Medical Terminology 3 PDF

Digestive System I Dr Asmaa Abed  FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system provides the nutrients needed for cells and body tissues This is done through several distinct processes: 1. ingestion, the intake of food; 2. digestion, the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food;...

Digestive System I Dr Asmaa Abed  FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM The digestive system provides the nutrients needed for cells and body tissues This is done through several distinct processes: 1. ingestion, the intake of food; 2. digestion, the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food; 3. absorption, the process of extracting nutrients; 4. and elimination, the excretion of any waste products. Other names for this system are gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which refers to the two main parts of the system (the stomach and intestines) gastrointestinal gastr/o = stomach intestin/o = intestines -al = pertaining to the alimentary canal, which refers to the function of the tubelike nature of the majority of the digestive system, which starts at the mouth and continues in varying diameters to the anus. alimentary aliment/o = nutrition -ary = pertaining to Gastroenterology -ology = science of Gastroenterologist -ologist = one who studies the topic Most of the alimentary canal is has four layers: - the mucosa, - the submucosa, - the muscularis, - and the serosa/adventitia. mucosa which secretes gastric juices, absorbs nutrients, and protects the tissue through the 1. The inner layer is the mucosa, production of mucus. submucosa the layer underneath the mucosa, holds blood, lymphatic, and nervous tissues that serve to 2. The submucosa, nourish, protect, and communicate. submucosa sub- = under mucos/o = mucus 3. The next layer is the muscularis muscles that contract and relax around the tube in a wavelike movement termed peristalsis. peristalsis peri- = surrounding -stalsis = contraction 4. The outermost layer has different names in the digestive system, depending on whether it occurs within or outside of the peritoneal cavity. If outside, an outer tunic covering that serves to bind a structure together is called the adventitia. The tunic within the peritoneal cavity that emits a slippery fluid to counteract friction, is termed the serosa. (serous membrane)  peritoneum = peritone/o Peritoneal cavity Peritoneal membrane The peritoneum is a double-sided membrane that holds many of the organs inside the abdominopelvic cavity. Oral cavity mouth, oral cavity = or/o, stomat/o, stom/o lips = cheil/o, labi/o cheek = bucc/o tongue = gloss/o, lingu/o palate = palat/o upper jaw = maxill/o lower jaw = mandibul/o teeth = dent/i, odont/o gums = gingiv/o enamel = amel/o Frenulum = fren/o Salivary gland saliva = sial/o, ptyal/o Gland = aden/o salivary gland = sialoaden/o parotid par- = near ot/o = ear -id = pertaining to submandibular sub- = under mandibul/o = lower jaw, mandible -ar = pertaining to sublingual sub- = under lingu/o = tongue -al = pertaining to Stone = lith/o Pharynx and esophagus pharynx (throat) = pharyng/o Nasopharynx nas/o = nose pharyng/o = pharynx (throat) oropharynx or/o = mouth pharyng/o = pharynx (throat) laryngopharynx laryng/o = larynx, (voicebox) pharyng/o = pharynx (throat) esophagus = esophag/o the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) =the gastroesophageal sphincter = the cardiac sphincter  stomach The stomach is divided into three main sections: I. the fundus, II. the body, III. the pylorus, the pylorus is divided into the pyloric antrum, the pyloric canal, and the pyloric sphincter. The pyloric sphincter regulates the gentle release of food from the stomach into the small intestine. stomach = gastr/o fundus = fund/o body = corpor/o pylorus = pylor/o antrum = antr/o  Small intestine small intestine = enter/o duodenum = duoden/o jejunum = jejun/o ileum = ile/o  Large intestine cecum = cec/o appendix = appendic/o, append/o large intestine, colon = col/o ileocecal ile/o = ileum cec/o = cecum -al = pertaining to sigmoid colon = sigmoid/o rectum = rect/o anus = an/o rectum and anus = proct/o feces = fec/a Defecation Accessory Organs (Adnexa) accessory = adnex/o liver = hepat/o bile = chol/e Duct = doch/o Common Bile duct = chol/e/doch/o Vessel = angi/o Bile vessels = cholangi/o Bladder = cyst/o Gall bladder = chol/e/cyst/o  The liver forms a substance called bile, which emulsifies, or mechanically breaks down, fats into smaller particles so that they can be chemically digested. Bile is composed of bilirubin, the waste product formed by the normal breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells at the end of their life spans, and cholesterol, a fatty substance found only in animal tissues Jaundice Bile vessels  Right and left hepatic duct  Common hepatic duct + cystic duct  Common bile duct  Pancrease pancreas = pancreat/o exocrine exo- = outside -crine = to secrete endocrine endo- = within -crine = to secrete ankyloglossia frenotomy Pyloromyotomy