Medical Terminology: Digestive System PDF

Medical Terminology: A Living Language Seventh Edition Chapter 8 Digestive System Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Digestive System at a Glance The d...

Medical Terminology: A Living Language Seventh Edition Chapter 8 Digestive System Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Digestive System at a Glance The digestive system mechanically and chemically breaks down food and absorbs nutrients into the body. Food that is not digested or absorbed passes out of the digestive system in the form of solid waste. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Digestive System Illustrated Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System (1 of 4) The digestive system is also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) system. It includes approximately 30 feet of continuous muscular tube. This tube is called the gut, alimentary canal, or gastrointestinal tract. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System (2 of 4) Most digestive organs are actually distinct sections of the gut tube. These organs include the following: – Oral cavity – Pharynx – Esophagus – Stomach – Small intestine – Large intestine Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System (3 of 4) Accessory organs are involved in the digestive process but not part of the continuous gut tube. These organs are connected to the gut by ducts. The accessory organs include: – Salivary glands – Pancreas – Liver – gallbladder Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System (4 of 4) The digestive system has three main functions: – Digestion is the physical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller nutrient molecules. – Absorption is the process by which nutrients pass into the bloodstream. – Elimination is the expulsion of any food that is not digested or absorbed. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Oral Cavity (1 of 2) The oral cavity is the first portion of the continuous gut tube. Within the oral cavity: – The teeth mechanically break up food. – The tongue moves food and mixes it with saliva. – Saliva contains digestive enzymes and lubricates food. – Taste buds detect the five main flavors. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Oral Cavity (2 of 2) The palate is the roof of the oral cavity. – The bony anterior portion is the hard palate. – The flexible posterior portion is the soft palate. – The uvula hangs from the soft palate, where it is involved in speech production and the gag reflex. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-1 Anatomy of structures of the oral cavity. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-2 Structures of the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-4 Longitudinal view of an adult tooth showing the internal structures of the crown and root. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Teeth Humans have two sets of teeth: – The 20 deciduous (baby) teeth erupt between the ages of 6 and 28 months. – Around age 6, the deciduous teeth begin to be replaced by the 32 permanent teeth. – Eruption of the permanent teeth continues until around ages 18–20. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Pharynx After the oral cavity, the next portion of the digestive tract is the pharynx. Food first passes through the oropharynx, then progresses through the laryngopharynx. The epiglottis is a flap that prevents swallowed food from entering the respiratory tract. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Esophagus The esophagus is a muscular tube that is about 10 inches long in most adults. It carries food through the thoracic cavity and into the abdominal cavity, where it enters the stomach. Food is propelled through the esophagus (and the entire GI tract) by wavelike contractions called peristalsis. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Stomach The stomach is a J-shaped, muscular organ. It churns food with hydrochloric acid and other gastric juices to form chyme Two muscular valves called sphincters control the flow of food through the stomach: – The cardiac sphincter allows food to pass from the esophagus to the fundus. – The pyloric sphincter regulates passage of chyme from the antrum to the small intestine. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-5 The stomach, longitudinal view, showing regions and internal structures. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Small Intestine The small intestine is the longest part of the gut tube, extending from the pyloric sphincter to the colon. It is the major site of digestion and absorption of nutrients. The small intestine has three sections: – The duodenum is 10–12 inches long and begins at the pyloric sphincter. – The jejunum is 8 feet long and extends from the duodenum to the ileum. – The ileum is 12 feet long and connects to the colon via the ileocecal valve. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-6 Anterior view of the abdominopelvic cavity illustrating the three sections of the small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Note that the sections are not arranged in an orderly fashion. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Large Intestine (1 of 2) From the small intestine, any remaining fluid enters the large intestine. Most of this fluid is reabsorbed in the large intestine. The remaining material is solid waste—also called feces or stool. Feces are evacuated from the body via bowel movements. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Large Intestine (2 of 2) The large intestines begins at the cecum The colon consists of four regions: – The ascending colon extends upward on the right side of the abdomen. – The transverse colon travels horizontally across the upper abdomen. – The descending colon travels down the left side of the abdomen. – The sigmoid colon curves in an S-shape to the midline of the body. After the sigmoid colon is the rectum which stores food wastes The large intestine ends at the anus Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-8 The regions of the colon. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Accessory Organs of the Digestive System The accessory organs are not part of the continuous gut tube. These organs produce substances needed for the chemical breakdown of food. They include the salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-9 The salivary glands: parotid, sublingual, and submandibular. This image shows the position of each gland and its duct emptying into the oral cavity. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Liver The liver is located in the right upper quadrant of abdomen. It has several functions: – Processing absorbed nutrients – Detoxifying harmful substances – Producing bile Bile assists in emulsification, or the breakdown of large fat molecules into smaller droplets. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Gallbladder The gallbladder lies under the liver and stores bile. Bile reaches the gallbladder by way of the hepatic and cystic ducts. Contraction of the gallbladder sends bile back down the cystic duct and into the common bile duct. The bile then enters the duodenum, where it emulsifies fat in the chyme. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Pancreas The pancreas connects to the duodenum via the pancreatic duct. It produces two key digestive secretions: – Buffers neutralize the acids in the chyme. – Pancreatic enzymes chemically digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The pancreas is also an exocrine gland that produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose levels. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-10 The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Image shows the relationship of these three organs and their ducts to the duodenum. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Digestive System Combining Forms (1 of 5) Combining Form Definition an/o anus append/o appendix appendic/o appendix bar/o weight bucc/o cheek cec/o cecum cholangi/o bile duct chol/e bile, gall Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Digestive System Combining Forms (2 of 5) Combining Form Definition cholecyst/o gallbladder cirrh/o yellow col/o colon colon/o colon dent/o tooth diverticul/o pouch duoden/o duodenum Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Digestive System Combining Forms (3 of 5) Combining Form Definition enter/o small intestine esophag/o esophagus gastr/o stomach gingiv/o gums gloss/o tongue hepat/o liver ile/o ileum jejun/o jejunum Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Digestive System Combining Forms (4 of 5) Combining Form Definition labi/o lip lapar/o abdomen lingu/o tongue lith/o stone odont/o tooth or/o mouth palat/o palate pancreat/o pancreas Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Digestive System Combining Forms (5 of 5) Combining Form Definition pharyng/o pharynx polyp/o polyp proct/o anus and rectum pylor/o pylorus rect/o rectum sigmoid/o sigmoid colon Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Suffixes (1 of 5) Suffix Definition -ac pertaining to -al pertaining to -algia pain -ar pertaining to -centesis process of removing fluid -eal pertaining to -ectomy surgical removal -emesis vomiting Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Suffixes (2 of 5) Suffix Definition -emetic pertaining to vomiting -gram record -graphy process of recording pertaining to medical -iatric treatment -ic pertaining to -istry specialty of -itis inflammation Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Suffixes (3 of 5) Suffix Definition -lithiasis condition of stones -logy study of -oma tumor -orexia appetite -osis abnormal condition surgically create an -ostomy opening -otomy cutting into Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Suffixes (4 of 5) Suffix Definition -ous pertaining to -pepsia digestion -phagia eat, swallow -plegia paralysis -prandial pertaining to a meal -ptosis drooping Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Suffixes (5 of 5) Suffix Definition -scope instrument to view pertaining to visually -scopic examining -scopy process of viewing -tripsy surgical crushing Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Prefixes (1 of 3) Prefix Definition a- without an- without anti- against brady- slow dys- abnormal, painful, difficult endo- within ex- outward hyper- excessive Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Prefixes (2 of 3) Prefix Definition hypo- below in- inward intra- within per- through peri- around poly- many post- after re- again Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Prefixes (3 of 3) Prefix Definition retro- Backward, behind sub- under trans- across Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomical Terms (1 of 5) Term Definition anal pertaining to the anus buccal pertaining to the cheeks cecal pertaining to the cecum cholecystic pertaining to the gallbladder colonic pertaining to the colon Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomical Terms (2 of 5) Term Definition colorectal pertaining to the colon and rectum dental pertaining to teeth duodenal pertaining to the duodenum enteric pertaining to the small intestine esophageal pertaining to the esophagus gastric pertaining to the stomach Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomical Terms (3 of 5) Term Definition gastrointestinal (GI) pertaining to the stomach and intestines gingival pertaining to the gums glossal pertaining to the tongue hepatic pertaining to the liver ileal pertaining to the ileum Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomical Terms (4 of 5) Term Definition jejunal pertaining to the jejunum labial pertaining to the lips lingual pertaining to the tongue oral pertaining to the mouth pancreatic pertaining to the pancreas Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anatomical Terms (5 of 5) Term Definition pharyngeal pertaining to the pharynx pyloric pertaining to the pylorus rectal pertaining to the rectum sigmoidal pertaining to the sigmoid colon Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Medical Specialties (1 of 3) Term Definition Branch of healthcare involved with the prevention, diagnosis, and dentistry treatment of conditions involving the teeth, jaw, and mouth. Practitioner is a dentist. Branch of medicine involved in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases gastroenterology and disorders of the digestive system. Physician is a gastroenterologist. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Medical Specialties (2 of 3) Term Definition Branch of dentistry that uses surgical oral surgery means to treat dental conditions. Specialist is an oral surgeon. Branch of dentistry concerned with orthodontics correction of tooth alignment problems. Specialist is an orthodontist. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Medical Specialties (3 of 3) Term Definition Branch of dentistry concerned with treating conditions involving the periodontics gums and tissues surrounding the teeth. Specialist is a periodontist. Branch of medicine involved in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases proctology and disorders of the anus and rectum. Physician is a proctologist. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Signs and Symptoms (1 of 4) Term Definition loss of appetite that may accompany other anorexia conditions; different from anorexia nervosa aphagia being unable to swallow or eat ascites collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity weight loss and generalized wasting that cachexia occurs during chronic disease cholecystalgia gallbladder pain constipation difficult or infrequent defecation Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Signs and Symptoms (2 of 4) Term Definition dentalgia tooth pain passing of frequent, watery, or bloody bowel diarrhea movements dyspepsia indigestion; having an upset stomach dysphagia having difficulty swallowing or eating emesis vomiting Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Signs and Symptoms (3 of 4) Term Definition gastralgia stomach pain hematemesis vomiting blood hematochezia passing bright red blood in the stool hyperemesis excessive vomiting yellow cast to the skin, mucous membranes, jaundice and whites of the eyes; caused by the deposit of bile pigment passage of dark tarry stool due to digested melena blood Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Signs and Symptoms (4 of 4) Term Definition nausea urge to vomit having too much body fat leading to a body obesity weight that is above a healthy level polyphagia excessive eating postprandial after a meal return of fluids and solids from the stomach regurgitation into the mouth Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Building Signs and Symptoms Terms Hyperemesis – hyper- + -emesis – Excessive vomiting Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Oral Cavity Pathology (1 of 2) Term Definition painful ulcers in the mouth of aphthous ulcers unknown origin; commonly called canker sores decay and disintegration of teeth dental caries caused by bacteria; tooth cavity Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Oral Cavity Pathology (2 of 2) Term Definition gingivitis inflammation of the gums infection of the lip by herpes simplex herpes labialis virus type 1 (HSV-1); also called fever blisters or cold sores disease of the supporting structures of periodontal the teeth, including the gums and disease bones; most common cause of tooth loss Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Pharynx and Esophagus Term Definition enlarged and swollen varicose veins esophageal in the lower end of the esophagus; varices rupture results in serious hemorrhage condition in which acid from the gastroesophageal stomach flows backward into the reflux disease esophagus, causing inflammation (GERD) and pain pharyngoplegia paralysis of the throat muscles Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Stomach Pathology (1 of 2) Term Definition gastric carcinoma cancerous tumor in the stomach gastritis inflammation of the stomach inflammation of the stomach and gastroenteritis small intestine protrusion of the stomach through hiatal hernia the diaphragm and into the thoracic cavity; also called diaphragmatocele Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-11 A hiatal hernia or diaphragmatocele. A portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Stomach Pathology (2 of 2) Term Definition ulcer in the lower portion of the stomach and/or duodenum; thought peptic ulcer to be caused by the acid in gastric disease (PUD) juices and may be a result of Helicobacter pylori infection Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-12A Figure illustrating the location and appearance of a peptic ulcer in both the stomach and the duodenum. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-12B Photomicrograph illustrating a gastric ulcer. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Small Intestine and Large Intestine Pathology (1 of 5) Term Definition abnormal tube-like passage from the surface anal fistula around the anal opening directly into the rectum appendicitis inflammation of the appendix bowel inability to control defecation incontinence autoimmune condition affecting the small intestine; caused by reaction to eating gluten; celiac disease symptoms include bloating, pain, diarrhea, and nutritional deficiencies colorectal cancerous tumor originating in the colon or rectum carcinoma Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Small Intestine and Large Intestine Pathology (2 of 5) Term Definition form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease primarily affecting the ileum and/or colon; affects Crohn’s disease all layers of the bowel wall, resulting in scarring and thickening; also called regional ileitis inflammation of a diverticulum, or outpouching of diverticulitis the gut; often results from food being trapped inside condition of having diverticula; may lead to diverticulosis diverticulitis Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-13 Diverticulosis and diverticulitis. Figure also illustrates external and internal appearance of diverticula. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Small Intestine and Large Intestine Pathology (3 of 5) Term Definition disease characterized by diarrhea, often with dysentery mucus and blood, severe abdominal pain, fever, and dehydration enteritis inflammation of the small intestine hemorrhoids varicose veins in the rectum and anus protrusion of a loop of small intestine into the inguinal hernia inguinal (groin) region through a weak spot in the abdominal wall Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-14 An inguinal hernia. A portion of the small intestine is protruding through the abdominal muscles into the groin region. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Small Intestine and Large Intestine Pathology (4 of 5) Term Definition result of the intestine slipping or intussusception telescoping into another section of intestine just below it disturbance in the function of the intestine irritable bowel from unknown causes; symptoms include syndrome (IBS) abdominal discomfort and alteration in bowel activity presence of small tumors called polyps in polyposis the mucous membranes of the large intestine; may be precancerous Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-15 Intussusception. A short length of small intestine has telescoped into itself. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-16 Endoscopic view of a polyp in the colon. Note the mushroom-like shape, an enlarged top growing at the end of a stem. It is being removed by means of a wire loop slipped over the polyp and then tightened to cut it off. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Small Intestine and Large Intestine Pathology (5 of 5) Term Definition proctoptosis prolapsed or drooping rectum and anus chronic inflammatory condition resulting in ulcerative numerous ulcers on the lining of the colitis colon; also called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) condition in which the bowel twists upon volvulus itself, causing an obstruction Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-17 Volvulus. A length of small intestine has twisted around itself, cutting off blood circulation to the twisted loop. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Accessory Organ Pathology Term Definition inflammation of the gallbladder; most cholecystitis commonly caused by gallstones presence of gallstones; may or may not cholelithiasis cause symptoms chronic liver disease; associated with failure cirrhosis of the liver to function properly inflammation of the liver, usually due to a hepatitis viral infection hepatoma liver tumor pancreatitis inflammation of the pancreas Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-18A Common sites for cholelithiasis. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-18B A gallbladder specimen with multiple gallstones. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Building Pathology Terms Cholelithiasis – chol/e + -lithiasis – Condition of bile stones Cirrhosis – cirrh/o + -osis – Abnormal condition of being yellow Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Clinical Laboratory Tests (1 of 2) Term Definition alanine enzyme normally present in the blood; levels are transaminase increased in persons with liver disease (ALT) aspartate enzyme normally present in the blood; levels are transaminase increased in persons with liver disease (AST) laboratory test to determine whether microscopic fecal occult blood amounts of blood are present in feces; also called test (FOBT) hemoccult or stool guaiac test Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Clinical Laboratory Tests (2 of 2) Term Definition test to diagnose H. pylori infection H. pylori antibody test associated with peptic ulcer disease examination of feces to detect the ova and parasites (O&P) presence of parasites or their eggs test of feces to look for the presence of stool culture pathogenic bacteria Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Diagnostic Imaging (1 of 2) Term Definition X-ray taken with part of the film holder bitewing X-ray positioned between and parallel to the teeth cholecystogram X-ray image of the gallbladder intravenous X-ray of the gallbladder and bile ducts after cholecystography intravenous injection of dye lower gastrointestinal X-ray image of the colon and rectum taken series (lower GI after the administration of barium by enema; series) also called a barium enema (BE) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-19 X-ray of the colon taken during a barium enema. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Diagnostic Imaging (2 of 2) Term Definition percutaneous X-ray of the liver and bile ducts after transhepatic injection of contrast medium directly cholangiography into the liver (PTC) X-ray of the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodenum taken after oral gastrointestinal administration of barium contrast (UGI) series material; also called a barium swallow Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Endoscopic Procedures (1 of 3) Term Definition instrument used to view inside the colonoscope colon process of visually examining the colonoscopy colon by passing a colonoscope through the anus and rectum Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Endoscopic Procedures (2 of 3) Term Definition instrument used to view inside the gastroscope stomach procedure in which a flexible gastroscope is passed through the gastroscopy mouth and down the esophagus to visualize inside the stomach Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Endoscopic Procedures (3 of 3) Term Definition instrument used to view inside the laparoscope abdominal cavity procedure in which a lighted laparoscope is passed through the laparoscopy abdominal wall and used to visually examine the abdominal cavity Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Additional Diagnostic Procedures Term Definition method of determining whether a person’s weight is healthy; involves body mass dividing weight in kilograms by height in index (BMI) square meters, then comparing the result to a predefined range of values insertion of a needle into the abdominal paracentesis cavity to withdraw fluid Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Building Diagnostic Terms Intravenous – intra- + ven/o + -ous – Pertaining to within a vein Cholecystography – cholecyst/o + -graphy – Process of recording the gallbladder Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Dental Procedures Term Definition dental appliance to replace missing teeth; is bridge attached to adjacent teeth for support artificial covering for a tooth created to replace the crown original enamel denture partial or complete set of artificial teeth extraction removal or “pulling” of teeth surgical removal of gum tissue that has pulled gingivectomy away from the teeth implant prosthetic device in jaw to anchor a tooth treatment involving pulp cavity of the root of a root canal tooth; used to save infected teeth Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Medical Procedures Term Definition injection of fluid through the rectum and into the enema large intestine use of a nasogastric (NG) tube to place liquid gavage nourishment in the stomach nasogastric intubation insertion of a flexible catheter through the nose and down the esophagus to the stomach (NG tube) parenteral providing a patient’s nutrition intravenously nutrition Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Surgical Procedures (1 of 4) Term Definition appendectomy surgical removal of the appendix cholecystectomy surgical removal of the gallbladder Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Surgical Procedures (2 of 4) Definition colectomy surgical removal of the colon surgical creation of an opening of some portion of the colon through the colostomy abdominal wall to the outside surface of the body diverticulectomy surgical removal of a diverticulum abdominal operation for the purpose of exploratory examining the abdominal organs and laparotomy tissues for signs of disease or abnormalities Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 8-20 A) The colon illustrating various ostomy sites. B) Colostomy in the descending colon, illustrating functioning stoma and nonfunctioning distal sigmoid colon and rectum. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Surgical Procedures (3 of 4) Term Definition surgical removal of hemorrhoids hemorrhoidectomy from the anorectal area Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Surgical Procedures (4 of 4) Term Definition surgical removal of the gallbladder laparoscopic through a small abdominal incision cholecystectomy using a laparoscope laparotomy surgical incision into the abdomen Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Building Therapeutic Terms Nasogastric – nas/o + gastr/o + -ic – Pertaining to the nose and stomach Appendectomy – append/o + -ectomy – Surgical removal of the appendix Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Digestive System Pharmacology (1 of 2) Drug Type Use Examples suppresses appetite to anorexiant Obezine, Adipex treat obesity Tums, Maalox, antacid neutralizes stomach acid Mylanta Imodium, antidiarrheal used to control diarrhea Lomotil, Kaopectate treats nausea, vomiting, Compazine, antiemetic and motion sickness Phenergan herpes used to treat herpes Valtrex, Zovirax antivirals simplex infection Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Digestive System Pharmacology (2 of 2) Drug Type Use Examples blocks H2-receptors in the H2-receptor Zantac, Tagamet, stomach, reducing acid antagonist Pepcid production treats constipation by Senokot, laxative stimulating a bowel Metamucil movement proton pump blocks the stomach's Nexium, Prilosec inhibitor ability to secrete acid Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Digestive System Abbreviations (1 of 5) Term Definition ac before meals ALT alanine transaminase AST aspartate transaminase BM bowel movement BMI body mass index Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Digestive System Abbreviations (2 of 5) Term Definition BS bowel sounds FOBT fecal occult blood test GB gallbladder GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease GI gastrointestinal Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Digestive System Abbreviations (3 of 5) Term Definition H. pylori Helicobacter pylori HCl hydrochloric acid Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Digestive System Abbreviations (4 of 5) Term Definition IBD inflammatory bowel disease IBS irritable bowel syndrome N&V nausea and vomiting NG nasogastric (tube) NPO nothing by mouth O&P ova and parasites Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Digestive System Abbreviations (5 of 5) Term Definition pc after meals PO by mouth pp postprandial q every qam every morning qh every hour Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved