Medical_Terminology_Lecture_2_Body_Org_&_Disease_1st_Yr_2023_By.pdf

Medical Terminology Lecture 2 @2023 Body Structure & Organization Disease & Diagnosis By Dr. Murtadha Alshareifi PhD Pharmacology Body Structure and Organization 1 A human body have 10 trillion to 100 trillion cells. Cells work both individually and together. There are eleven systems of the body, an...

Medical Terminology Lecture 2 @2023 Body Structure & Organization Disease & Diagnosis By Dr. Murtadha Alshareifi PhD Pharmacology Body Structure and Organization 1 A human body have 10 trillion to 100 trillion cells. Cells work both individually and together. There are eleven systems of the body, and each plays an important role in the way the body works. Examples of body systems in which organs grouped according to functions,  Circulation: 1- Cardiovascular system, consisting of the heart and blood vessels , transports blood (containing all types of blood cells) throughout the body. 2- Lymphatic system, consisting of lymph vessels and nodes that carry lymph, aid circulation and help protect the body from foreign materials  Nutrition and fluid balance: 3- Respiratory system, which obtains the oxygen needed for metabolism and eliminates carbon dioxide, a byproduct of metabolism. 4- Digestive system, which takes in, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients and eliminates undigested waste 5- Urinary system, which eliminates soluble waste and balances the volume and composition of body fluids 2 Body Systems 3  Production of offspring: 6- The male and female reproductive systems, produce the cells (eggs and sperm) that join to form the embryo. Male (testis) and female (ovary) sex organs produce hormones as well.  Coordination and control: 7- Nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and including the sensory system. This system receives and processes stimuli and directs responses. 8- Endocrine system, consisting of individual glands that produce hormones  Body structure and movement: 9- Skeletal system, the bones and joints 10- Muscular system, which moves the skeleton and makes up organs. Musculoskeletal system protect vital organs.  Body covering: 11- The integumentary system, which includes the skin and its associated structures, such as hair, sweat glands, and oil glands. This system functions in protection and also helps to regulate body temperature.  The body functions as a whole;  No system is independent of the others.  They work together to maintain the body’s state of internal stability, termed homeostasis. 4 Key terms Meaning ATP The energy compound of the cell that stores energy needed for cell activities; adenosine triphosphate Carbohydrate The category of organic compounds that includes sugars and starches Cell The basic structural and functional unit of the living organism, a microscopic unit that combines with other cells to form tissues (root: cyt/o) Chromosome A thread-like body in a cell’s nucleus that contains genetic information Collagen A fibrous protein found in connective tissue Cytoplasm The fluid that fills a cell and holds the organelles DNA The genetic compound of the cell, makes up the genes; deoxyribonucleic Enzyme protein substance that speeds the rate of a metabolic reaction Gene A hereditary unit composed of DNA and combined with other genes to form the chromosomes Glucose A simple sugar that circulates in the blood, the main energy source for metabolism Glycogen Histology A complex sugar compound stored in liver and muscles and broken down into glucose when needed for energy Study of tissues Homeostasis A steady state, a condition of internal stability and constancy Lipid A category of organic compounds that includes fats (root: lip/o) Membrane Metabolism A simple, very thin, and pliable sheet of tissue that might cover an organ, line a cavity, or separate structures The sum of all the physical and chemical reactions that occur within an organism Mitosis Cell division Mucus A thick fluid secreted by cells in membranes and glands that lubricates and protects tissues Nucleus The cell’s control center; directs all cellular activities based on the information contained Organelle A specialized structure in the cytoplasm of a cell Protein RNA A category of organic compounds that includes structural materials, enzymes, and some hormones An organic compound involved in the manufacture of proteins within cells; ribonucleic acid Tissue group of cells that acts together for a specific purpose 5  Supplementary Terms Terms Meaning Amino acids The nitrogen-containing compounds that make up proteins Anabolism The type of metabolism in which body substances are made; the building phase of metabolism Catabolism The type of metabolism in which substances are broken down for energy and simple compounds Cortex The outer region of an organ Medulla The inner region of an organ, marrow Interstitial Between parts, such as the spaces between cells in a tissue Parietal Pertaining to a wall, describes a membrane that lines a body cavity Parenchyma The functional tissue of an organ Stem cell An immature cell that has the capacity to develop into any of a variety of different cell types, a precursor cell Visceral Pertaining to the internal organs, describes a membrane on the surface of an organ  Roots for Cell Activity Root Meaning Example Definition Of Example blast/o, immature cell, productive cell, embryonic leukoblast an immature white blood cell gen cell origin, formation genetics the science of genes and heredity phag/o eat, ingest phagocyte cell that ingests waste and foreign matter phil attract, absorb acidophilic attracting acid stain plas formation, molding, development hyperplasia overdevelopment of an organ or tissue trop act on, affect chronotropic affecting rate or timing troph/o feeding, growth, nourishment atrophy wasting away 6  Roots for Cells and Tissues Root Meaning Example Definition Of Example morph/o form polymorphic having many forms cyt/o, -cyte cell cytogenesis the formation (-genesis) of cells nucle/o nucleus nuclear pertaining to a nucleus kary/o nucleus karyotype picture of the chromosomes of a cell hist/o, histi/o tissue histologist specialist in the study of tissue fibr/o fiber fibrosis abnormal formation of fibrous tissue reticul/o network reticulum a network aden/o gland adenoma tumor (-oma) of a gland papill/o nipple papilliform resembling a nipple myx/o mucus myxadenitis inflammation of a gland that secretes mucus muc/o mucus, membrane mucorrhea increased flow (-rhea) of mucus somat/o, body somatic pertaining to the body  Word Roots for Body Chemistry Word Root hydr/o Meaning water, fluid Example Definition of Example hydration addition of water, relative amount of water present gluc/o glucose glucogenesis production of glucose glyc/o sugar, glucose normoglycemia normal blood sugar level sacchar/o sugar polysaccharide compound containing many simple sugars amyl/o starch amyloid resembling starch lip/o lipid, fat lipophilic attracting or absorbing lipids adip/o fat adiposuria presence of fat in the urine steat/o fatty steatorrhea discharge (-rhea) of fatty stools prote/o protein protease enzyme that digests protein 7  Body Cavities and Divisions A body cavity is defined as a hollow space that contains body organs. The body has several major cavities, including:  Ventral Cavity: Contains body homeostasis organs that maintain Thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity The thoracic cavity contains the lungs, whereas the abdominopelvic cavity contains digestive and reproductive organs.  Dorsal Cavity: Cranial cavity Spinal cavity The cranial cavity houses the brain, and the spinal cavity houses the spinal cord.  Abdominal regions The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into two different ways: either four quadrants (Figure A) or nine regions (Figure B) 8  Anatomical Planes Three planes are frequently used to locate structural arrangements. 9  Anatomic Directions Plane  Frontal Definition Of Example Coronal line that divides the body into anterior and posterior positions.  Crosssectional line that intersects the body horizontally.  Lateral line that divides the body perpendicularly to the medial plane.  Transverse Horizontal Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions  Medial line that divides the body into equal left and right halves.  Sagittal line that divides the body into right and left portions.  Prefixes for Position and Direction Prefix Meaning Example Definition Of Example circum- around circumoral around the mouth juxta- near, beside juxtaposition a location near or beside another structure peri- around perivascular around a vessel (vascul/o) epi- on, over epithelium tissue that covers surfaces intra- in, within intrauterine within the uterus inter- between intercostal between the ribs (cost/o) extra- outside extracellular outside a cell or cells infra- below infrapatellar below the kneecap (patella) sub- below, under sublingual under the tongue (lingu/o) para- near, beside parasagittal near or beside a sagittal plane retro- behind, backward retroperitoneal behind the peritoneum supra- above suprascapular above the scapula (shoulder 10  Roots for Regions of the Head and Trunk Root Meaning Example Definition of Example cephal/o head megacephaly abnormal largeness of the head cervic/o thorac/o abdomin/o celi/o neck chest,thorax abdomen abdomen cervicofacial thoracotomy intra-abdominal celiorrhaphy pertaining to the neck and face (-tomy) into the chest within the abdomen suture of an abdominal wound lumb/o lumbar region,lower back thoracolumbar pertaining to the chest and lumbar region periton, peritone/o peritoneum peritonea pertaining to the peritoneum Acro- Extremity, end acrocyanosis viscer/o pelv/o umbilic/o somat/o Internal organs pelvis umbilicus, navel body viscer/al pelv/ic umbilic/al somat/ic bluish discoloration of the extremities pertaining to internal organs pertaining to the pelvis pertaining to the navel pertaining to the body Opposite Position and Direction of the Trunk Term X X X X X X X Definition Anterior toward the front and away from the back of the body Posterior toward the back and away from the front of the body Ventral toward the belly or undersurface Dorsal toward the back or upper surface Proximal toward the attachment point of a limb Distal away from the attachment point of a limb Medial toward the middle of the body Lateral away from the middle of and toward the side of the body Superior above, in a higher position Inferior below, in a lower position Deep away from the surface & closer to the canter (of the body). Superficial closer to the surface (of the body) Parietal Pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity Visceral Pertaining to the viscera, especially the abdominal organs 11 Diseases And Diagnosis Diseases A disease is any disorder of normal body function. Diseases can be grouped into a number of different but often overlapping categories:  Infectious diseases: caused by certain harmful microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses  Degenerative diseases: resulting from aging, or trauma (injury) that can result in a lesion (wound) and perhaps necrosis (death of tissue). Common examples include arthritis, cardiovascular problems,  Neoplasia: abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue (cancer).  Immune disorders: includes failures of the immune system, allergies, and autoimmune diseases,  Hormonal disorders: caused by under-production or over-production of hormones or by inability of the hormones to function properly. e.g.; diabetes mellitus.  Mental and emotional disorders: disorders that affect the mind e.g.; depression and schizophrenia Organism Description Examples Of Diseases Caused  Bacteria Simple Microscopic Organisms That Can Produce Disease; Singular: Bacterium Pneumonia, typhoid, dysentery, botulism …. etc.  Viruses Submicroscopic Infectious Agents That Can Live And Reproduce Only Within Living Cells Simple, Non-Green Plants, Some Of Which Are Parasitic; Includes Yeasts And Molds; Singular, Fungus Herpes, hepatitis, influenza, AIDS  Protozoa Single-Celled Animals; Singular, Protozoon Dysentery, malaria  Helminths Worms Infestations with roundworms, pinworms, hookworms  Fungi 12 measles, Candidiasis & skin infections  Prefixes and Roots for Infectious Diseases Word Part Meaning Example  staphyl/o grape-like cluster  strept/o twisted chain staphylococcu a round bacterium that forms clusters s streptobacillus a rod-shaped bacterium that forms chains  bacill/i, bacillus bacilluria bacilli in the urine (-uria) bacterium bacteriostatic stopping (stasis) the growth of bacteria  myc/o fungus, mold mycotic pertaining to a fungus  vir/o virus viremia presence of viruses in the blood (-emia) bacill/o  bacteri/o Definition Of Example  Terms Of Diseases Term Definition Of Example Benign Carcinoma Not recurrent or malignant, favorable for recovery, describing a tumor that does not spread (metastasize) to other tissues A malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial cells Chronic Of long duration, progressing slowly Communicable Capable of passing from one person to another, such as an infectious disease Etiology The cause of a disease Endemic Exacerbation Occurring at a low level but continuously in a given region, such as the common cold (from en-, meaning “in” and Greek demos, meaning “people”) Affecting many people in a given region at the same time, a disease that breaks out in a large proportion of a population at a given time Worsening of disease, increase in severity of a disease or its symptoms Iatrogenic Caused by the effects of treatment (from Greek root iatro-, meaning “physician”) Idiopathic Having no known cause (root idio means “self-originating”) Inflammation In situ A localized response to tissue injury characterized by heat, pain, redness, and swelling Localized, noninvasive (literally “in position”); said of tumors that do not spread Lesion A distinct area of damaged tissue, an injury or wound Malignant Growing worse, harmful, tending to cause death, describing an invasive tumor that can spread (metastasize) to other tissue Spread from one part of the body to another, characteristic of cancer Acute Epidemic Metastasis Normal flora Sudden, severe; having a short course Necrosis The microorganisms that normally live on or in the body. These organisms are generally harmless and are often beneficial Describing an infection acquired in a hospital (root nos/o means “disease,” and comial refers to a hospital) Death of tissue Opportunistic Describing an infection that occurs because of a host’s poor or altered condition Nosocomial 13 Pandemic Remission Describing a disease that is prevalent throughout an entire region or the world. AIDS is now pandemic in certain regions of the world A lessening of disease symptoms, the period during which such lessening occurs Systemic Pertaining to the whole body Septicemia Presence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood, blood poisoning Abscess A localized collection of pus Cellulitis A spreading inflammation of tissue Effusion Escape of fluid into a cavity or other body part Exudate Material that escapes from blood vessels as a result of tissue injury Fissure A groove or split Fistula An abnormal passage between two organs or from an organ to the surface of the body Death of tissue, usually caused by lack of blood supply; may be associated with bacterial infection and decomposition Excessive growth of normal cells in normal arrangement Gangrene Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Polyp An increase in the size of an organ without increase in the number of cells; may result from an increase in activity, as in muscles A tumor attached by a thin stalk Prolapse A dropping or downward displacement of an organ or part, ptosis Purulent Forming or containing pus Sepsis The presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the blood or other tissues; adjective: septic A physical or psychological wound or injury Trauma Diagnosis  Imaging Techniques Term Definition Of Example Computed Tomography (CT, CT scan) Use of a computer to generate an image from a large number of x-rays passed at different angles through the body; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Production of images through the use of a magnetic field and radio waves; ; eliminates the need for x-rays and contrast media Positron emission tomography (PET Scan) An imaging test that allows doctor to check body function in diseases. scan uses a special dye containing radioactive tracers. can measure blood flow, oxygen use, how your body uses sugar, and much more. Radiography Use of x-rays passed through the body to make a visual record (radiograph or photographs) of internal structures Ultrasonography Generation of a visual image from the echoes of high-frequency sound waves traveling back from different tissues 14  Key Terms Of Diagnosis Terms Definition Anesthesia Loss of the ability to feel pain Auscultation Listening for sounds within the body Biopsy Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination Cautery Destruction of tissue by a damaging agent, such heat, or electric current, Chemotherapy The use of chemicals to treat disease Diagnosis The process of determining the cause and nature of an illness Endoscope An instrument for examining the inside of an organ Excision Removal by cutting (suffix -ectomy) Febrile Pertaining to fever Immunotherapy Treatment that involves stimulation or suppression of the immune system Incision A cut, as for surgery; also the act of cutting (suffix -tomy) Inspection Visual examination of the body Irrigation Flushing of a tube, cavity, or area with a fluid Malaise A feeling of discomfort or uneasiness, often indicative of infection or other disease Ophthalmoscope An instrument for examining the interior of the eye Otoscope Instrument used to examine the ears Palpation Examining by placing the hands or fingers on the surface of the body prodrome A symptom indicating an approaching disease Prognosis Prediction of the course and outcome of a disease Prophylaxis Prevention of disease Radiography Process of examining the internal parts of the body Remission A lessening of the symptoms of a disease; Sign Objective evidence of disease that can be observed or tested; examples are fever, rash, high blood pressure Sphygmomanometer Stethoscope The blood pressure apparatus or blood pressure cuff An instrument used for listening to sounds produced within the body syncope To unite parts by stitching them together; also the thread or other material used in that process or the seam formed by surgical stitching (suffix: -rhaphy) Any subjective evidence of disease, as experienced by the individual, such as pain, dizziness, weakness A temporary loss of consciousness because of inadequate blood flow to the brain, fainting Syndrome A group of signs and symptoms that together characterize a disease condition Suture Symptom 15