Medical Terminology 2024-2.pdf

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY First Year - First Semester 2024 / 2025 National Unive zig rsi a Zag ty...

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY First Year - First Semester 2024 / 2025 National Unive zig rsi a Zag ty ‫ﺟﺎﻣ‬ ‫ـــ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻫ ﻠﻴ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﻌـ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ﻖ ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻗــــــﺎﺯﻳ‬ Zagazig National University Medicine & Surgery Program MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY First Year - First semester - 2024 / 2025 e r s i t y - Fa ational Unive Univ iz g N l cul na t io yO rsi a N at Zag F ME ty Zagazig DICINE ‫ﺟﺎﻣ‬ ‫ـــ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻫ ﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻖﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﻌـ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ﻖ ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻗــــــﺎﺯﻳ‬‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺰﻗﺎﺯﻳ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔﺍﻟ‬..‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ Zagazig National University Medicine & surgery program TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Anatomy 4 2. Histology 18 3. Physiology 22 4. Biochemistry 29 5. Prefixes, Word roots, & 35 suffixes 6. MCQ & References 42  Anatomy  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 5 1.1 Fundamental principles of studying Anatomy: 1. Instructional objectives: Recognize the regions and cavities of the human body Describe the normal anatomical position and planes of human body Define the medical terms of anatomical direc- tions. Recognize the topography of each human sys- tem. 2. Anatomy It’s a descriptive science that studies the gross fea- tures of different parts of the body and their Rela- tions to each other. Anatomy of the Human Body: The most prelimi- nary inspection of the human body reveals that it is structurally divided into regions and cavities. Each is further divided into smaller regions. Body Regions: Regional Subdivisions of the human body. » Head: Is divided into cranial region (surrounding teh brain) and facial region. » Neck: The constriction follows the head. » Thorax: It’s the Upper part of the trunk. Its bones surround the heart and the lungs. » Abdomen: Contains the Abdominal Organs. The diaphragm separates it from the thorax. » Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen. » Upper limb: Hangs at the side of the thorax. It in- cludes the shoulder region, the arm, the forearm and the hand. » Lower Limb: Includes the gluteal region, the thigh, the leg and the foot. 6 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 1.2 Normal anatomical po- sitions & Planes: 1. The anatomical position: A standard position in which the different regions, organs and structures of the human body are de- scribed. It is the position where the person: Stands upright Neck is extended. Face is directed forwards. Arms hang at the sides and the palms of the hand are directed forwards. Feet spread on the ground. 2. Different body positions: Supine position: the person lies on his back with face directed upwards. Prone position: the person lies on his belly with face directed downwards. 3. Planes of human body: I. Sagittal/ Median sagittal/ Parasagittal/ Para- median: all indicate the Plane which passes an- tero-posteriorly through the body. If this plane divides the body into two equal halves it is called median sagittal plane. II. Coronal/ Frontal: it is the plane which divides the body into anterior and posterior halves. III. Horizontal /transverse plane: a plane passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes. it divides the body into up- per and lower parts. This plane may pass through the level of any of the vertebrae e.g. level of first lumbar vertebra (L1). 1.3 Anatomical directions: Anatomical directional terms describe the relations of various body parts, namely the relation of two structures or points to each other.  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 7 1. Upper Body (Head, Neck, and Trunk): Cranial: Pertaining to, or located toward, the head. Caudal: Pertaining to, or located toward, the tail. Anterior: Pertaining to, or located toward, the front; synonym: ventral (used for all animals). Posterior: Pertaining to, or located toward, the back; synonym: dorsal (used for all animals). Superior: Upper or above. Inferior: Lower or below. Axial: Pertaining to the axis of a structure. Transverse: Situated at right angles to the long axis of a structure. Longitudinal: Parallel to the long axis of a struc- ture. Horizontal: Parallel to the plane of the horizon. Vertical: Perpendicular to the plane of the hori- zon. Medial: lies close to the midline of the body. Lateral: Away from the median plane (toward the side). Median: Situated in the median plane or mid- line as vertebral column. Peripheral: Situated away from the center. Superficial: Situated near the surface. Deep: Situated deep beneath the surface. External: Outer or lateral. Internal: Inner or medial. Apical: Pertaining to the top or apex. Basal: Pertaining to the bottom or base. Sagittal: Situated parallel to the sagittal suture. Coronal: Situated parallel to the coronal suture (pertaining to the crown of the head). 2. Limbs: Proximal: Close to, or toward, the trunk, or to- ward the point of origin. Distal: Away from the trunk (toward the end of the limb), or away from the point of origin. Radial: Pertaining to the radius or the lateral side of the forearm. 8 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU Ulnar: Pertaining to the ulna or the medial side of the forearm. Tibial: Pertaining to the tibia or the medial side of the leg. Fibular: Pertaining to the fibula or the lateral side of the leg. Palmar (volar): Pertaining to the palm of the hand. Plantar: Pertaining to the sole of the foot. Watch and enjoy this video: Anatomical Position and Directional Terms https://youtu.be/t6-ueqFK1IE 1.4 Anatomical terms of movements: 1. Flexion / Extension: Flexion: is a movement that decreases the an- gle between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus. Extension: is a movement that increases the an- gle between two body parts. 2. Abduction / Adduction: Abduction: moving a body part away from mid- line. Adduction: moving a body part toward the mid- line. 3. Supination / Pronation: Supination: is considered turning the palm of the hand upward. Pronation: is considered turning the palm of the hand downward. 4. Inversion / Eversion: Inversion: the sole of the foot turns to the inner side or medially (inwards).  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 9 Eversion: The sole of the foot turns to the outer side or laterally (outwards). 5. Elevation / Depression: 6. Protraction / Retraction: Protraction: Forward movement; as the shoul- der girdle in pushing or the mandible bringing the lower teeth infront of the upper teeth. Retraction: is the backward movement of the shoulder girdle or of the mandible to bring the lower teeth opposite the upper teeth. 7. Opposition: Restricted to the thumb. the palmar surface of the distal phalanx of the thumb with faces those of the other fingers. 1.5 Body Cavities: 1. Major Cavities: I. Cranial Cavity. II. Vertebral Cavity. III. Thoracic Cavity. IV. Abdominopelvic Cavity. 2. Minor Cavities: I. Oral Cavity. III. Nasal Cavities. II. Middle Ear Cavities. IV. Orbital Cavities. 10 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 11 1.6 Topography of the different sys- tems: 1. Topography of Nervous system: 12 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 2. Topography of Respiratory system: 3. Topography of Cardiovascular system: 4. Topography of Digestive system:  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 13 5. Topography of Renal system: 14 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 6. Topography of Male genital system: 7. Topography of Female genital system: 8. Serous sacs: The serous membrane is a smooth tissue mem- brane of mesothelium lining the contents and inner walls of body cavities, which secrete serous fluid to allow lubricated sliding movements between op- posing surfaces. 1.7 Human Skeleton: 1. Functions of Bones: 1. Support of the body (framework).  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 15 2. Movement due to attached skeletal muscles. 3. Serve as levers (with help from muscles). 4. Protection of soft organs. » Skull protects the brain. » Vertebral column protects the spinal cord. » Thoracic cage protects the heart and lung. 5. Storage of minerals and fats (calcium). 6. Blood cell formation (bone marrow). The skeleton is divided into: Axial skeleton. Appendicular skeleton. 2. The Axial Skeleton: It consists of bones and cartilage that lie close to the central axis of body. It includes: I. Skull: » Formed of two sets of bones: cranium & facial bones. » Bones are joined by sutures » Only the mandible is attached by a freely mov- able joint (TMJ). II. Vertebral column: » The vertebral column is formed of chain of bones called vertebrae, which are separated by intervertebral discs. It consists of 33 verte- brae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal. » Sacral vertebrae fuse to form sacrum and coc- cygeal vertebrae fuse to form coccyx. III. Bony thorax: » Forms a cage to protect major organs. » Made-up of three parts: Sternum, Ribs (12 pairs) and Thoracic vertebrae. IV. Auditory ossicles » These are three small bones present in the middle ear cavity. » These three bones articulate with each other and transfer vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. V. Hyoid bone: 16 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU » It is located below the mandible above the lar- ynx. 3. Appendicular skeleton: It includes bones of pectoral girdle and upper limb, Pelvic girdle and lower limb. I. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle: » Composed of two bones: Clavicle (collarbone) & Scapula (shoulder blade). » These bones allow the upper limb to have ex- ceptionally free movement. II. Bones of the Upper Limb: » The arm is formed by a single bone called Hu- merus. » The forearm has two bones called Ulna and Radius. » The hand has the Carpals - Metacarpals – palm-Phalanges – fingers. III. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle: » Hip bones Composed of three pairs of fused bones: Ilium, Ischium and Pubic bone. » Each hip bone is joined to the axial skeleton by its attachment to the sacrum of the vertebral column. » The right and left hip bones attach to each oth- er anteriorly. IV. Bones of the Lower Limbs: » The thigh has one bone called Femur – thigh bone. » The leg has two bones called Tibia and Fibula. » The foot formed of Tarsals - Metatarsals- Pha- langes – toes. 1.8 Landmarks and refer- ence lines: In surface anatomy, palpable structures or visible markings on the surface of the body are used to identify the location of underlying structures.  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 17 C7: The vertebra prominens. T3: Level of medial edge of spines of the T7: Level of the inferior angles of the scapula. T12: Level of the lower limit of the thoracic cavity. L4: Level of the iliac crests. S2: Level of the posterior superior iliac spine.  HISTOLOGY  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 19 2.1 Common histological terms: Term Meaning The microscopic study of tissues and organs through sec- Histology tioning, staining, and examining those sections under a microscope. Study of cells (light microscope) and their organelles, usu- Cytology ally with (Electron microscope). Light Microscope Laboratory instrument that uses visible light to detect and (LM) magnify very small objects Hematoxylin The most commonly used stain in routine histology. & Eosin Basic dye which stain acidic cellular structure with purplish Hematoxylin blue (Basophilic). Acidic dye which stain basic cellular structure with pink Eosin color (Acidophilic). Laboratory instrument uses a beam of electrons to mag- Electron Micro- nify a specimen, has a higher resolution and magnification scope power than LM. Mainly used to observe the internal struc- ture of cells and the ultrastructure of surfaces. Electron beam passes through areas of specimens pro- Electron lucent vides shades of white to light gray. Electron beam absorbed or deflected by other areas pro- Electron dense ducing shades of dark gray to black. Endo/ cytosis A process by which cells move materials from outside to (“into cell”) the inside of them. Ingestion of solid particles such as bacteria or dead cell Phago/ cytosis remnants. From Ancient Greek (phagein) 'to eat', and (ky- (“cell eating”) tos) 'cell’. Ingestion of fluid and its dissolved contents. Pino/ cytosis From Ancient Greek (“pino” means “to drink”), and (kytos) (“cell drinking”) 'cell’. 20 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU Term Meaning Exo/ cytosis A process by which cells move materials from their inside (“out of cell”) to the outside of them. The study of structure and behavior of chromosomes and Cytogenetic their relation to human study. Presence of 2 complete sets of chromosomes in cell, usual- Diploid ly one from the mother and one from the father. Haploid The presence of a single set of chromosomes in the cell. The cells in the body other than sperm and ova. Somatic Somatic cells cells are diploid. Any cells that give rise to the gametes (sperm and ova). Germ cells Germ cells are haploid. Describe type of cell nucleus (karyon) based on its inside Karyotyping chromosomes. Layer of cells that cover (epi) most surfaces (thelium) of the Epithelium body. Glandular Epithe- Some epithelial cells specialized to perform secretory func- lium tion. Gland = secretion. Neuro- Epitheli- Specialized epithelial cells, such as those in ear, nose, and um tongue to perform sensory function. Neuro = nervous. Some epithelial cells attain some muscle characters to per- Myo- Epithelium form contractile function. Myo = muscle. Tissue found throughout the body to bind and support Connective Tissue other tissue and organ together. Connect = bind. Dense heavily-arranged. Loose lightly- arranged. The fibers are arranged parallel to each other in the form Regular of a bundle that is arranged in specific orientation. Mucoid Gel like. Adipose Fat cells.  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 21 Term Meaning flexible specialized connective tissue that protects your Cartilage joints and bones chondro- = cartilage. strong specialized dense connective tissue that provide Bone leverage system for skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints. Osteo- = bone. …+ Blasts Immature = active. E.g chondroblast cell , osteoblast cell. …+ cytes Mature = inactive E.g chondrocyte , osteocyte. …+genic Synthesis E.g chondrogenic cell ,ostogenic cell. ….+clast Eater E.g, osteoclast. Micro-cytes Small. Macro- cytes Large. An-iso-cytosis Not -equal. Erythro- cytes Red =Red Blood Cells=RBCs. Leuko- cytes White= White Blood Cells= WBCs. Reticulo-cytes Network.  PHYSIOLOGY  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 23 3.1 Numbers: Word com- Meaning Examples ponent Without, Apnea = stopping of breathing a-, an- not Anaesthesia = loss of sensation Uni- Unilateral = on one side One Mono- Monoplegia = paralysis on one limb Disaccharides = when two molecules of monosac- Di- Two charides (simple sugar) are linked together Bilateral = on both sides Bi-, bin- Two, twice Binocular = using both eyes to see things Olig- Little Oliguria = decreased urine volume Multi gravida = a woman which got pregnant mul- Multi- Many, mul- tiple times. Poly- tiple Polycythemia= a disease characterized by in- creased blood cell formation 3.2 Colours: Word com- Meaning Examples ponent Erythro- Red Erythrocytes = red blood cells Leuk-, leuc- White Leukocytes = white blood cells Cyan- Blue Cyanosis = bluish discoloration due to low oxygen Melanocytes = cells producing melanin Pigment Melano- that gives the skin its colour. Black Nigro- Nigrostriatum= area in the brain produces dopa- mine. 24 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 3.3 Location: Word com- Meaning Examples ponent Outside, in Ectopic focus= abnormal pacemaker in the heart Ect- an abnormal outside normal SA node. place Ectopic pregnancy= embryo outside uterus Ex- Out Expiration= passage of air outside the lungs En- In Encephalon= brain (in the skull) End- Inside, inner Endocardium= inner layer of the heart Intrauterine hypoxia= low oxygen for the fetus Intra- Witnin, in inside the uterus Inter- Between Intercostal= between ribs Transcellular transport= transfer of substances Across, Trans- by a cell through the cell passing through both through membranes of the cell 3.4 Relations: Word com- Meaning Examples ponent Below, un- Sublingual salivary glands= group of salivary Sub-, infra- der, beneath glands under tongue Supra-, Su- Above, ex- Suprarenal/ adrenal gland= endocrine gland per cessive, over above the kidney Prognosis= prediction of the progress of the Pro- before disease Infront of, Pre- Prenatal= before labour before Behind, Retro- Retrosternal pain= chest pain behind sternum backward  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 25 Word com- Meaning Examples ponent Parathyroid glands= four glands located on the Para- Beside posterior surface of the thyroid gland Pericardium= a fluid filled sac that surrounds Peri- Around the heart 3.5 Degrees: Word com- Meaning Examples ponent Above, in- Hyperglycaemia= blood glucose above normal Hyper- creased Hyperthermia= increased body temperature Normal, Eu- Eupnea= normal quiet breathing good Below, de- Hypoglycemia= blood glucose below normal Hypo- creased Hypothermia= decreased body temperature Iso- Equal Anisocytosis= unequal sizes of red blood cells 3.6 General: Word com- Meaning Examples ponent Abdomen= the place which contains gastro-in- Abd- To hide testinal organs Androgens= group of sex hormones play a role Andr/o- Male, man in puberty and body development of the male. -philic Attraction Hydrophilic= attraction to water -phobia Fear Hydrophobic= get away from water 26 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU Word com- Meaning Examples ponent Menorrhagia= excessive blood flow in menstru- Excessive ation -rhagia flow Haemorrhage= blood loss from damaged blood vessel -rhea To flow Diarrhea= frequent loose stool Nephron= structural unit of the kidney Suprarenal gland= gland located above the kid- Nephr- Kidney ney Ren- Epinephrine/ adrenaline=chemical substance that is produced from suprarenal gland 3.7 Blood: Word com- Meaning Examples ponent Anaemia= decrease in red blood cells or hemo- -aemia Blood globin content Haem (hem) Blood Haemorrhage= bleeding or loss of blood -genic, Myogenic= originating from the muscle Origin, for- -gen,-gene- Antigen= a substance that stimulates immune mation sis, system to produce antibodies -lysis Break down Haemolysis= break down of red blood cells Thrombocyte (platelet)= cells that are responsi- -cyte, cyt/o Cell ble for initiation of thrombosis; thromb- = solid mass Disease leukocytosis= increase in white blood cells num- -osis process, ber condition Decrease, Leukopenia= decrease in white blood cells num- -penia deficiency ber  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 27 Word com- Meaning Examples ponent Immature Erythroblastosis= a condition in which there is Blast- cell increase erythroblast (immature red blood cell) 3.8 CNS: Word com- Meaning Examples ponent Cerebro- Brain Cerebral blood flow= blood flow to the brain Cranial nerves= 12 pairs of nerves originate from Crani- Skull brain and exit from skull -esthesia Sensation Anaesthesia= no sensation Force, pow- Sthenos Asthenia= without power; weak er Cerv- Neck Cervical= belonging to the neck 3.9 CVS: Word com- Meaning Examples ponent Electrocardiograph= paper writing of cardiac -graph To write electric waves Cardiovascular system= system of the heart and Card- Heart blood vessels Microangiopathy= a disease in the small blood Angio- vessel Vessel Vas- Vasodilatation= dilatation of blood vessel Vasoconstriction= constriction of blood vessels Myasthenia gravis= a disease causes weakness of My- Muscle the muscle Cardiomyocytes= cells of the cardiac muscle 28 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU Word com- Meaning Examples ponent Enlarge- -megaly Cardiomegaly= enlargement of the heart ment Tachy- Rapid Tachycardia= rapid heart rate Brady- Slow Bradycardia= slow heart rate To hold Ischaemia= decrease blood supply to an organ Isch- back due to occlusion of its artery  Biochemistry 30 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 4.1 Medical biochemistry: The word “BIOCHEMISTRY” means Chemistry of Liv- ing beings or Chemical Basis of Life. Life” in Biochemistry point of view” is: Hundreds of biochemical reactions and biochemical processes occurring in sub cellular organelles of a cell in an or- ganized manner. Medical Biochemistry: Deals with chemical ba- sis of human body. Clinical Biochemistry: Deals with clinical dis- eases/pathological conditions of human body. Medical or Human Biochemistry: It’s a branch of Biochemistry which deals with: » Biochemical constituents of human body. » Their interactions in body cells. » To maintain normal health, growth and repro- duction and related diseases. » Molecular events in gene expression and reg- ulation. Medical biochemistry studies various Biochemical constituents of cell: (Chemistry, properties, func- tions, metabolism and related disorders). Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Vitamins Minerals  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 31 4.2 Carbohydrate Chemistry: Terms Definition Any organic molecule composed exclusively of carbon, hydrogen, Carbohy- and oxygen where the hydrogen to oxygen ratio is usually drates 2:1; biological synonym is saccharide, commonly called sugar (The suffix --ose indicates sugars) Saccha- Synonym for carbohydrate in biological systems; lay termi- ride nology is sugar A monosaccharide that contains only one aldehyde (– Aldose CH=O) group per molecule A monosaccharide that contains only one ketone (–C=O) Ketose group per molecule Glycosidic Any of the type of covalent bond that joins a carbohy- bond drate molecule to another group Carbohydrates are classifications based on the number of sugar units in total chain into: » Monosaccharaides: single sugar unit. » Disaccharides: two sugar units. » Oligosaccharides: 3 to 10 sugar units. » Polysaccharides: more than 10 units. 32 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 4.3 Lipid Chemistry: Terms Definition Organic substances insoluble in water, but solu- Lipids ble in fat solvents such as ether and chloroform. Simple lipids Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols. Compound lipids Esters of fatty acids with non- lipid part Essential fatty Fatty acid required in the diet due to the inability acid of human cells to synthesize Saturated fatty Fatty acids contain no double bonds. acids Unsaturated fat- Fatty acids contain double bonds. ty acids 4.4 Protein Chemistry: Terms Definition Proteins are complex organic macromolecules that Protein contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen A chemical bond that is formed by joining the car- Peptide boxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of bond another.  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 33 Amino Acids: Amino acids are the building blocks from which proteins are formed. Amino acids are characterized by having a basic nitrogenous group, generally an amino group (-NH2), and an acidic carboxyl unit (-COOH). 4.5 Enzymes: Terms Definition Protein catalysts that accel- Enzymes erates these reactions in the body The substance that increases A catalyst the rate of the reactions. Simple protein Formed of protein only e.g. enzyme lipase, amylase. Complex enzyme which are Holoenzyme composed of protein part and non -protein part 4.6 Vitamins: They are organic compounds required in small quan- tities for the functioning of the body. They are not synthesized in the body, needed to be provided in the diet. Vitamins do not generate energy. Generally they are responsible for the maintenance of health and pre- vention of chronic diseases. Grossly there are two groups: » Water soluble vitamins: are Vit. B-complex and C. » Fat soluble vitamins: are Vit A, D, E, and K. 34 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 4.7 Nucleic Acids: Definition: Nucleic acids are macromolecules con- tain the information for determining the amino acid sequence and hence the structure and function of all the proteins of a cell.They involve DNA and RNA. Terms Definition Complex of non-phosphorylate Nucleoside ribose sugar and a nucleobase such as purine or pyrimidine Phosphorylated ribose sugar and a Nucleotide nucleobase such as purine or py- rimidine 4.8 Molecular Biology: Molecular Biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthe- sis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions. Molecular biology deals with the flow of genetic infor- mation within a biological system. It is "DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes protein". Terms Definition The process of producing two iden- DNA replica- tical copies of DNA from one origi- tion nal DNA molecule. Transcrip- the process of making an RNA copy tion of a gene's DNA sequence  Prefix, word root & suffix 36 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 5.1 Medical Terminology: 1. Objectives: Define the medical terminology. Identify the component of the medical terms. Identify the most common word parts for medical terms. Recognize the meaning of the most common medical terms. 2. What is medical terminology? It is the words or terms which make up the language of medicine. The ma- jority of medical terms are based on Latin and Greek language. It is important to always remember not to memorize complex medical terms, try to break them into simple small components instead. 3. What are the components of medical terms? The prefixes: they come at the beginning of the word and mostly iden- tify the central meaning. The word root: it is usually the center of the word and it is the founda- tion of the word. The suffixes: they come at the end of the word and usually modify the central meaning. 5.2 Most common Prefixes: 1. According to the number: A-, an- means without, not. e.g: anisocytosis. Hemi Half one side. e.g: hemisphere. Mono/uni one. e.g: mononuclear Di, bi two. e.g: binucleated. Poly-, multi- many. e.g: polygonal, polychrome 2. According to the size:  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 37 Macro/Mega large. e.g: megakaryocyte, macromolecules. Micro: small. e.g: micro-vesicle, micro-organism. 3. According to Location or Relationship: Endo-, en- Within, inside. e.g: endocytosis. Ex-, ec (t) out of/outside. e.g: exocytosis Auto- Self. e.g: auto-regulation, autonomic, autophaghy Dia- Through, completely. e.g: diapedesis Con- together. e.g: connect. Ad- toward. e.g: adaptation Retro- Behind, backward. e.g: retroperitoneal Sub-,infra- below. e.g: subcapsular, infranuclear. Supra-, super- Above, excessive. e.g: suprarenal, superior Trans- through, across. e.g: transcytosis Pre- before. e.g: preterm, pre-test. Post- after. e.g: post-capillary 4. According to colours: Leuk-, leuc- white. e.g: leucocytosis. Erythro-,Rubro-, red. e.g: erythrocyte. Esino- Cyano- blue. e.g: cyanosis Melano-, Nigr- black. e.g: melanocyte, nigros. Jaund-, Xantho- yellow. e.g: jaundice, xanthoma. 5. According to speed: Tachy- fast. e.g: tachycardia. Brady- slow. e.g: bradycardia 38 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU Neo- new. e.g: neonate. Chron- time& longtime. e.g: chronic. 6. Basic adjective prefix: Anti- against. e.g: antibiotic, antibacterial Con- together. e.g: connect Contra- against. e.g: contra-lateral. De- Without, removal. e.g: de-activated 5.3 Word root: 1. Head: English: Greek or Latin: Brain Encephal Ear Oto, aur Tympanic membrane Tympan, myring Eye Ophthalm, ocul Face Fac Nose Rhin Skull Crani Tongue Lingu Tooth Odont 2. Heart & Circulatory system: English: Greek or Latin: Aorta Aor Arteries Arteri Blood Hem, Sangu  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 39 English: Greek or Latin: Blooed vessels Angi Heart Card Vein Ven, phleb 3. Digestive system: English: Greek or Latin: Liver Hepat Stomach Gast Appendix Append Colon Col Oesophagus Oesophag Intestine Enter Kidney Ren - Neph 4. Bones & muscles: English: Greek or Latin: Arm Brachi Back Dorsa Bone Osteo Foot Pod - Ped Muscle Myo Rib Cos Shoulder Scapul Wrist Carp 40 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 5.4 Suffix: A suffix is added to the end of a word to create a new word. When a suffix is added to a wordd, it modifies its meaning. Medical terms always end with a suffix. The suffix usually indicates: A specialty Test Procedure Function Condition/disorder, or status. For example, “-itis” means inflammation “-ectomy” means removal. 1. Function: English: Greek or Latin: Blood (condition of) - Emia Breathing - Pnea Inflammation - Itis Protrusion or hernia - Cele Condition or disease - Osis Deficiency - Penia Disease - Pathy Excessive flow - rrhag (e/ia) Mass or tumor - Oma 2. Tests & procedures: English: Greek or Latin: Cut in - otomy Visceral examination - scopy Opening - stomy Removal - ectomy Image / record - Gram  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 41 English: Greek or Latin: Recording instrument - Graph Process of recording - Graphy 3. Basic adjective suffix: English: Greek or Latin: Causing - Genic Specialty - iatry / - iatrics / -ics Specialist - ian / - ist Study of - logy 4. Examples of suffixes: Example: Component: Meaning: Carditis - itis inflammation Cyanosis (blue color of the skin and mucuos - osis abnormal condition membranes) Tonsillectomy - ectomy to cut out (remove) Tracheotomy - otomy to cut into Colonscopy scopy / -scopic to look / observe Cardiomegaly - megaly Abnormally large Mammography - graph / - graphy recording an image Mammogram - gram The image 5.5 The combining word: It is that word which is formed of two or more-word roots joined by a vow- el. Example: Therm/o/meter. Micr/o/scope.  MCQ & RE F E R E N C E S  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 43 6.1 Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Which plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions? a) Sagittal b) Transverse c) Coronal d) Parasagittal 2. Which plane of section that divided body into equal right and left halves? a) Parasagittal b) Horizontal c) Sagittal d) Coronal 3. Coronal plane divides the body into ……… portions. a) Anterior and posterior b) Medial and lateral c) Right and left d) Superior and inferior 4. Which a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts? a) Extension b) Adduction c) Flexion d) Abduction 5. Which a movement that increases the angle between two body parts? a) Extension b) Adduction c) Flexion d) Abduction 6. Which a movement that moving a body part away from midline? a) Extension b) Adduction c) Flexion d) Abduction 7. Which a movement that moving a body part toward the midline? a) Extension 44 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU b) Adduction c) Flexion d) Abduction 8. A 35-year-old female involved in an automobile accident presents with failure of turning her sole of the left foot to the inner side, which of the following movements are lost?? a) Extension b) Inversion c) Flexion d) Eversion 9. A 35-year-old female involved in an automobile accident presents with failure of turning her sole of the left foot to the outer side, which of the following movements are lost? a) Extension b) Inversion c) Flexion d) Eversion 10. Which of the following is an example of the axial bones of skeleton? a) Humerus b) Fibula c) Radius d) Sternum 11. Which of the following is an example of the appendicular bones of skeleton? a) Shoulder girdle b) Skull c) Mandible d) Ribs 12. A 38-year-old homebuilder was involved in an accident with affection of one of the temporary joints that allow growth of long bone and disap- pear at puberty, which of the following joint is affected? a) Secondary cartilaginous b) Fibrous c) Primary cartilaginous d) Synovial  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 45 13. A 38-year-old homebuilder was involved in an accident with affection of one of the joints has a wide range of movements, which of the follow- ing joint is affected? a) Secondary cartilaginous b) Fibrous c) Primary cartilaginous d) Synovial 14. Which of the following suggests a location away from the head? a) Dorsal b) Superior c) Caudal d) Ventral 15. Which is the number of cervical segments of the spinal cord? a) 6 b) 7 c) 5 d) 8 16. Which is the number of cervical vertebrae? a) 6 b) 7 c) 5 d) 8 17. Which is the number of cervical spinal nerves? a) 6 b) 7 c) 5 d) 8 18. Which is the most dilated part of the digestive tract? a) Esophagus. b) Stomach. c) Small intestine. d) Large intestine 19. Which is the shortest and widest of the small intestine? a) Ileum 46 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU b) Stomach c) Jejunum. d) Duodenum 20. A 46-year-old male patient with high blood pressure was examined in the emergency department, and his physician found a leakage of blood from the blood vessel that normally carries richly oxygenated blood. Which of the following vessels would most likely be damaged? a) Superior vena cava b) Pulmonary arteries c) Pulmonary veins d) Coronary sinus 21. A 29-year-old woman with abdominal pain was admitted to a local hospital, and examination shows that a retroperitoneal infection is affect- ing a purely endocrine gland. Which of the following structures is infect- ed? a)Stomach b) Suprarenal gland c) Pancreas d) Liver 22. A 16-year-old girl with urinary diseases comes to a local hospital. Her urologist’s examination and laboratory test results reveal that she has dif- ficulty in removing wastes from the blood and in producing urine. Which of the following organs may have abnormal functions? a) Ureter b) Urethra c) Bladder d) Kidney 23. A 46-year-old male patient with high blood pressure was examined in the emergency department, and his physician found a leakage of blood from the blood vessel that normally carries deoxygenated blood. Which of the following vessels would most likely be damaged? a) Ascending Aorta b) Pulmonary arteries c) Pulmonary veins d) Bronchial arteries 24. Which of the following represents the meaning of the base word angi?  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 47 a) Heart b) Vein c) Blood vessel d) Blood 25. Which of the following represents the meaning of the base word oto? a) Brain b) Ear c) Eye d) Tympanic membrane 26. Which of the following represents the meaning of the base word onco? a) Tumour b) Ear c) Eye d) Bone 27. Which of the following represents the meaning of the base word phleb? a) Heart b) Vein c) Blood vessel d) Blood 28. Which of the following represents the meaning of the base word reno? a) Nose b) Ear c) Eye d) Kidney 29. A patient was just diagnosed as having an enlarged liver.What is his diagnosis? a) Megacolon b) Hepatomegaly c) Hepatitis d) Gastroenteritis 30. A 43 years old female was described to suffer from an inflammation of kidneys. What is her diagnosis? 48 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU Hepatitis Cystitis Proctitis Nephritis 31. A 32 years old female came to the ER with severe abdominal pain. Her examinations revealed an inflammation of uterine tubes.What is the diagnosis? a) Edometritis b) Salpingitis c) Hepatitis d) Proctitis 32. A 5 years old boy came to the ER with convulsions. His neurosurgeon ordered recording brain electrical activity. What is the name of this proce- dure? a) Electrocardiography b) Electroencephalography c) Electromyography d) Electrophoresis 33. A 65 years old female was diagnosed with ovarian cancer and had to remove it surgically. How removal of ovaries is described? a) Hysterectomy b) Appendectomy c) Ophorectomy d) Gastrectomy 34. A 22 years old male was described to have an opening in the colon. What is the name of this opening? a) Megacolon b) Colonoscopy c) Colostomy d) Colectomy 35. Blood consists of different types of cells. Which of the following cells gives the red color to the blood? a) Leucocytes b) Erythrocytes c) Melanocytes d) Platelets  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 49 36. A 77 years old male complained from Dysphagia. Which of the follow- ing best describes Dysphagia? a) Difficult, painful or abnormal passing of stool b) Difficult, painful or abnormal emptying of the stomach c) Difficult, painful or abnormal swallowing d) Difficult, painful or abnormal passing gas (flatulence) 37. A new born baby was born with Hyaline membrane disease and on examination; he had a faster than normal respiratory rate of breathing. What is the medical term of his condition? a) Dyspnea b) Apnea c) Tachypnea d) Pleurisy 38. Patients with heart block always have bradycardia. What is the mean- ing of Bradycardia ? a) Abnormally fast heart rate b) Inflammation of heart muscle c) Enlarged heart d) Abnormally slow heart rate 39. A car accident patient came to the ER with head trauma and rhinor- rhea. What does the term Rhino means? a) Nose b) Eye c) Mouth d) Brain 40. Hady is recently diagnosed with DM. His main complaint was fre- quently getting up and urinating during the night.Which term explains this condition? a) Oliguria b) Polyuria c) Pyuria d) Nocturia 41. Hala is a 53 female presented with pathological fracture. Which term best describes having soft, rubbery bones due to inadequate calcium deposition related to vitamin D deficiency? 50 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU a) Osteitis b) Osteomyelitis c) Osteomalacia d) Myeloma 42. Apnea is a common medical term. Which of the following best de- scribes the word Apnea? a) It means faster than normal breathing. b) It means slower than normal breathing c) It consists of Suffix and prefix only. d) It is related to the digestive system. 43. A 21 years old male was exposed to a swimming accident and was diagnosed with cervical dislocation and quadriplegia. Which of the follow- ing best describes quadriplegia? a) Paralysis of the four limbs. b) Paralysis of one side of the body. c) Paralysis of both upper limbs. d) Paralysis of both lower limbs. 44. The dye which stain cellular structure with pink colour a) Eosin b) Silver c) hematoxylin d) orcien 45. A process by which cells move materials from inside to outside a) Pinocytosis b) Phagocytosis c) Exocytosis d) Endocytosis 46. Specialized epithelial cells perform sensory function are: a) Surface epithelium b) Myo-epithelium c) Neuro-epithelium d) Glandular epithelium 47. An immature active cells are terminated with: a) …cytes b) …blasts  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 51 c) …genic d) …clast 48. Which of the following best defines karyon? a)Cell membrane b) Cell nucleus c) Cell cytoplasm d) Cell damage 49. Which of the following best defines phagocytosis? a) Ability of the cell to drink b) Ability of the cell to eat c) Ability of the cell to move d) Ability of the cell to kill 50. The dye which stain cellular structure with blue colour a) Eosin b) Silver c) Hematoxylin d) Orcien 51. Somatic cells are a) Haploid b) Tetraploid c) Monploid d) Diploid 52. Mature active cells are terminated with: a) …cytes b) …blasts c) …genic d) …clast 53. Specialized epithelial cells perform contractile function are: a) Surface epithelium b) Myo-epithelium c) Neuro-epithelium d) Glandular epithelium 54. Cyano means a) White 52 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU b) Blue c) red d) Yellow 55. Melano- or Nigro- means a) White b) Blue c) Black d) Yellow 56. What is the prefix for "above normal"? a) Poly b) Hypo c) Hyper d) Mega 57. Dia means: a) Through b) Upon c) Twice d) Cut 58. Retro means a) Forward b) Backward c) To the side d) Middle 59. Proteins are complex macromolecules. Which of the following is char- acteristic of protein? a) Organic compound contain; Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen b) Inorganic compound contain; Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen c) Organic compound insoluble in water d) Organic compound do not enter in structure of the body 60. Lipids are important dietary constituent. Which of the following de- scribes it? a) Insoluble in water and soluble in fat solvent b) Low energy content c) Inorganic compounds formed of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen d) Organic compound do not enter in structure of the body  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 53 61. Vitamins are organic compounds. Which of the following is one of Fat soluble vitamins? a) Vitamin A b) Vitamin C c) Vitamin B1 d) Vitamin B12 62. An enzyme is a biological catalyst. What is the nature of the enzyme? a) Carbohydrate b) Lipid c) Protein d) Nucleic acid 63. Molecular biology deals with flow of Genetic information. Which of the following is the process of producing two identical copies of DNA from one original DNA molecule? a) Transcription b) Replication c) Translation d) Mutation 54 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 6.2 Answers: Question Answer Question Answer Question Answer 1 B 24 C 47 B 2 C 25 B 48 B 3 A 26 A 49 B 4 C 27 B 50 C 5 A 28 D 51 D 6 D 29 B 52 A 7 B 30 D 53 B 8 B 31 B 54 B 9 D 32 B 55 C 10 D 33 C 56 C 11 A 34 C 57 A 12 C 35 B 58 B 13 D 36 C 59 A 14 C 37 C 60 A 15 D 38 D 61 A 16 B 39 A 62 C 17 D 40 D 63 B 18 B 41 C 19 D 42 C 20 C 43 A 21 B 44 A 22 D 45 C 23 B 46 C  Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU 55 6.3 References: Netter Fran. Atlas of human anatomy professional Edition E- book including Netter Reference. com Access with full down loadable image an. Elsevier health sciences 2014. Standring Susan ed. Gray's anatomy e-book the anatomical basis of clinical practice. Elsevier Health Sciences 2020. Richard. A.Wayne Vogl and Adam M Mitchell. Gray's Anatomy for Students Flash Cards E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences 2019.Volume. https pocKet dentistry.com growth-and-development-2 SchuenKe M Schulte E Schumacher U. THIEME Atlas of Anatomy Vol1. Illustrations by Voll M and wesker. 3rd ed. NeW YorK Thieme Publish- ers;2020. ZaKi M.A. and El-Denshary E..M. Medical terminology Latin and GreeK origins with Arabic and English explanations. Egypt Commercial press 2002. ISBN 977- 203-168-X. Clinical Chemistry A laboratory perspective 2007 By Wendy Arneson and Jean BricKell F. A. Davis Company. Philadelphia.USA Junqueira's basic Histology Text and Atlas 12th Edition Text and Atlas Text and Atlas Textboo by Anthony. Mescher The Atlas of Human Histology A Guide to Microscopic Structure of Cells Tissues and organs by Robert. Sorenson and T. ClarK Brelje Human Histology, A Text and Atlas for Physicians and Scientists Book, 2023. Junqueira's Basic Histology Text & Atlas. 16th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2021. Histology: A Text and Atlas, with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology, 6th Edition 6th Edition- by Michael H. Ross, M.D. Pawlina, 2018 Netter's Essential Histology: With Correlated Histopathology (Netter Basic Science) 3rd Edition- by William K. Ovalle, Patrick C. Nahirney, 2020. Barrett K E., Barman S M., Boitano S, Brooks H L. (2022): Review of medical physiology. 26th edition , McGraw-Hill Companies, USA. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology A LANGE medical book, TWEN- TY-SIXTH EDITION Robin R. Preston &Thad E. Wilson (2024): Lippincott Illustrated Reviews of Physiology , Third Edition. Wilkins R,Cross S, Megson L and Meredith D (2011):Oxford Handbook of Medical Sciences Second Edition. Tao Le, Vikas Bhushan Matthew Sochat, Yash Chavda, Kimberly Kalli- 56 Medical Terminology - S1 - ZNU anos, Jordan Abrams, Mehboob Kalani and Vaishnavi Vaidyanathan (2019): FIRST AID for the USMLE Step 1.  i v e r s i t y - Fa c l Un ult National Unive na zig io yO rsi a N at Zag F ME ty Zagazig DICINE ‫ﺟﺎﻣ‬ ‫ـــ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻫ ﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠ‬ ‫ﻖﺍﻷ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻌـ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻖ ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻗــــــﺎﺯﻳ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺰﻗﺎﺯﻳ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔﺍﻟ‬..‫ﺐ‬ Zagazig National University Medicine & Surgery Program