columns arranged between antae at the  Tuscan and Composite - orders the Etruscans and the Romans add front. making 5 in all  Amphi-Antis - A temple with 1-4 columns arranged between antae  Lacus - In Roman fountains, the large basin of water. at the front and rear.  Circus Maximus - oldest circus in Rome.  Gymnasium - In Greek, it is the Roman prototype of the Thermae.  Domus - The private house of the Romans.  Doric - Greek order that has no base. - Order of Parthenon  Podium – where Roman rectangular temples stood  Epidauros - The most beautiful and best preserved of the Greek  Bepidales - Roman large square tiles theaters.  Opus Mixtum - A type of Roman wall facing with alternating courses  Callicrates and Ictinus - Architects of the Parthenon. of brickworks  Phidias - Master sculptor of the Parthenon.  Opus Incertum - A type of Roman wall facing which is made of small  Libon - Architect of the Temples of Zeus, Olympia. stone laid in a loose pattern roughly resembling polygonal work.  Opus Recticulatum - A type of Roman wall facing with a net-like  Cossutius - Roman architect of the Greek Temples of Zeus, effect. Olympius.  Opus Quadratum - A type of roman wall facing with rectangular  Bird's Beak - The molding that is often found in the Doric Order. block with or without mortar joints.  Peribolus - The wall or colonnade enclosing the Temenos  Opus Tesselatum - Marble mosaic pattern used on ceilings of vaults  Callimachus - Conceptualized the Corinthian capital. and domes.  Balteus - The part of the Corinthian capital without flower.  Insula - Roman apartment blocks.  Prytaneion - The senate house of the Greeks.  Tepidarium - The warm room in the Thermae  Triglyph - The large element in the frieze.  Calidarium - The Hot room of the Thermae.   Frigidarium - The cold or unheated pool in the Thermae. COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 3  Sudatorium - The dry or sweating room in the Thermae.  NAVE – IT IS THE CHURCH’S PRIMAL PASSAGEWAY  Apodyteria - The dressing room of the Thermae  VAULT – IT IS A ROOF, WHICH IS ARCHED AND MADE OF STONE OR  Unctuaria - The room for oils and unguents in the thermae. BRICK  Forum - Orientation of the Roman temple  SANCTUARY –A HOLY PLACE LIKE A MOSQUE, CHURCH AND TEMPLE  Agrippa - The architect of the Pantheon.  NARTHEX – IT IS THE MAIN ENTRANCE HALL  Acanthus and Dolphin – ornaments that are usually found in the Cyma Reversa molding History of Architecture 2 Reviewer  Balneum - A small private bath found in Roman houses or palaces.  GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE West Asia Architecture  Known as the “Architecture of Light”  rebirth of geometry  Palace of Persepolis - Xerxes hall of hundred columns was introduced during the Mesopotamian architecture, which palace Characteristics of Gothic Architecture was it used.  Ziggurat - Sacred artificial mountains of Babylon and Assyria. 1. Stone  Harem - Private family apartments in Assyrian palaces. 2. Pointed Arches  Persian - The use of monsters in doorways is prevalent 3. Ribbed Vaults Tyoes of Ribbed Vaults a) Web/Net b) Fan c) Quadripartite Byzantine Architecture d) Sexpartite  Domical roof construction – characteristic of Byzantine 4. Flying Buttresses Architecture. 5. Tripartite Facades  St. Sophia, Constantinople - The finest and remaining example of Byzantine architecture Terminologies  Centralized - Type of plan of the Byzantine churches.  Abbey - Monastery of people devoted to religion  Anthemius and Isidorus - Architects of the Hagia Sophia  Belfry - Upper room in a tower where bells are hung  Little Metropole Cath., Athens - Smallest cathedral in the world.  Boss - Stone at the intersection of transverse ribs (Byzantine period)  Chimera - A mythological creature having the parts of a lion, snake,  Fresco – IT IS A TYPE OF PAINTING ON NEW AND SLIGHTLY WET and a goat. PLASTER OR PAINTING ON WALLS.  Clerestory - Any window above eye level  DOME – IT IS A HEMISPHERICAL VAULT OR ROOF  Cresting - Ornamental decoration at the ridge of a roof or top of a  MOSAIC – DESIGN OR PICTURES wall.  ICONOSTASIS – IS A SCREEN IN ALL CHURCHES OF THE BYZANTINE  Crockets - Upward Oriented ornament often vegetable in form PERIOD WHICH SEPARATES THE SANCTUARY AND NAVE  Cusp - Point formed by intersecting foils. COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 4  Epi - Spire-shaped termination of a projecting point or angle of a RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE roof.  Finial - An ornament which terminates the point of the spire  “DECORUM” – fundamental rule of renaissance culture.  Fleche - Slender spire rising from the intersection of the roof  CAUSES OF TRANSITION FROM GOTHIC TO RENAISSANCE: o The key to a new vision of human life and therefore of  Flying Buttresses - A semi-arch between the wall and foundation architecture came from the scholar’s access to classical used as support texts.  Foil - Small arch openings in a gothic window. o Development in printing and trading helped in spreading  Gargoyle - Projecting waterspout grotesquely carved to throw these texts. water off the roof. o Architects had some exciting new discoveries to study  Pendant - A suspended feature or hanging ornament used in vaults o New concepts of spatial relationships were made possible and timber roofs of Gothic architecture. by the discovery of perspective by the painters.  Pinnacle - Small, turret-like termination on top of the buttresses often ornamented with crockets. Notable Achievements  Pointed Arch - Gothic Architecture’s version of an arch that supports the weight of the vaulted ceiling more than a regular arch.  Spectacular structural achievements- the great domes of  Ribbed Vault - Masonry vault with a relatively thin web and set o Florence Cathedral – Florence within a framework of ribs. o St. Peter’s Cathedral – Rome  Spire - Slender pointed construction surmounting a building. o St. Paul’s Cathedral – London  Steeple - A tower crowned by a spire. Architectural Character  Stone - Primary building material of Gothic Architecture.  Tracery - Curvilinear openwork shapes of stone or wood.  Early Renaissance – 15th century AD  Bar Tracery Pattern of interlocking stones within the arch of a  High Renaissance – 15th century AD gothic window.  Mannerism – 16th century AD  Transverse Rib - In rib vaulting, are projecting bands that mark the  Early Renaissance traverse arches.  Began in Florence, Italy with the pioneering works of Architect  Triforium - Narrow passage in the thickness of the wall with arches Filippo Brunelleschi opening onto the nave.  Pioneering Architects  Tripartite Facades - A characteristic of Gothic Architecture wherein o Filippo Brunelleschi – structural engineer the façade is divided into three parts. o Leon Battista Alberti – archaeologist, writer Characteristics of Brunelleschi’s work Examples of Gothic Architecture  Simple – modular proportions  Abbey Church of St. Denis (1144) – marks the beginning of gothic  Clarity of design era  Pendentive vaults  Reims Cathedral  Monolithic grey stone columns  Ulm Cathedral  Pilasters set against white plaster walls  depend less on ancient Rome  Notre Dame Cathedral COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 5 Example o Side arcades supported on piers are roughly Roman  Florence Cathedral – The Duomo o Intended to have Pantheon type dome but not o fitted on top of an octagonal drum completed. o invented a complicated wooden form around  High Renaissance which the eight paralleled dome was built.  Donato Bramante’s work in Rome marks the beginning of the High o Had double shell or layers (inner and outer) Renaissance  Foundling Hospital – Florence  Aim was monumentality o Simple and serene  Simulation of massive spatial effects of Imperial Roman Architecture o Round headed arches above slim Corinthian  More used classical orders columns  Showed influence of Alberti’s pure classicism. o Rectangular windows with triangular pediment  Pioneering Architects above o based on repeated modular elements of sail o Donato Bramante boats. o Raphael Santi o Guiliano Da Sangallo Characteristics of Alberti’s work Example  An architectural theorist who wrote one of the essential Tempietto (little Temple) books on Renaissance o Bramante’s work  His works were more archaeological o Built as a memorial monument for saint peter.  Introduced specific ancient features as much as triumphal o Consciously modeled on ancient Roman temple archs and the temple front of his churches. o Inspired many other famous domes of the later  Alberti’s writings on Architecture includes: period – St. Peter’s, St. Paul’s, Pantheon o “De Pictura” - importance of painting as base for  Palazzo Caprini – Rome architecture o A palace façade system different to what had o “De Re Aedificatoria” - theoretical masterpiece been perfected in Florence. on architecture, inspired by Vitruvius’s “Ten books o Influential new features were arch arrangement on Architecture” of the lower levels pedimented windows, paired Doric half columns with frieze. Example o Proposal for St. Peters Cathedral o Design for the highest and most important  Palazzo Rucellai building of the Renaissance o One of the first palaces with classical orders o Plans were based on Greek cross plan within a o Doric for the ground floor and 2 variation of square. This was rejected and the Latin cross was Corinthians for the two upper floors. preferred.  Saint Andrea, Mantua o Michael Angelo completed the design of the final o Facade represents a triumphal arch dome.  San Francesco, Rimini  Mannerism COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 6  They do not follow the classical architecture Example Structures  Confused scale and spatial relationships  “eccentricism” of Renaissance  Villa Rotonda  Created elongated figures and made them into uncomfortable o Every room had a formula ratios related to every postures. other room as well as to the whole building.  Pioneering Architects o Pedimented, ionic porch o Michelangelo Buonarroti o 4 facades with porches which provides views from o Andrea Palladio all directions. o Giulio Romano o First to use dome in villas. o Baldassare Peruzzi Giulio Romano o Giacomo da Vignola  Treated each façade in a different manner. Michelangelo  Pilasters were set uncomplicated regular rhythm.  painter,sculptor, poet, artist, philosopher  Familiar classical motifs.  master piece is the painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Example Structures Chapel in Vatican.  Influential architect during Renaissance and Baroque  Palazzo del Mantua Period. o BALDASSARE PERUZZI  Designed architraves, entablatures, pedimants, ornaments  Highly individualized linear design. that looked classical but in fact had never been seen  Resembling curved and cut stripes of before. leather  Own laws and rules.  Palazzo Massimo, Rome Example Structures Giacomo Da Vignola  Dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral, Rome  Controlled, elegant and serious without eccentricities  Medici Chapel, Florence  Introduced oval shaped into ground plan breaking the  Staircase- Laurentian Library, Florence formal circle which a stepping stone for the dynamic baroque style. Andrea Palladio  Theoretician and published book called 5 orders.  Humanist, poet, and philosopher Example Structures  Proposed 7 proportions.  Introduced “Golden Section”  Church of II Gesu, Rome  Temple as a kind of supreme house – house of God.  Palazzo Farnese by Caprinola  Villas represented combining of sacred and domestic architecture. COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 7 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  Conservatory, Chatsworth by Joseph Paxton  Houses of Parliament by Sir Charles Barry  The name given to the movement in which machines changed people’s way of life  Process of change from agrarian hand craft economy to one dominated by the industry and machine manufacture INTERNATIONAL STYLE  Began in Britain in the late 18th century to 19th century  Developed in Europe and the U.S in the 1920s and 30s, dominated  Most important changes brought by this movement are inventions by Western Architecture in the mid-20th century of machine, use of steam, and adaptation of the factory system.  Forms and aesthetics more than the social aspect of modernism Change in Society  Defined by Henry Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson  Urban population increased Characteristics of International Style  Towns and cities multiplied by number and size 1. Rectilinear forms  New urban society emerged 2. Open interior spaces  Demand for new buildings was greater than ever 3. Large expanses of glass, steel, concrete construction 4. No ornaments New Building Types 5. Natural light  Government buildings: town halls, hotels, clubs, banks, offices & 6. Glass Curtain Wall facade shops Examples Structures of International Style  There were many types of architecture revival mainly neo-classism and gothic revival  Villa Savoye (1931) designed by Le Corbusier  Functional roof as a garden or terrace Effects on Architecture  Free floor plan  New man made building materials  Long horizontal windows  Freely-designed facades  New structural techniques  Seagram Building (1958) designed by Ludwig Mies Van de Rohe &  New technical systems Philip Johnson  Iron buildings wherein iron is extensively used  Steel Frame  19th century: developed the complete internal skeleton system  Steel and reinforced concrete  Iron covered masonry (HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT)  Glass Curtain Wall  New technical services were introduced such as heating, artificial ventilation, and sanitation. MODERN MOVEMENT Prominent Buildings of Industrial Revolution  The modern movement emphasizes function as it attempts to  The Crustal Palace, London designed by Joseph Paxton provide for specific needs.  Eiffel Tower in Paris by Engr. Gustave Eiffel  Also known as Modernism COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 8  Largely inspired by the machine and by abstract paintings and  Moe popular in US was the “picturesque” or the “gardenesque” sculptures villas style pioneered by A.J Davis and landscapist Andrew Jackson  A simplification of form and elimination of “unnecessary detail” Downing.  “Form follows function”  another popular style is the Palladian Revival.  used a distinctive type of “frame house” called the ”Balloon Frame” Characteristics of the Modern Movement Structures and Architects  Simple  The White House in Washington DC by James Hoban  No ornaments  Alfred Hall House in Washington DC by A.J Davis  Machine Aesthetic  Montgomery Place in New York by A.J Davis  Emphasis on horizontal and vertical lines  Longfellow House, Cambridge Architects and Structures MIDDLE OF 19TH CENTURY  Metlife Building (1963) designed by Walter Gropius, Emery Roth  Parallel growth on the use of structural and decorative cast-iron &Sons, Pietro Bulleschi elements  Larkin Administration Building (1906) designed by Frank Lloyd  New York was the original enter of cast iron trade Wright Structures POST COLONIAL AMERICA  Double Decker cast iron galleries in New Orleans  Strong interest in the Neoclassicism  In North America, Boston, Philadelphia, and New York developed LATER HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY local variants of English brick or stone terraced style  English immigrant Benjamin Latrobe of Philadelphia was  Prime mover of this development was architect Richard Morris responsible of introducing Greek Revival Hunt  Buildings are more academic Successful Architects Structures 1. Thomas Jefferson 2. Robert Mills  Metropolitan National Museum of Art, New York by Richard Morris Hunt Structures and Architects  Rhode Island Mansions by Richard Morris Hunt  First Bank of US, Philadelphia by Samuel Blodgett ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION  Virginia State Capitol by Thomas Jefferson  US Treasury Building, Washington DC by Robert Mills  MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), the first architecture  Smithsonian America Art Museum, Washington DC by Robert Mills school in the US in 1865  US Capitol Building by William Thornton  University of Illinois, the second  Chicago and New York were important centres in the development DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE IN AMERICA of the commercial Skyscrapers made possible by new techniques for COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 9 foundations, steel framing for super structure, non-load bearing  Natural light. Today’s houses often feature ample skylights and curtain wall and elevator. large windows to let the sun shine in Post Modern Architecture Characteristics Structures:  Combining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist  Home Insurance Building, Chicago by William Le Baron Jenney buildings may startle, surprise, and even amuse. Familiar shapes and  Leiter Building, Chicago by William Le Baron Jenney details are used in unexpected ways. Buildings may incorporate symbols to make a statement or simply to delight the viewer. POST MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE  Blobitecture o Wavy  Post Modernism includes unconventional approach in terms of o Curvy design and layout. Deconstructive designs usually are for no or o Design without traditional edge minimal purpose of its function, but it elaborates extensive o w/o traditional symmetric form expression for aesthetic values.  Deconstructivism  Contemporary designs are simple, yet eccentric, but it is not to be o Fragmentation; an interest in manipulating a structure’s confused with modern design. These designs are especially surface, skin, non-rectilinear shapes which appear to concerned with energy efficiency and sustainable materials, which distort and dislocate has led to some truly innovative design. Modern Architecture Characteristics Architects and Structures  Frank Gehry – Walt Disney Concert Hall  Simplicity in form and design  Frank Lloyd Wright - Falling Water  Nothing To hide  Ieoh Ming Pei – Louvre Pyramid  Love Of all Things Linear  Tom Wright – Burj Al Arab  Bold Roof Line  Ludwig Mies van der Rohe – Crown Hall  Windows As a Design  Creative Open Floor Plans Terminologies  Post-And-Beam Architecture  Hybrid- An older idea about typology finding new life in emerging  Revamped Outdoor Space economies, that a building can be a city unto itself.  Focus On Materials  Parametricism - The latest aesthetic exuberance in architecture. Contemporary Architecture Key Elements Analog and digital tools alike have typically represented objects:  Natural, sustainable components. handrails, columns.The new parametric modeling software enables Contemporary architects recognize the human need for contact designers to work with the complex interrelationships between with nature, right down to what our homes are made of. Hence the objects. popularity of bamboo floors, granite countertops and even "living"  Passive House - Dwelling that splits the difference between roofs made of green plants. advocates of high-tech sustainability and peak oilers who clamor for  Recycled and nontoxic materials. Countertops, roofing and flooring a return to primitive house constructions. A super-insulated house made of composite materials are hot, as are low-emission paints whose form, limited fenestration, and airtight construction create a and carpeting. very stable interior temperature. COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 10 THE TURN OF THE CENTURY characterized by plain surfaces of hammered silver, flowing I. Arts and Crafts Movement wirework and colored stones in simple settings.  The aesthetic and social vision of the Arts and Crafts movement was  Charles Francis AnnesleyVoysey (1857-1941) first developed in the 1850s. o He was one of the most innovative Arts and Crafts  By 1855, the writings of John Ruskin were discovered. Architects.  The Arts and Crafts movement was established in Britain at about o He was also a versatile designer and produced designs for 1862. wallpapers, fabrics, tiles, ceramics, furnitures and  The term “Arts and Crafts” was not coined until 1887. metalworks. o He had a highly original style which combined simplicity Characteristics with sophistication.  Truth to materials - Preserving and emphasizing the natural Structures: qualities of the materials used to make objects was one of the most  The Red House (Philip Webb) important principles of Arts and Crafts style. o It was designed in 1859 by its owner, William Morris.  Having simple forms was one of the hallmarks of the Arts and Crafts o It is a deeply pleasing, asymmetrical, L-shaped house, built style. There were no extravagant or superfluous decorations and the of warm red brick in a scaled down Gothic style. actual construction of the object was often exposed. o It incorporates a great arched entrance porch and steep  Natural motifs - Nature was an important source of the Arts and irregular gabled roofs topped with tall idiosyncratic Crafts motifs. The patterns used were inspired by the flora and chimneys and a weathervane. fauna of the British countryside. o The drawing room is possibly the most famous room of the  Vernacular (or domestic) traditions of the British countryside house, intending to be the ‘most beautiful room in provided the main inspiration for the Arts and Crafts Movement. England.’  Influenced by the Gothic Revival and medieval styles were used, o Many of the original paintings and designs for its interior using bold forms and strong colors based on medieval designs. are created by Morris, which can still be seen at the Architects and Structures present. Architects:  The Church of All Saints, Brockhampton (William Richard Lethaby)  William Morris (1834-1896) o It has a central tower and a short south porch tower with o Central figure in the Arts and Crafts Movement half-timbered bell stage o In 1861, he founded his first company which produced a o The church itself is thatched and all is of the Arts and Crafts wide range of decorative objects for the home. period. o A committed conservationist and Socialist, he dedicated his life to the idea that art should improve the lives of ordinary Terminologies: people.  Mission Style – the other term for the Arts and Crafts style in the  Charles Robert Ashbee (1863-1942) United States. o A major figure in the Arts and Craft Movement  Aesthetic Movement – also known as ‘Decadence;’ emphasized o He designed many important pieces of jewellery and silver aesthetics over social values. tableware for the Guild of Handicraft, which he established in 1888 in the East End of London; the Guild’s work is COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 11 II. Art Nouveau o He was one of the greatest architects of the fin de siècle; he is  Art Nouveau was a movement that swept through the decorative best known as an outstanding exponent of Art Nouveau in arts and architecture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. France. o Along with Victor Horta and Antoni Gaudi, he is seen as a key Characteristics of Art Nouveau figure in late 19th century architecture and a pioneer of modern design at the turn of the century.  It has a diverse use of historic styles. o Influenced by the innovative theories and the English Arts and  Have a broad range of styles from which the 19th century architects Crafts movement, he created works that are known for the could choose. application of modern constructive techniques and innovative  Eclecticism, combining features from different sources endeavour materials. to achieve original effects.  Only at the end of the century was there a successful attempt to Structures: create a ‘new’ style.  The uses of asymmetrical shapes and extensive uses of arches and  Hotel Tassel (Victor Horta) curved forms (parabolic). o The first complete building in the fully-fledged Art Nouveau  Mostly organic and naturalistic. style. o It is a narrow fronted house and the main element of its Architects and Structures unobstructive façade is a segmental oriel window with steel lintels and mullions. Architects: o The design had a ground-breaking semi open-plan floor layout for a house of the time, and incorporated interior iron structure  Victor Horta (1861-1947) with curvilinear botanical forms, later described the ‘biomorphic o He was one of the greatest architects of the late 19th century, whiplash.’ known for his Art Nouveau design work, and ranks as a pioneer of o Ornate and elaborate designs and natural lighting were modern architecture in Belgium. concealed behind a stone façade to harmonize the building with o He designed the first Art Nouveau-style building, the Hotel Tassel. the more rigid houses next door.  Antoni Gaudi (1852-1926)  Castel Beranger (Hector Guimard) o A genius of 19th century architecture, he was one of the great Art o Following Guimard’s discovery of Horta’s Tassel Hotel, he made Nouveau architects, as well as being among the most influential radical changes to the style of Gothic architecture which he had modern artists in Spain. planned for Castel Beranger. o He was a leading contributor to modern art who synthesized a o It is one of the first Art Nouveau structures outside Belgium, number of influences into a magnificent style of architecture that which brought Guimard huge attention, and numerous is so personal that it defies categorization. commissions. o Incorporating the organic forms of Art Nouveau, his architectural o It is embellished by the highly innovative matching of materials design is part of the Catalan Modernism movement, developed in like hammered iron, brick, stone and ceramics, while a refined the context of his Gothic Revivalist training and passion for naturalistic decoration fills the interior with exuberant, medieval Mediterranean architecture. curvilinear plant motifs.  Hector Guimard (1867-1942) COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 12 Terminologies o His style is recognized through his distinctive use of banding techniques and terracotta.  La Maison de l’Art Nouveau – the name of a Parisian art gallery  William Van Alen (1883-1954) wherein the term ‘Art Nouveau’ was stemmed from. o He is most renowned for his design of the Chrysler Building in New  Art Nouveau – French term for New Style. York.  Jugendstil – the other term for Art Nouveau known in Germany. o He is known for the design of commercial structures that defies historical conventions. III. Art Deco o He was one of the first architects to use stainless steel over a large  The period termed ‘art deco’ manifested itself roughly between the exposed building surface. two world wars, or 1920 to 1939.  Henry Hohauser (1895-1963)  By the late 1920s, American architects had a great success o He quickly gained repute as one of the most prominent architects incorporating Art Deco architecture into the cultural landscape of in Miami Beach when he came to Florida. major urban centers. o He was greatly influenced by the World’s Fairs and the Chrysler  A view is that ‘Art Deco’ was an abbreviated reference to the Building in New York City. ‘Exposition des Arts Decoratifset Industrials,” the exhibition held in o He is best known for working in the Nautical Moderne Style. Paris in 1925.  Lawrence Murray Dixon  A style related to Art Deco is Streamline Moderne which emerged o He moved to Miami Beach to start his own practice after having during the mid-1930s. worked for the New York City architectural firm Schultze&  By the 1930s, Art Deco evolved into a more simplified style (Art Weaver. Moderne). o The designs of some of the most popular hotels in Miami Beach  The term ‘Art Deco’ was coined only in 1968 by Bevis Hillier in his are credited to him. definitive book. o His work is best known and recognized for its striking use of circles and banding. Characteristics  Timothy Pflueger (1892-1946) o He gained repute and still remains the most notable architect in  It mostly uses bright colors. San Francisco.  It is based on Mathematical and geometric shapes. o He was a lead architect for the 1939 Golden Gate International  Considered to be an eclectic form of elegant and stylish modernism. Exposition.  It has decorative motifs. Structures: Architects and Structures  The Chrysler Building (William Van Alen) Architects: o It was built in 1930. o It was one of the first buildings composed of stainless steel  Raymond Hood (1881-1934) over a large exposed surface. o He is one of the most renowned architects in the history of the o William Van Alen drew inspiration from machine technology for Art Deco period. the ornamental details on the building; there are eagle hood ornaments, hubcaps and abstract images of cars. COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 13  Empire State Building (Shreve, Lamb and Harmon)  Stupa- hemispherical dome or mound built over a sacred relic. o It is tiered, or stepped, like an ancient Egyptian or Aztec Torana-it is a gateway used for Indian Architecture pyramid.  Khajuraho- “Temle of Love” o When it was constructed in 1931, this was the tallest building in The temples at Khajuraho were built during the Chandella dynasty, the world, until 1972. which reached its apogee between 950 and 1050. Only about 20 o Unlike most skyscrapers, all four facades of the building are temples remain; they fall into three distinct groups and belong to visible from the street. two different religions – Hinduism and Jainism. They strike a perfect  Radio City Music Hall (Raymond Hood) balance between architecture and sculpture. o It is the largest indoor theatre in the world.  Harmandir Sahib Temple –“Golden Temple” The Harmandir Sahib, o It is one of America’s favourite examples of Art Deco also Darbar Sahib and informally referred to as the "Golden Architecture. Temple", is the holiest Sikh gurdwara located in the city of Amritsar, Punjab, India. The city was founded in 1574 by the fourth Sikh guru, Terminologies Guru Ram Das.  Taj Mahal- s a white marble mausoleum located on the southern  Streamlined Moderne – “Art Moderne;” the simplified style of Art bank of the Yamuna River in the Indian city of Agra. It was Deco commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to house  Jazz-age Deco – this phase of Art Deco was noted for its emphasis the tomb of his favorite wife of three, Mumtaz Mahal. on the vertical aspect of a structure. CHINESE ARCHITECTURE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 3 Reviewer Characteristics: ARCHITECTURE IN ASIA  Roffs are raised and upturned eaves  Coated with clay tiles, colored and glazed  India  China Famous Structures:  Korea  Pai Fang-It is a gateway used in Chinese Architecture  Japan  Forbiden City - Beijing, China  Thailand - gathering of imperial ceremonies/proclamation and  Cambodia houses the emperor and its household  Malaysia - It is a heavy work and made in fine details. Consists of  Singapore around 1000 buildings and 9000 rooms INDIAN ARCHITECTURE - Also the largest wooden complex in the world  Great Wall of China - Qin Shi Huang: he constructed the great Indian architecture is well known for its intricate carvings and stone work wall against barbaric invasions from Mongolia - Longest graveyard: which is essentially present in their structures. forced labor and hundreds and thousands of laborers died while constructing the wall - - Length of 6400km Famous Structures COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 14  Bank of China Tower -most recognizable skyscrapers in Admiralty, - currently the second largest stadium in South Korea Hong Kong - roof has the unique shape of a traditional Korean kite - houses the headquarters for the Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited Height: 367 JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE: - Architect: I. M. Pei DEFINITION OF TERMS:  Beijing National Stadium - also known as the Bird's Nest - The stadium was designed for use throughout the  Byobu- folding screens contructed by paper and wood 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics  Cha-no-yu- Japanese tea ceremony - Architects: Ar. Jacques Herzog, Ar. Pierre de Meuron  Chasitsu- Japanese tea house and company  Chigaidana- a special shelving unit for the display of smaller art or objects KOREAN ARCHITECTURE  Fusuma- sliding doors constructed by wood and paper Characteristics:  Jambs- vertical posts that form the sides of door, window or a frame.  Harmonized with nature  Kakemono- Japanese hanging scroll  They never considered a place good enough for a building of any  Lath- thin, flexible strips of wood or reeds used as a backing for type unless it commanded an appropriate view of "mountains and plaster water  Soan- rustic style of Japanese tea house  gently sloping roof  Sukiya – style of Japanese tea house, which typically combined a  Sharp angles, strong lines, steep planes, and garish colours are all multitude of materials avoided  Tatami- Thickly woven mats of rice straw rushes used to cover the floor in traditional Japanese houses. Famous Structures  Tokonoma- alcove for displaying art  Hongsalmun - It is a gateway used in Korea Architecture  Transom- horizontal crosspiece over a door  Hongsalmun - It is a gateway used in Korea Architecture  Tsukubai- a stone washbasin filled with fresh water outside a  Bulguksa Temple - encompasses seven National treasures of South Japanese teahouse Korea Famous Structures: - Under the list of UNESCO World Heritage List - The temple is considered as a masterpiece of the golden  Byōdō-in Temple (1053)- One of the few surviving examples of age of Buddhist art in the Silla kingdom Heian era (794-1185) architecture left in Japan.  Jongmyo Royal Shrine - oldest royal Confucian shrine preserved  Ginkaku-ji Temple (1484-90)- One of the outstanding temples of the - Under the list of UNESCO World Heritage List Muromachi era (1338-1573). - was built in 1394 by order of King Taejo  Jōruri-ji Temple (1047)- A rare example of Heian-era Pure Land  63 Bldg. - tallest gold-clad structure in the world (250 meters high) architecture and gardens. - built as a landmark for the 1988 Summer Olympics  Tō-ji Temple (796)- Temple established in the earliest days of Kyoto.  Seoul World Cup Stadium -also known as Sangam Stadium  Yasaka-no-to Pagoda (1440)- A picturesque five-story pagoda. - was built for the 2002 FIFA World Cup COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 15  Ryōan-ji Garden (1488)- A zen rock garden famous for its minimalist  Wat Phra Keow (1782 onward)"Temple of the Emerald Buddha" - design. Inside the royal palace.  Wat Traimit (19th century buildings) - "Temple of the Golden Buddha" - contains one of the most revered statues in Thailand. THAILAND ARCHITECTURE  Wat Arun (18th century onward)- "Temple of the Dawn" - one of the few Bangkok temples predating the Chakri dynasty. Characteristics:  Wat Pho (1793 onward)- "Temple of the Reclining Buddha" - One of the largest temples in Bangkok.  Like temples, Thai houses have steep roofs arching upwards  Wat Suthat (1782 onward)- A temple famous for its giant - and towards the sky. Both the walls are inclined towards the center formerly deadly - swing. creating the illusion of height.  There is a functional aspect behind this design and structural element. Hot air rises so the height of the roof keeps the house cool. MALAYSIAN ARCHITECTURE  Additionally a great number of windows and doors are carefully  Have combinations of the styles from other cultures such as Indian aligned to facilitate an uninterrupted flow and aid the circulation of and Chinese due to migrations and from the local Malay traditions. air. Walls were generally left unpainted, though sometimes oiled.  Architectural styles in building modified to the climate context (warm and humid climate).  In the hot and humid tropical climate, the airy, open quality of a Thai house and the broad overhangs of its roof protect the interior from Famous Structures: both sun and rain  Elevated houses facilitate the circulation of air and offered a more  A Famosa Fortress (1512) - Ruins of the original Portuguese fortress. comfortable living space. It was cooler to live in and protected the  Cheng Hoon Teng Temple (1645)- The oldest Chinese temple in home from the risk of floods in the monsoon season. It also offered Melaka. protection from hostile wildlife.  Christ Church (1741)- The oldest functioning Protestant church in  The open space beneath the house was versatile. It was used as a Melaka. living area in the hot season, as storage for the season's harvest, and  Kampung Hulu Mosque (1720) - A Sumatran-style Mosque built as a place to keep livestock. during a period of Dutch religious toleration.  Melaka Streets- Scenes of the historic town.  Sri Poyyatha Temple (1710)- Melaka's oldest Hindu temple. Famous Structures:  St. Paul's Church (originally 1531, rebuilt 1566)- The remains of the church where St. Francis Xavier was originally buried.  Lak Muang City Pillar (1782)- A commemorative pillar erected by  Stadthuys Town Hall (1641-1660) -The oldest and largest Dutch the King to mark the founding of Bangkok. colonial building surviving in Southeast Asia.  Wat Benchamabopit (1899)- "The Marble Temple" - Constructed with Italian carrara marble. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 (REVIEWER) COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 16 I. PRE HISTORIC PERIOD  Mindanao Secular Architecture o 3 TYPES OF MARANAO HOUSE  Tabon Cave “Philippines’ Cradle of Civilization”  LAWIG  Cave was was the earliest form of shelter of the Filipinos during the  MALA-A-WALAI pre-history (30,000 years ago). The Tabon cave is located at Lipuun  TOROGAN Point, southwest of Palawan. It has 200 caverns and 138 hectare  OKIR - decorations are generally to be found basically on span of rugged cliffs and deep slopes. baseboards, windowsills and door jambs.  Found in these caves are the tabon man, believed to be 22,000 –  PANOLONG – Beam ends decorated with okir designs 24,000 years old, and the manunggul jar, a burial jar made of clay with some sand soil.  Pleistocene People – they are the earliest dwellers of the caves in the Philippines MAN-MADE DWELLINGS  Ephemeral Shelter - The lean-to single pitched roof supported by rafters; sometimes has a high elevated flooring - Bamboo and Rattan are used as walls, roof and floor materials - Grass, Nipa, Palm leaves, Banana leaves or Coconut fronds are used for sheating  Arboreal Shelter - Houses that were elevated off the ground on posts and had steep roofs. This type was appropriate for a tropical environment characterized by heavy rainfall.  Ivatan House Banawe Rice Terraces 2,000-year-old terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao in the Philippines by ancestors of the indigenous people. The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to by Filipinos as the "Eighth Wonder of the World". It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. II.PHILLIPPINE CLASSICAL PERIOD COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 17 o SINADUMPARAN - has walls made of stones and lime Terminologies: mortar combine with the traditional roof of wood and thatch.  Bahay na bato (stone house) – typical house of noble Filipinos o Main House or Rakuh - living quarters  Kapis/Capiz Shells – commonly used for windowpanes in stone o Kitchen or Kusina houses o paya- wooden partitions located above the stove  Intramuros – old walled city of Manila, oldest district and historic o Rapuyan- built-in stove core of the City of Manila - made of stone and mortar  Fort Santiago – defense fortress established by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi  Cordillera Architecture Layouts: o Bale (or Fale) : Ifugao House  Bahay na Bato: o Halipan – a wooden ring o followed the nipa hut’s arrangements such as open attached to the tukud (stilts) and ventilation and elevated apartments. serves as rat-guards o built using bricks and stone o usually with solid stone foundations or brick lower walls, and overhanging, wooden upper story with balustrades and kapis shell sliding windows, and a tiled roof  Bahay Kubo Architects: & Contributions: o Nipa Hut: introduced  SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH (Architect: Juan Macias) during the Philippines’ o Located in Intramuros, Manila American colonial era, refers o Materials used: adobe stones to the nipa or anahaw  CASA MANILA (Architect: Ramon Faustmann) thatching material often o Located in Intramuros, Manila used for the roofs.  Materials used: stones and wood o native house of the Philippines and is also considered as its national shelter. Intramuros: o major shelter for indigenous Filipino before the Philippines was colonized.  Walled city in Manila  Defensive walls were constructed according to the order of the III.SPANISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES Governador- General Santiago de Vera Characteristics:  The outline of the defensive wall of Intramuros is irregular in shape, following the contours of Manila Bay and the curvature of the  Many structures were made from local materials such as corals and Pasig River. volcanic rock  An inner moat (foso) surrounds the perimeter of the wall and an  Most churches that were built were designed by friars outer moat (contrafoso) surrounds the walls that face the city. COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 18 Arquitectura Mestiza: IV.AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD  A half bred structure made of wood on the upper floor & stone in Characteristics: the ground floor to make it earthquake resistant  Patterned after the plan of the Bahay Kubo  During this period, the Americans constructed many neoclassical buildings or particularly called as art Nouveoux buildings in manila.  Spanish influence: Tiled roof, iron grills and laticced upper wall  Some of architectural styles of this period influenced the Philippine above the transom, grand stairway leading to upper floor. architecture are the art deco style and stick style.  Two-storey Spanish Colonial house with the upper floor overhanging the ground floor. Structures: Terminologies:  Manila Metropolitan Theater: This Theater endowed with bronze sculptures depicting female performers, has stained glass mural  Volada – Overhanging eaves of the second floor,.40-.60 meters mounted above the main audience entrance and relief from walls of lower ground. woodcarvings of Philippine plants.  Zaguan – where carriage and saints’ floats are kept  Siliman Hall or Siliman University : oldest American structure in the  Cuadra – horse stable Philippines  Bodega – storage room  Entresuelo – mezzanine Terminologies  Patio – enclosed courtyard open to sky  Caida – immediate room from the stairs (ante-sala)  Neoclassical period – is a revival of the styles and spirit of classic  Sala – living room antiquity inspired directly to classical period.  Comedor – dining room  Art nouveoux – a style of decoration and architecture characterized  Cocina – kitchen by particularly depiction of leaves and flowers in flowing, sinuos lines.  Dispensa – Pantry  Art deco style- style that combines traditional craft motifs,  Banyo/Paliguan – bathroom often built separately from the house geometric shapes and lavish ornamentation.  Letrina - toilet  Stick style-style used board strips on the outside walls to mimic an  Balcon – balcony exposed half-timbered frame.  Cuatro/Dormitorio – bedroom  Azotea – flat open terrace Architects:  Aljibe – cistern for collecting water  Galleria – hallway for servants  Danielle Burnham - a city planner who was advised by Governor  Accessoria Howard Taft to rebuild and modernized the Manila.  Kristal – Glass  Juan M. Arellano - Filipino architect who built some of famous  Media Agua – eaves buildings such as the manila metropolitan theater , post office building ,legislative building etc.  Hojas de Concha - capiz  Pablo Antonio - a pioneer of Philippine architecture and the designer of the façade of Far Eastern University. COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 19  Juan Nakpil - one of the national artists and tapped as the dean of hectare tourism enterprise zone in Bocaue and Santa architects. Maria, Bulacan, Philippines. o The initial design concept of the Philippine arena is inspired V.MODERN ERA OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE by Narra tree, the mother tree of the Philippines, and the In the Modern period the Filipino Architecture developed, which is root of the Banyan tree. The roof was inspired by that of a the Government Planning and Constructing a mega structures and Nipa Hut. Complexes with a methods like reclamation (the process of converting o The seating of the arena closely resembles that of a Greek desert, marshy, or submerged areas or other wasteland for cultivation, amphitheater, built in a semi-circle with the seats at the industrial, or other similar uses). sides and front of the arena stage. Structures:  Araneta Coliseum: VI.NATIONAL ARTISTS o The Araneta Coliseum, known as The Big Dome, is an  Pablo Antonio 1976 indoor multi-purpose sports arena located in the Cubao o Pioneered modern architecture area of Quezon City, Philippines. o Design is more on simplicity, no clutter o It is one of the largest coliseums and indoor facilities in For him, function comes first before elegance or form Asia, and it is also one of the largest clear span domes in o Maximizes the use of natural light and cross ventilation the world. o Believes that building "should be planned with austerity in mind and its stability forever as the aim of true  San Juanico Bridge: architecture, that buildings must be progressive, simple in o part of the Pan-Philippine Highway and stretches design but dignified, true to a purpose without resorting from Samar to Leyte across the San Juanico Strait in to an applied set of aesthetics and should eternally the Philippines. recreate truth". o Its longest length is a steel girder viaduct built on reinforced concrete piers, and its main span is of an arch- o Major works: shaped truss design.  Far Eastern University Administration and Science buildings  Bagong Nayong Pilipino (Entertainment City):  Manila Polo Club o previously Manila Bay Tourism City is Asia's Las Vegas- like gaming and entertainment complex that is underway  Leandro Locsin 1990 by PAGCOR on 8 km² of land on the reclamation area of Manila Bay ,Philippines as envisioned by the Philippine o reshaped the urban landscape with a distinctive Amusement & Gaming Corporation in 2002. architecture reflective of Philippine Art and Culture o Believes that Philippine architecture is "the product of two  Philippine Arena: great streams of culture, the oriental and the occidental... o The Philippine Arena is a multi-purpose indoor to produce a new object of profound harmony.“ arena being constructed at Ciudad de Victoria, a 75- COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V) HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE EXIT EXAM REVIEW 2015 20 o His buildings are themes of floating volume, the duality of VII.TOMAS MAPUA light and heavy, buoyant and massive running in his major works Bibliography: o Major Works:  Born in Manila to Juan Mapua and Justina Bautista  Moved to US in 1903 to pursue high school and college education  The Cultural Center of the Philippines  Studied Architecture in Cornell University in Ithaca, New York  Philippine International Convention Center  1st registered / licensed Filipino Architect  Founded the oldest architectural school in the country in 1925 and  Juan F. Nakpil 1973 became its first president o Believes that there is such a thing as Philippine architecture and that is espousing architecture reflectively to the Notable Works Philippine traditions and culture o Integrates strength, function, and beauty in his buildings  St. La Salle Hall, St. La Salle University 1921 that are now the country’s heritage today  Librada Avelino Hall, Centro Escolar University o Rebuilt and enlarge the Quiapo church in 1930 by adding  Philippine General Hospital Nurses Home a second dome  Manila Post Office o Major Works: o altough it was Don Tomas Mapua that designed the building, it was Don Enrique Yuchengco who built it.  Rizal Shrine  Mapúa Institute of Technology 1925.  Philippine Village Hotel --NOTHING FOLLOWS--  Idelfonso P. Santos, Jr. 2006 o Pioneering landscape architecture o Made his first mark in Makati, and introduced a new concept of outdoor shopping with landscaped walks, fountains and sculptures as accents o Produced hundreds of parks, plazas, gardens o Major works:  Tagaytay Highland Resort,  Mt. Malarayat Golf and Country Club in Lipa, Batangas, and the  Orchard Golf and Country Club in Imus, Cavite COMPILED BY: THE GRAPHICS CLUB MIT (BATCH V)