Medical Terminology 1 Lecture PDF

Medical terminology  Course Objectives Apply basic principles of medical word building. Correctly pronounce medical terms. Define common medical terms. Relate common medical terms to human anatomy and physiology; common disease states, pharmacological categories and diagnostic...

Medical terminology  Course Objectives Apply basic principles of medical word building. Correctly pronounce medical terms. Define common medical terms. Relate common medical terms to human anatomy and physiology; common disease states, pharmacological categories and diagnostic tests. Identify the medical terminology in medical record reports. What are the advantages of studying medical terminology Understanding: explain the case clearly Specifics: one doctor can explain very clearly to the other the exact happenings in his case. Medical terminology can eliminate generalities, vagueness, and misunderstanding when used properly. Language barriers: cross language barriers and allow medical professionals from a variety of countries and backgrounds to communicate with each other and work together  Objectives of the lecture Identify and distinguish among the four elements of medical terms: roots, suffixes, prefixes, and combining form. Describe how medical terms are divided into word elements. Apply the basic rules to define and build medical words. Locate the pronunciation guidelines chart and interpret pronunciation marks. State the rules for determining singular and plural endings.  ORIGIN OF MEDICAL TERMS Hippocrates was a Greek physician and is known as the “father of medicine.” 75% of medical terms are based on either Greek or Latin words. What are the basic elements of medical terms prefix root Combining suffix vowel Combining form ❖ Usually derived form Greek or Latin ❖ Frequently indicates a body part ❖ Most medical terms have one or more word roots Eg: cardiology WR Examples of Word Roods Greek Word WordRoot Kardia (heart) Cardi Gaster (stomach) Gastr Hepar (liver) Hepat Nephros (kidney) Nephr Osteon (bone) oste ❖ Combining Form (CF) is a Word Root (WR) plus a vowel, usually an “o” ❖ Usually indicates a body part Combining Forms Examples ❖ Cardi/ + o = cardi/o heart ❖ gastr/ + o = gastr/o stomach ❖ hepat/ + o = hepat/o liver ❖ nephr/ + o = nephr/o kidney ❖ oste/ + o = oste/o bone Suffixes ❖ Word Ending ❖ Suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech ❖ Usually derived from Greek or Latin Examples of Suffix ❖ Arthr/o -centesis Arthrocentesis Joint puncture puncture of a joint ❖ throac/o -tomy Thoracotomy chest incision incision of the chest ❖ gastr/o megaly Gastromegaly stomach Enlargement enlargement of the stomach Disorder Suffixes Disorder suffix Meaning -ema swelling -trophy nourishment -ia condition of -iasis abnormal condition of -megaly enlargement -oma tumour (mass which may or may not be cancerous) -osis abnormal condition -ptysis spitting up -staxis dripping blood  SUFFIXES: Surgical Procedures -centesis – surgical puncture -desis – surgical binding -ectomy – excision, removal, cut out -pexy – surgical fixation Moe, after the -plasty – surgical repair, correction bandages come off and the wounds -rrhaphy – suture heal, you’ll still be a pig. -sect – to cut -stomy – forming a new opening (permanent opening) -tome – instrument for cutting -tomy – incision into, cut into -tripsy – to crush, break down 18  SUFFIXES: diagnostic procedures --gram – written record, recording -graph – instrument for recording -graphy – process of recording -manometer – instrument for measuring pressure -manometry – process of measuring pressure -meter – instrument for measuring -metery – process of measuring -opsy – Visual examination -scope - instrument for examining -scopy – process of examining, examination 19 ❖ A WR (word root) is used before a suffix that begins with a vowel. Scler/ + osis = sclerosis Basic Rule Two ❖ A combining vowel is used to link a WR to a suffix that begins with a consonant and to link a WR to another WR to form a compound word colon/o + scope = colonoscope osteo/ o/ chondr/ itis = osteochondritis Prefixes ❖ Word element located at the beginning of a word ❖ Changes the meaning of the word ❖ Usually indicates a number, time, position, direction, color, or sense of negation ❖ A- mast -ia without breast condition ❖ hyper- therm -ia excessive condition heat ❖ intra- muscul -ar in muscle relating to Common prefixes Disorder Prefixes Meaning a, an without brady slow dys difficult or painful hyper above hypo below oligo few poly many tachy fast Number Prefixes □ bi– two □ hemi– half □ mono– one □ multi– many □ nulli– none □ poly– many □ quad– four □ semi– partial, half □ tri– three □ uni– one Defining Medical Words ❖ First, define the suffix or ending ❖ Second, define the prefix, or beginning ❖ Third, define the middle Endocarditis Inner layer heart inflammation Inflammation the inner layer of the heart  Rules! To define medical terms, divide or slash them into their component parts; these word components are called prefixes, suffixes, and roots. Use the hyphen ( - ) after the word component to indicate that it is a prefix; use it after the combining form to indicate that it needs a suffix; use it before the word component to indicate it is a suffix. For example: Epi-gastr/o/-cele 27 Medical terms Diseases and disorders Aetiology - study the cause of diseases Signs – clinical evidence of cause of diseases or disorders Symptoms – indicators of disease that the patient is experiencing Disease – set of signs and symptoms that disrupts normal function of a body system or organ Diagnosis – is when the doctor finds or decides what is causing the signs and symptoms i.e. the disease or disorder Diseases and disorders Prognosis – forecast of the outcome / recovery from the disease Morbidity – presence of illness or disease Mortality – death Acute – beginning abruptly and usually intense Chronic – refers to something lasting for a long time Terminal- will cause death Hints for pronouncing Consonant Example c (before a,o,u) = k Cavity, colon,cure c (before e,i ) = s Cephalic, cirrhosis ch = k cholesterol g (before a, o, u) = g gallstone,gonad g (before e, i ) = j generic, giant Hints for pronouncing Consonant Example ph = f phase, pharynx pn = n pneumonia ps = s psychiatry, psychology pt = t ptosis, pterygium rh,rrh rhythm, haemorrhoid  Singular- plural singular example plural example -a vertebra -ae vertebrae -ax thorax -aces thoraces -is diagnosis -es diagnoses -ix, -ex appendix -ices appendices -um diverticulum -a diverticula -us bronchus -i bronchi -y ovary -ies ovaries Thanks for your attention