Medical Terminology Lecture 4 - Cardiovascular System PDF

Lecture 4:



Cardiovascular system

Presented by Dr.Mina
Cardiovascular: Pertaining to the heart (cardio) and blood
(vascular) vessels Main Components Heart: The primary organ responsible for pumping blood. Blood Vessels: A network that transpor...

Lecture 4:



Cardiovascular system

Presented by Dr.Mina
Cardiovascular: Pertaining to the heart (cardio) and blood
(vascular) vessels Main Components Heart: The primary organ responsible for pumping blood. Blood Vessels: A network that transports blood throughout the body. Blood: The medium that delivers nutrients and removes waste. Key Functions Nutrient Delivery: Waste Removal Body Temperature Regulation Anatomy of the Heart
Layers of the Heart: Endocardium [endo- (within); cardi/o (heart)] : Inner layer Myocardium [my/o (muscle); cardi/o (heart)] : Thick muscular layer Epicardium : Outer layer, surrounded by the pericardium [peri- (surrounding); cardi/o (heart)] Chambers of the Heart:
Right atrium [a Latin word meaning “entry hall”] Right atrium and an upper right chamber that receives blood from all body parts except the lungs. Right ventricle [from the Latin word venter (belly)]: a lower right chamber that receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs Left atrium: upper left chamber that receives oxygen-rich blood as it returns from the lungs. Left ventricle: lower left chamber that pumps blood to all parts of the body.  Valves Tricuspid Valve: Prevents backflow into the right atrium. Pulmonic Valve: Prevents backflow into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery. Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve: Regulates blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle. Aortic Valve: Prevents backflow into the left ventricle. Clinical Significance: Your heart has four valves that function a bit like one-way gates. They make sure that the blood is pumped through your heart in the right direction. Oxygen-poor blood flows into the lungs, and oxygen-rich blood flows out of the lungs and into the body again Blood Circulation Summary Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava, moves to the right ventricle, and is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries for oxygenation. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins, Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the arteries and veins that supply the heart muscle Clinical Significance: Blocked coronary arteries can lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack). Cardiac Conduction System The Heart Conduction System (Cardiac Conduction System) is the network of specialized cells that generate and transmit electrical signals to control the heart's rhythm. ECG stands for Electrocardiogram [Electro: Related to electricity-Cardio:Heart-gram: recording]: is a test that records the electrical activity of the heart. It helps to diagnose heart conditions such as arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, or electrolyte imbalances. Blood pressure (BP) and Heart beat
Blood pressure (BP) is the force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during two phases of a heartbeat: the contraction phase (systole) when the blood is forced out of the heart, and the relaxation phase (diastole) when the ventricles are filling with blood Measured as: Systolic/Diastolic (e.g., 120/80 mmHg). Heart Rate: Beats per minute Blood pressure can be measured by an instrument called a sphygmomanomet er [from the Greek words sphygmos (pulse), manos (thin), metros (measure)].

Blood Vessels
Arteries [from the Greek word arteria (windpipe)] : Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary arteries) Arterioles: Branches of arteries Capillaries [from the Latin word capillus (hair)]: Site of nutrient and waste exchange Venules: Branches of veins Veins [from the Latin word vena (blood vessel)]: Return deoxygenated blood to the heart  Blood The main components of blood are the following: Plasma: Consists of water, proteins, nutrients, and hormones Hematocrit: Consists of red blood cells Buffy coat: Consists of white blood cells and platelets The primary function of blood is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells and to remove wastes from those same cells. Blood also has other functions, including defense, distribution of heat, and maintenance of homeostasis. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation The lumen of a blood vessel is the opening through which blood flows. The nervous system can stimulate the lumen to be opened, a condition called vasodilation [vas/o (duct, blood vessel); from the Latin word dilatare (to make wider, enlarge)], or closed, a condition called vasoconstriction [vas/o (duct, blood vessel); from the Latin word constringe (to draw tight)]. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction each can affect blood pressure. Common Pathologies
Myocardial Infarction [my/o (muscle); cardi/o (heart); -al (adjective suffix); from the Latin word infractionem (a breaking)]: A myocardial infarction (MI),commonly called a heart attack, results from a lack of oxygen supply to the myocardium. Cardiomegaly [cardi/o (heart); -megaly (enlargement)]: enlargement of the heart. Cardiomyopathy [cardi/o (heart); my/o (muscle); -pathy (disease)]: disease of the heart muscle (myocardium). Angina: Angina is characterized by chest pain and is caused by poor blood flow to the heart. Common Pathologies
Myocarditis [my/o (muscle); cardi/o (heart); -itis (inflammation)]: inflammation of the heart muscle. Pericarditis [peri- (surrounding); cardi/o (heart); -itis (inflammation)]: inflammation of the pericardium. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A deep vein thrombosis is a blood clot that forms in one of the larger blood vessels, often in the calf of the leg. Hemolysis [hem/o (blood); -lysis (destruction)]: destruction of red blood cells. Hemorrhage [hem/o (blood); -rrhage (burst forth)]: discharge of blood.