Digestive System Lecture 3 PDF

Digestive System Lecture 3 Dr. Rania Nadeem Dr. Cherine Ossama Medical Terminology (MD101) Fall 2024-2025 References and Textbooks Medical Terminology: a Living Language by Bonnie F. Fremgen, Suzanne S. Frucht Medical Terminology Simplified by Barbra AGylys, Regina M.Mast...

Digestive System Lecture 3 Dr. Rania Nadeem Dr. Cherine Ossama Medical Terminology (MD101) Fall 2024-2025 References and Textbooks Medical Terminology: a Living Language by Bonnie F. Fremgen, Suzanne S. Frucht Medical Terminology Simplified by Barbra AGylys, Regina M.Masters; 5th edition An Introduction to Medical Terminology for Health Care by Andrew R. Mutton 3rd EDITION Medical terminology for health professions by ANN EHRLICH and CAROL L. SCHROEDER 6th Edition 14/10/2024 2 Lecture Overview Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology Combining Forms Related Suffixes Common Diseases 14/10/2024 3 Anatomy and Physiology Gastrointestinal System (GI) 1- Oral Cavity 2- Pharynx 3- Esophagus 4- Stomach 5- Small Intestine 6- Colon (including rectum and anus) The accessory organs: Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. 14/10/2024 4 I- Oral Cavity Palate with a bony anterior and a soft posterior The uvula is hanging from the soft palate (speech production) Lips are anterior opening Gums mucous membrane and connective tissue Seals off the teeth with sockets Tongue moves food within mouth and mixes it with saliva The whole cavity is lined with a mucous membrane 14/10/2024 5 Combining Forms Oral Cavity Root/combining form Meaning Example Stomat/o Stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) Or/o Mouth Perioral (around the mouth) Lingu/o- Sublingual (under the tongue) Gloss/o Tongue Glossopharyngeal (pertaining to the tongue and pharynx) Sial/o Salivary gland Sialorrhea (excessive flow of saliva) Ptyalo Saliva Ptyalism (condition of excessive salivation) Gingiv/o Gum Gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) Dent/o Teeth Dental (pertaining to the teeth) Odont/o Odontalgia (pain in a tooth; toothache) 14/10/2024 6 II- Pharynx Consists of oropharynx where swallowed food enters Proceeds down pharynx into laryngopharynx Epiglottis Covers larynx and trachea Shunts food away from lungs & into esophagus 14/10/2024 7 III-Esophagus long muscular tube pushes the food by a wavelike muscular movements (peristalsis) to the stomach 14/10/2024 8 IV-Stomach J-shaped muscular organ Mixes food with the gastric juice hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form a chyme (watery mix of food and digestive juices 14/10/2024 9  Combining Forms Esophagus, Pharynx and Stomach Root/combining Meaning Example form Esophag/o Esophagus Esophag/o/scope (instrument for examining the esophagus) Pharyng/o Pharynx (throat) Pharyng/o/tonsill/itis (inflammation of the pharynx and tonsils) Gastr/o Stomach Gastr/o/scopy (visual examination of the stomach) Pylor/o Pylorus Pylor/o/tomy (cutting into the pylorus) 14/10/2024 10 V- Small Intestine begins at the pyloric sphincter and ends at the colon in which the rest of the digestion process takes place Site of food absorption Divided into 1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum 14/10/2024 11 Combining Forms: Small Intestine Root/combining Meaning Example form Enter/o Small intestine enter/o/pathy (any intestinal disease) Duoden/o Duodenum duoden/o/scopy (visual examination of the duodenum) Jejun/o Jejunum (2nd part of the small intestine) jejun/o/rrhaphy (suture of the jejunum) Ile/o Ileum (3rd part of the small intestine) ile/o/stomy (cutting into the ileum (ileotomy) and creation of a permanent opening 14/10/2024 12 VI-Colon Regions Cecum Appendix Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon 14/10/2024 13 Combining Forms: Colon Regions Root/combining form Meaning Example Append/o Appendix append/ectomy (removal of the appendix) Appendic/o appendic/itis (inflammation of the appendix) Col/o Colon col/o/stomy (creation of an opening in the colon) Colon/o colon/o/scopy (visual examination of the colon) Rect/o Rectum rect/o/cele (herniation of the rectum) Proct/o Anus proct/o/logist (physician who specializes in treating disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus) Sigmoid/o Sigmoid Colon Sigmoid/o/scope (an endoscope for examining the sigmoid colon) 14/10/2024 14 Combining Forms: Accessory organs Root/combining form Meaning Example Hepat/o Liver Hepatocyte (a liver cell) Chol/e, chol/o Bile/gall Cholelith (gallstone) Cholecyst/o Gallbladder Cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder) Cholangi/o Bile vessel Cholangiogram (radiograph of the bile ducts) Choledoch/o Bile duct Choledochotomy (incision of the common bile duct) Pancreat/o Pancreas Pancreatitis (Inflammation of the pancreas) 14/10/2024 15 Digestive System-Related Suffix -algia pain gastr/algia: pain in the stomach -dynia gastro/dynia: pain in the stomach -emesis vomiting hyper/emesis: excessive vomiting -megaly enlargement gastr/o/megaly enlargement of the stomach -orexia appetite an/orexia? -pepsia digestion dys/pepsia: difficult or painful digestion -phagia swallowing Dys/phagia ? -rrhea discharge,flow Diarrhea? 14/10/2024 17 Digestive System - Diseases loss of appetite with other conditions; different from anorexia anorexia nervosa diarrhea frequent, watery bowel movements nausea Urge to vomit emesis vomiting constipation difficult or infrequent defecation Digestive System Vocabulary antacids Neutralizes the stomach acids antidiarrheal used to control diarrhea antiemetic treats nausea and vomiting emetic induces vomiting laxative stimulates a bowel movement  Excercise gastr/o stomach gastroparesis ? enter/o intestine enteropathy ? duoden/o duodenum duodenoscopy ? jejun/o jejunum jejunotomy ? ile/o ileum ileectomy ? col/o colon colitis ? rect/o rectum rectocele ? proct/o rectum proctopexy ? 14/10/2024 20  Excercise Anorexia: ------------------------ Dyspepsia: ----------------------- Dysphagia: ----------------------- Aphagia: ----------------------- ????: the frequent passage of watery bowel movements ????: difficult or infrequent defecation Peptic ulcer = ----------------------------- 14/10/2024 21  Thank you 14/10/2024 22 Respiratory System Lecture 4 Dr. Rania Nadeem Dr. Cherine Ossama Medical Terminology (MD101) References and Textbooks Medical Terminology: a Living Language by Bonnie F. Fremgen, Suzanne S. Frucht Medical Terminology Simplified by Barbra AGylys, Regina M.Masters; 4th edition An Introduction to Medical Terminology for Health Care by Andrew R. Mutton 3rd EDITION Medical terminology for health professions by ANN EHRLICH and CAROL L. SCHROEDER 6th Edition 2 Lecture Overview Anatomy and Physiology Combining Forms Related Suffixes Common Diseases 3 Respiratory System Conducting zone Respiratory zone 4  Anatomy Conducting zone: Site of ventilation (inhalation & exhalation) Nose , nasal cavity, pharynx, Larynx, trachea, 1ry primary , 2ry & 3ry bronchi within the right and left lungs Respiratory zone: Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts – alveoli 5 Respiratory System Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tubes Lungs 6 Nasal Cavity Air enters through nares Nasal cavity divided by nasal septum Palate in roof of mouth separates nasal cavity above from mouth below Paranasal sinuses Cilia Small hairs line opening to nasal cavity Filter out large dirt particles before they can enter lungs Walls of nasal cavity and nasal septum Made of flexible cartilage Covered with mucous membrane Pharynx (Throat) Used by the respiratory and the GIT At end of pharynx Air enters trachea Food and liquids enter esophagus 3 subdivisions: Nasopharynx Upper section by nasal cavity Oropharynx Middle section by oral cavity Laryngopharynx Lower section by larynx 8  Larynx Commonly called voice box Muscular tube between pharynx and trachea Contains vocal cords Trachea Commonly called windpipe Carries air from larynx to main bronchi Approximately four inches in length Structure of the trachea which extends from the larynx above to the main bronchi below. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition, Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Bronchial Tubes Distal end of trachea divides Forms left and right main or primary bronchi Each bronchus enters a lung Branches to form secondary bronchi each main bronchus enters a lung and then branches into smaller and smaller primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, and bronchioles. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition, Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Lungs Each is total collection of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli Protected externally by the ribs Protected internally by double membrane called pleura Structure: Apex Pointed superior portion Base Right lung has 3 Broad lower area lobes Left lung has 2 Hilum lobes Entry and exit point Alveoli Bronchi continue to branch to form narrow bronchioles Bronchiole terminates in alveoli Approximately 150 million alveoli in each lung 13  Combining Forms Root Meaning Example Adenoid/o Adenoid Adenoidectomy. Removal of adenoids. (root) adenoid/o = adenoids (suffix) -ectomy = removal Laryng /o Larynx (voice Laryngitis. inflammation of the larynx. box) (root) laryng/o = voice box (suffix) -itis = inflammation Nas /o Nose Nasal. Pertaining to the nose Rhin/o Rhinoplasty. Surgical repair of the nose. (root) rhin/o = nose (suffix) -plasty = repair Pharyng /o Pharynx Pharyngodynia. Pain in the pharynx (throat) (root) Pharyn/o = Pharynx (suffix) -dynia= pain Tonsill /o Tonsils Tonsillitis ??? Trache/o Trachea Tracheotomy. Incision of the trachea. (root) trache/o = trachea (suffix) 11/22/202 0 -tomy =Fallincision 2020-2021 MT, L4 14  Combining Forms Root Meaning Example sinus/o Sinus, cavity Sinusitis?? pneum/o Lung, air Pneumothorax. Air in the pleural cavity. (root) pneum/o = air (suffix) -thorax = chest, pleural cavity bronch/o Bronchus Bronchoscope. Instrument for the visualisation/inspection of the Bronchi alveol/o Alveolus; air sac Alveolar. Pertaining to the alveoli (air sac) pulmon/o Lung Pulmonary. Pertaining to the lungs. (root) pulmon/o = lungs (suffix) -ary = pertaining to 15  Bronchoscopy. Physician using a bronchoscope to inspect the patient’s bronchial tubes. Pneumothorax. Patient with tracheostomy tube in place receiving oxygen Figure illustrates passage of air into the lung and results in through mask placed over the tracheostomy opening and collapsed lung attached to a ventilator 16  Respiratory System- Related Suffixes - ectasis Dialation Bronchiectasis: dilatation of the bronchi - osmia Smell Anosmia: loss or impairment of the sense of smell - oxia Oxygen Hypoxia: abnormally low level of oxygen - capnia Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia: too much carbon dioxide in the blood. - pnea breathing Apnea: cessation of breathing - spasm involuntary contraction Pharyngospasm: spasm of muscles in the pharynx - stenosis narrowing Laryngostenosis: narrowing of the larynx - phonia voice Dysphonia: medical term for disorders of the voice 17 Respiratory SystemVocabulary Stopping breathing several times during the Sleep Apnea night Aphonia Lack of voice Anoxia Lack of oxygen difficulty breathing made worse by lying flat; Orthopnea patient breaths better sitting up (ortho: straight or upright) Bradypnea Decreased breathing rate (Slow breathing) Respiratory SystemVocabulary hyperpnea excessive (deep) breathing hypopnea insufficient (shallow) breathing branch of medicine involving diagnosis and Otorhinolaryngology treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat Dyspnea Difficult/painful breathing Tachypnea Rapid breathing Respiratory System- Common Diseases breathing stops repeatedly during sleep; causes drop Sleep apnea in oxygen levels bacterial lung infection; results in inflammation Tuberculosis (TB) and calcification of lungs inflammatory condition of lungs; results in alveoli Pneumonia filling with fluid accumulation of foreign particles, such as coal dust, in Pneumoconiosis the lungs Chronic Obstructive progressive, chronic, and usually irreversible group Pulmonary Disease of conditions; like emphysema; lungs have (COPD) decreased capacity to function Respiratory System Vocabulary antibiotic kills bacteria antihistamine blocks histamine released during allergy attack antitussive relieves urge to cough bronchodilator relaxes bronchospasms; treats asthma decongestant reduces congestion in respiratory system expectorant improves ability to cough up mucus mucolytic liquefies mucus so it is easier to cough up  Exercise Write a medical term for each definition: 1. Lack of oxygen in tissues 2. Decreased carbon dioxide in the tissues 3. Lack of voice 4. Near the nose 5. Inflammation of the pharynx 6. Pertaining to the larynx 7. Inflammation of the lungs 8. Study of the lungs 22 THANK YOU