TFPT 111 - HANDOUT on Basic Medical Terminology-1.pdf

COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Valenzuela Quezon City Antipolo San Fernando -ation process vaccination process of vaccinating ( vaccin/o ) -blast immature cell osteoblast...

COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY Valenzuela Quezon City Antipolo San Fernando -ation process vaccination process of vaccinating ( vaccin/o ) -blast immature cell osteoblast immature bone ( oste/o ) cell -cyte cell hepatocyte liver ( hepat/o ) cell -globin protein hemoglobin a blood ( hem/o ) protein -is forms noun from dermis middle layer of the skin ( derm/o ) root word -ist specialist cardiologist specialist in the study ( log/o )of the heart ( cardi/o ) -logy study of cardiology study of the heart ( cardi/o ) -um thing; structure myocardium the structure formed by the muscle ( my/o ) tissue in the heart ( cardi/o ) -ac pertaining to cardiac pertaining to the heart ( cardi/o ) -al pertaining to nasal pertaining to the nose ( nas/o ) -ar pertaining to muscular pertaining to the muscle ( muscul/o ) -ary pertaining to pulmonary pertaining to lungs ( pulmon/o ) -ated subjected to, having myelinated having been covered with myelin sheath ( myelin/o ) -genic pertaining to carcinogenic pertaining to cancer ( carcin/o ) -ic pertaining to gastric pertaining to the stomach ( gastr/o ) -ical pertaining to neurological pertaining to the study ( log/o ) of nerves ( neur/o ) -ile pertaining to penile pertaining to the penis ( pen/o ) -ior pertaining to anterior pertaining to the front ( anter/o ) -oid resembling mucoid resmbling mucus ( muc/o ) -ory pertaining to auditory pertaining to sound ( audit/o ) -ose having the qualities of varicose having the qualities of a twisted vein ( varic/o ) -ous pertaining to venous pertaining to a vein ( ven/o ) -a -ae vertebra vertebrae -en -ina lumen lumina -is -es diagnosis diagnoses -nx -nges salpinx salpinges -on -a ganglion ganglia -um -a bacterium bacteria -us -i bronchus bronchi -x -ces appendix appendices bi- two biceps muscle a msucle having two “heads” ( -ceps ) di two diarthric pertaining to ( -ic ) two joints ( arthr/o ) hemi- one-half hemiplegia partial paralysis ( -plegia ) of one-half of the body, the right or the left half mono- one; single mononuclear pertaining to ( -ar ) a cell having one nucleus ( nucle/o ) multi- many multigravida a woman who has been pregnant ( -gravida ) more than once nulli- none nullipara a woman who has given birth ( -para ) to no living children poly- many polymorphonuclear pertaining to ( -ar ) having a nucleus ( nucle/o ) with many shapes ( morph/o ) quadri- four quadriceps a muscle having four “heads” ( -ceps ) semi- one-half; partly semilunar valve a valve resembling ( - ar ) a half moon ( lun/o ) tri- three tricuspid valve a valve consisting of three pointed or tapered shapes ( -cuspid ) uni- one unilateral Pertaining to ( -al ) one side ( later/o ) eu- good; normal euthyroid having a normally functioning thyroid gland ( -thyroid ) hetero- different heteromorphic pertaining to ( -ic ) a different shape ( morph/o ) homeo- unchanging; same homeostasis maintenance of an unchanging state ( -stasis ) or internal environment in the body homo- same homotopic pertaining to ( -ic ) the same place ( top/o ) on the same body iso- equal; same isomorphic pertaining to ( -ic ) the same shape ( morph/o ) normo- normal normotension normal blood pressure ( -tension ) ab- away from abductor a muscle that draws a limb ( -ductor ) away from the body ad- toward; near adrenal pertaining to ( -al ) a structure located near the kidney ( ren/o ) ante- before ( in time ); anteversion forward tilting or turning ( -version ) of an organ forward from its usual position contra- against; opposite contralateral pertaining to ( -al ) something on the opposite side side ( later/o ) of the body dia- through diarrhea discharge ( -rrhea ) of abundant, watery feces through the anus dis- apart; away from dislocate to move ( -locate ) a structure away from its usual position, as in dislocating a bone from its joint ec- out; away from ectopic pertaining to ( -ic ) a structure out of place ( top/o ) em- in; inside empyema a condition ( -ema ) characterized by the presence of pus ( py/o ) inside the body cavity, usually the chest cavity Page 2 of 16 en- in; surrounded by endemic pertaining to ( -ic ) something that occurs in people ( dem/o ) in a particular geographic region endo- inside; within endometrium the structure or tissue ( -um ) lining the inside of the uterus ( metri/o ) epi- on; over; above; epidermis noun ( -is ) signifying the outer layer of skin outer ( derm/o ) ex- out; away from exhale to breathe ( -hale ) out exo- outside exocrine secreting ( -crine ) to the outside surface of the an organ rather than into the blood hypo- under hypothalamus the gland located under the thalamus gland ( -thalamus ) inter- between; among interstitial pertaining to ( -al ) the space ( stiti/o ) between tissue cells intra- within; inside intravenous pertaining to ( -ous ) a process occurring inside a vein ( ven/o ) ipsi- same; same side ipsilateral pertaining to ( -al ) something on the same side ( later/o ) of the body para- beside; beyond parathyroid glands the glands located beside the thyroid gland ( -thyroid ) per- through percutaneous pertaining to ( -ous ) a process occurring through the skin ( cutane/o ) peri- around; surrounding pericardium the structure or tissue ( -um ) that surrounds the heart ( cardi/o ) post- after ( in time or postpartum after labor or childbirth ( -partum ) place ) pre- before prenatal pertaining to ( -al ) the time before birth ( nat/o ) primi- first primigravida a woman who is pregnant ( -gravida ) for the first time pro- before ( in time ); prolapse sinking ( -lapse ) of an organ to a location in front of in front of its usual position retro- backward; behind retroversion backward tilting or turning ( -version ) of an organ from its usual position sub- under; beneath subcutaneous pertaining to ( -ous ) a process occurring below the skin ( cutane/o ) trans- through; across transurethral pertaining to ( -al ) a process occurring through the urethra ( urethr/o ) adip/o fat adipose having the quality of fat chondr/o cartilage costochondritis inflammation of a rib and its cartilage cyt/o cell cytology the study of cells hist/o tissue histology the study of tissues nucle/o nucleus nucleoplasm the fluid that fills the nucleus sarc/o flesh; muscle sarcoma tumor of muscular or fleshy tissue Page 3 of 16 abdomin/o abdomen abdominopelvic pertaining to the abdomen and pelvis acr/o extremity (arm/leg) acromegaly enlargement of an arm or leg crani/o skull cranial pertaining to the skull dactyl/o finger or toe dactyledema swelling of the fingers or toes gastr/o stomach gastritis inflammation of the stomach inguin/o groin inguinal pertaining to the groin lumb/o loin; waist lumbar pertaining to the waist pelv/i pelvis pelvimetry measurement of the pelvis som/a body somasthenia weakness of the body somat/o body psychosomatic pertaining to the mind-body connection throrac/o chest thoracic pertaining to the chest umbilic/o navel umbilical pertaining to the navel viscer/o internal organs visceral pertaining to the internal organs anter/o front anterior pertaining to a location toward the front caud/o tail caudal pertaining to a location toward the tail cephal/o head cephalic pertaining to a location toward the head dist/o distant distal pertaining to a distant location dors/o back dorsal pertaining to a location toward the back infer/o lower; below inferior pertaining to a location below later/o side lateral pertaining to a location toward the side medi/o middle medial pertaining to a location toward the midline poster/o back posterior pertaining to a location toward the back proxim/o near proximal pertaining to a near location super/o upper; above superior pertaining to a location above ventr/o belly; belly-side ventral pertaining to the belly ( front side ) cutane/o skin subcutaneous pertaining to beneath the skin derm/o skin dermal pertaining to the skin dermat/o skin dermatology study of the skin hidr/o sweat hyperhidrosis excessive sweating kerat/o hard; horn-like keratosis any horny growth on the skin lip/o fat lipoma growth made up of fatty tissue melan/o black melanoma tumor of the dark pigment cells onych/o nail onychomalacia softening of the finger nails pil/o hair piloerection hair “standing on the end” seb/o sebum seborrhea excessive secretion of sebum squam/o scale-like squamous pertaining to scale-like ( cells ) sud/o sweat sudorific promoting the flow of sweat Page 4 of 16  -derma skin pyoderma puss-producing skin infection chondr/o cartilage chondromalacia softening of the cartilage crani/o skull craniotomy surgical incision in the skull lumb/o loin; waist lumbar pertaining to the waist myel/o bone marrow* myeloid resembling bone marrow oste/o bone osteotomy surgical incision in a bone spondyl/o vertebrae spondylitis inflammation of the vertebrae vertebr/o vertebrae vertebral pertaining to the vertebrae *Note : myelo also means spinal cord arthr/o joint arthritis inflammation of the joint articul/o joint articular pertaining to a joint burs/o bursa bursitis inflammation of a bursa ligament/o ligament ligamentous pertaining to a ligament synov/o synovial fluid; synovectomy surgical removal of a synovial membrane synovial membrane ten/o tendon tenodesis surgical binding or fixation of a tendon tend/o tendon tendoplasty surgical repair of a tendon tendin/o tendon tendinitis inflammation of a tendon ankyl/o crooked; stiff ankylosis fusion and stiffening of a joint kyph/o humpback kyphosis humpback posture lord/o curve; sway back lordosis swayback posture lux/o to slide subluxation partial dislocation of a bone from the joint scoli/o crooked; bent scoliosis abnormal curvature of the spine -clasia to break arthroclasia breaking of a joint -desis to bind together arthrodesis binding together of a joint -physis to grow epiphysis upper, growing part of a bone -porosis becoming porous osteoporosis disease in which the bones become porous and or less dense brittle Page 5 of 16 fasci/o fascia fasciotomy surgical incision in a fascia fibr/o fiber; fibrous fibromyositis inflammation of fibrous muscle tissue my/o muscle myalgia muscle pain myos/o muscle myositis inflammation of a muscle ten/o tendon tenolysis surgical separation of a tendon from adhesions another name for tenolysis tend/o tendon tendolysis surgical repair of a tendon tendin/o tendon tendinoplasty clon/o turmoil myoclonus uncontrollable muscle twitching flex/o to bend flexion the act of bending sthen/o strength myasthenia lack of muscle strength ( muscle weakness ) characterized by ( muscle ) tension ton/o tension tonic -trophy nourishment; atrophy without growth; degeneration growth ax/o axon axodendritic pertaining to an axon-dendrite synapse dendr/o dendrite dendritic pertaining to a dendrite myelin/o myelin myelinopathy any disease of the myelin neur/o nerve; nerve neuralgia pain along the path of a nerve tissue neuron/o neuron neuronal pertaining to a neuron synapt/o synapse presynaptic situated or occurring before a synapse cerebell/o cerebellum cerebellitis inflammation of the cerebellum cerebro/o cerebrum cerebral pertaining to the cerebrum cortic/o cortex cortical pertaining to the cortex encephal/o brain encephalitis inflammation of the brain gli/o glia glioma tumor of the glia Page 6 of 16  hypothalam/o hypothalamus hypothalamotomy surgical creation of incision in the hypothalamus medull/o medulla medullary pertaining to the medulla mening/e meninges; membrane meningitis inflammation of the meninges mesencephal/o midbrain mesencephalotomy surgical creation of incision in the midbrain myel/o spinal cord* myelography x-ray recording of the spinal cord pont/o pons pontobulbia presence of cavities in the pons thalam/o thalamus thalamectomy surgical removal of part of the thalamus thec/o sheath; covering intrthecal pertaining to inside a sheath ventricul/o ventricle ventriculography x-ray recording of the ventricles *Note : myelo also means bone marrow ganglion/o ganglion ganlionated provided with ganglia parasympath/o parasympathetic parasympathomi- having effects similar to those of the nervous system metic parasympathetic nervous system sympath/o sympathetic sympathomimetic having effects similar to those of the sympathetic nervous system nervous system -algesia sensitivity to pain analgesia insensitivity to pain -algia pain neuralgia pain along the path of a nerve -asthenia weakness myasthenia muscle weakness -esthesia feeling; sensation anesthesia without feeling or sensation -lepsy seizure epilepsy a type of seizure disorder -mentia thinking dementia loss of the ability to think clearly -mnesia memory amnesia without memory -paresis partial paralysis hemiparesis partial paralysis of half of the body -plegia paralysis quadriplegia paralysis of the arms and legs -somnia sleep insomnia inability to sleep choroid/o choroid choroiditis inflammation of the choroid cili/o ciliary body ciliectomy surgical removal of a portion of the ciliary body cor/o pupil corodiastasis dilation of the pupil corne/o cornea corneal pertaining to the cornea cycl/o ciliary body cycloplegia paralysis of the ciliary body ir/o iris iritis inflammation of the iris irid/o iris iridomalacia softening of the iris kerat/o cornea* keratitis inflammation of the cornea ocul/o eye ocular pertaining to the eyes ophthalm/o eye ophthalmology study of the eyes opt/o eye optometry measurement of the eyes and vision papill/o optic disk* papilledema swelling of the optic disk phak/o lens aphakia absence of the lens pupill/o pupil pupillary pertaining to the pupil Page 7 of 16  retin/o retina retinopathy any disease of the retina scler/o sclera scleritis inflammation of the sclera uve/o uvea uveitis inflammation of the uvea vitre/o glass vitreous glass-like substance *Note : papillo also means tiny protrusions in other parts of the body kerato also means hard like or horn like substances blephar/o eyelids blepharospasm twitching of the eyelid conjunctiv/o conjunctiva conjunctivitis inflammation of the conjunctiva dacry/o tear duct dacryoma swelling of a blocked tear duct lacrim/o tear lacrimal pertaining to tears ambly/o dull; dim amblyopia dulled vision phot/o light photosensitivity sensitivity to light scot/o darkness scotoma area of darkness in the visual field xer/o dry xerophthalmia dryness of the conjunctiva -opia vision amblyopia dulled vision -opsia vision heteropsia unequal vision in the two eyes aur/o external ear aural pertaining to the ear cochle/o cochlea cochlear pertaining to the cochlea labyrinth/o inner ear labyrinthitis inflammation of the inner ear mastoid/o mastoid process mastoidectomy surgical removal of the mastoid process myring/o eardrum myringotomy surgical incision in the eardrum ot/o ear otoscopy visual examination of the ear staped/o stapes stapedectomy surgical replacement of the stapes tympan/o eardrum tympanostomy placement of a tube into the eardrum vestibul/o vestibular apparatus vestibulotomy surgical incision into the vestibular apparatus acoust/o sound acoustic pertaining to sound or the perception of sound audi/o hearing audiometry measurement of hearing Page 8 of 16 -cusis hearing anacusis complete hearing loss -otia condition of the ear macrotia unusually large ears aden/o gland adenopathy any gland disease crin/o secrete crinology study of secretions hormon/o hormone hormonal pertaining to a hormone adren/o adrenal glands adrenopathy any disease of the adrenal gland cortic/o cortex corticotropic acting upon the cortex gonad/o gonads hypergonadism over activity of the gonads hypophys/o pituitary hypophyseal pertaining to the pituitary medull/o medulla medullectomy surgical removal of the medulla pancreat/o pancreas pancreatitis inflammation of the pancreas parathyroid/o parathyroid glands parathyroidoma tumor of the parathyroid glands pineal/o pineal gland pinealism condition of abnormal pineal activity pituit/o pituitary pituitectomy surgical removal of the pituitary thym/o thymus thymitis inflammation of the thymus thyr/o thyroid thyromegaly enlargement of the thyroid thyroid/o thyroid hyperthyroidism over activity of the thyroid -trophic nourishment; growth hypertrophic characterized by excessive growth -tropic turning; changing; corticotropic acting upon the cortex acting upon atri/o atrium atrial pertaining to the atria cardi/o heart cardiology the study of the heart sphygm/o pulse sphygmoscopy examination of the pulse valvul/o valve valvulitis inflammation of a valve ventricul/o ventricle ventricular pertaining to the ventricles Page 9 of 16  angi/o vessel angiography visualization of the blood vessels aort/o aorta aortic pertaining to the aorta aretri/o artery arteriostenosis narrowing of the arteries arteriol/o arteriole arteriolar pertaining to the arterioles phleb/o vein phlebitis inflammation of a vein vas/o vessel vasoactive acting on the blood vessels vascul/o vessel vascular pertaining to the blood vessels ven/o vein venous pertaining to the veins venul/o venule venular pertaining to the venules ather/o fatty substance atheroma a fatty deposit embol/o embolus embolism blockage due to an embolus ( circulating clot ) thromb/o clot thrombolysis process of dissolving a clot -cuspid tapered; pointed tricuspid having three points -lunar moon-shaped semilunar having the shape of a half moon -sclerosis hardening arteriosclerosis hardening of the arteries -spasm sudden contraction vasospasm sudden contraction of the muscles in a blood vessel -tension tautness; blood hypertension elevated blood pressure pressure -version turning cardioversion turning the heart to a normal beat by applying electrical shock bas/o basic; alkaline basophil type of blood cell that attracts alkaline dyes eosin/o red; drawn; rosy eosinophil type of blood cell that attracts red dyes erythr/o red erythrocyte red blood cell granul/o granules granulocyte any granular blood cell hem/o blood hemolysis the destruction of blood hemat/o blood hematology the study of blood leuk/o white leukocyte white blood cell lymph/o lymph lymphocyte type of white blood cell myel/o bone marrow* myelosuppression suppression of the bone marrow myel/o bone marrow* myelosuppression suppression of the bone marrow neutr/o neutral neutrophil type of blood cell that attracts both acidic and alkaline dyes sider/o iron sideropenia iron deficiency *Note : myelo also means spinal cord Page 10 of 16 agglutin/o clumping aggulutination the process of clumping coagul/o clotting coagulation the process of clotting thromb/o clot thrombolysis the destruction or dissolution of a clot -emia blood condition anemia blood condition characterized by red blood cell or iron deficiency -phil love; attraction basophil type of blood cell that attracts alkaline dyes aden/o gland lymphadenopathy any disease of the lymph glands adenoid/o adenoids adenoiditis inflammation of the adenoids angi/o vessel lymphangiography x-ray of the lymph vessels lymph/o lymph lymphoma tumor of the lymph tissues splen/o spleen splenomegaly enlargement of the spleen thym/o thymus thymitis inflammation of the thymus tonsill/o tonsils tonsillitis inflammation of the tonsils -stitial to set; to be situated interstitial situated in the spaces between the tissues immun/o immune; protected immunology study of the immune system phag/o eat; swallow phagocyte cell that engulfs foreign matter -phylaxis protection anaphylaxis type of protective reaction so extreme as to be life- threatening laryng/o larynx laryngoplasty surgical repair of the larynx nas/o nose nasal pertaining to the nose or/o mouth oropharynx portion of the pharynx behind the mouth Page 11 of 16  inflammation of the pharynx pharyng/o pharynx pharyngitis plastic surgery of the nose rhin/o nose rhinoplasty x-ray recording of the sinuses sin/o sinus; sinus cavity sinography alveol/o alveolus alveolar pertaining to an alveolus bronch/o bronchus bronchitis inflammation of the bronchi bronchiol/o bronchiole bronchiolectasis dilation of the bronchioles lob/o lobe ( of the lung ) lobar pertaining to a lobe ( of a lung ) pleur/o pleura pleuritis inflammation of the pleura pneum/o lung; air pneumolith a stone in the lungs pneumon/o lung; air pneumonia lung condition ( infection ) pulmon/o lungs pulmonary pertaining to the lungs thorac/o chest ( thorax ) thoracic pertaining to the chest trache/o trachea tracheotomy surgical incision into the trachea ox/o oxygen hypoxemia reduced oxygen level in the blood respir/o breathing respiration process of breathing spir/o breathing spirometry measurement of breathing -capnia carbon dioxide hypercapnia excessive carbon dioxide in the blood -ectasis expansion; dilation bronchiectasis dilation of the bronchi -oxia oxygen hypoxia condition of reduced oxygen levels -pnea breathing dyspnea difficult or painful breathing aliment/o food; nutrient alimentation process of giving or taking nourishment pertaining to the cheek bucc/o cheek buccal pertaining to the esophagus esophag/o esophagus esophageal inflammation of the gums gingiv/o gum gingivitis pertaining to the mouth or/o mouth oral surgical repair of the palate palat/o palate palatoplasty inflammation of the pharynx pharyng/o pharynx pharyngitis excessive secretion of saliva sial/o saliva sialorrhea inflammation of the mouth stomat/o mouth stomatitis Page 12 of 16 an/o anus anal pertaining to the anus cec/o cecum cecal pertaining to the cecum col/o colon; large intestine colitis inflammation of the colon duoden/o duodenum duodenoscopy visual examination of the duodenum enter/o small intestine enteritis inflammation of the small intestine fec/o feces fecal pertaining to the feces gastr/o stomach gastrocele hernial protrusion of the stomach ile/o ileum ileectomy surgical removal of the ileum jejun/o jejunum jejunitis inflammation of the jejunum proct/o anus; rectum proctology study of the anus / rectum pylor/o pylorus; pyloric pyloralgia pain in the area of the pylorus sphincter rect/o rectum rectal pertaining to the rectum sigmoid/o sigmoid colon sigmoidotomy surgical incision into the sigmoid colon append/o appendix appendectomy surgical removal of the appendix bil/i bile; gall biliary pertaining to the bile or gall bladder chol/e bile; gall cholelith a gall stone choledoch/o common bile duct choledochostomy surgical creation of an opening into the common bile duct hepat/o liver hepatotoxic poisonous to the liver pancreat/o pancreas pancreatitis inflammation of the pancreas peritone/o peritoneum peritoneal pertaining to the peritoneum -emesis vomiting hyperemesis excessive vomiting -orexia appetite anorexia lack of appetite -pepsia digestion dyspepsia indigestion cyst/o urinary bladder cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladder glomerul/o glomerulus glomerulosclerosis hardening of the glomeruli nephr/o kidney nephrectomy surgical removal of the kidney pyel/o renal pelvis pyelonephritis inflammation of the body and pelvis of the kidney ren/o kidney renal pertaining to the kidney ureter/o ureter ureterostenosis narrowing of a ureter urethr/o urethra urethritis inflammation of the urethra vesic/o urinary bladder vesicocele hernial protrusion of the urinary bladder Page 13 of 16 albumin/o albumin albuminuria excessive albumin in the urine keton/o ketones ketonuria excessive ketones in the urine ur/o urine; urea uremia excessive urea in the blood -uria urine condition pyuria presence of pus in the urine andr/o male androgenic producing male traits genit/o reproductive genitourinary pertaining to the reproductive and urinary system gon/o genitals gonorrhea type of genital infection balan/o glans penis balanoplasty plastic surgery of the penis epididym/o epididymis epididymitis inflammation of the epididymis orch/o testes cryptorchism failure of a testis to descend orchi/o testes orchiotomy surgical incision into a testis orchid/o testes orchidometer instrument used to measure the testes tumor of the scrotum osche/o scrotum oscheoma inflammation of the prostate prostat/o prostate gland prostatitis presence of semen in the urine semin/o semen seminuria lack of spermatozoa in the semen sperm/o spermatozoa azoospermia production of spermatozoa spermat/o spermatozoa spermatogenesis pain in the testes test/o testes testalgia pertaining to a testis testicul/o testes testicular surgical removal of the vas deferens vas/o vas deferens vasectomy inflammation of a seminal vesicle vesicul/o seminal vesicles vesiculitis genit/o reproductive genitoplasty surgical repair of the reproductive organs gon/o genitals gonorrhea type of genital infection gyn/o woman; female gynoplasty surgical repair of the female reproductive organs gynec/o woman; female gynecology study of the female reproductive organs men/o menstruation menopause cessation of menstruation menstru/o menstruation mentrual pertaining to menstruation Page 14 of 16 cervic/o cervix cervical pertaining to the cervix colp/o vagina colposcopy visual examination of the vagina endometri/o endometrium endometriosis growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus episi/o vulva episiotomy surgical incision in the vulva hyster/o uterus hyterectomy surgical removal of the uterus metr/o uterus metropathy any disease of the uterus o/o ovum; egg oocyte a developing ovum oophor/o ovaries oophoritis inflammation of an ovary ov/o ovum; egg ovoid resembling an egg ovari/o ovaries ovarian pertaining to an ovary ovul/o ovum; egg ovulation process of discharging an ovum perine/o perineum perineal pertaining to the perineum salphing/o fallopian tube salphingectomy surgical removal of a fallopian tube uter/o uterus uterine pertaining to the uterus vangin/o vagina vaginitis inflammation of the vagina vulv/o vulva vulvopathy any disease of the vulva galact/o milk galactocele cyst formed in a milk duct mamm/o breast mammography x-ray recording of the breasts mast/o breast mastitis inflammation of the breast -arche beginning menarche first menstrual period -version turning retroversion tipping back of an organ blast/o immature neuroblastoma tumor of immature nerve tissue carcin/o cancer carcinogenic producing cancer hist/o tissue histogenesis production of tissue mut/a genetic change mutagenic producing genetic change ne/o new neoplasm a new growth ( tumor ) onc/o tumor; mass oncology study of tumors plas/o growth; dysplasia condition of abnormal tissue development development Page 15 of 16  cauter/o burn; heat cauterization use of heat to destroy tissue chem/o chemical; drug chemotherapy drug treatment cry/o cold cryosurgery use of cold temperature to destroy tissue -carcinoma malignant adenocarcinoma malignant tumor of a gland epithelial tumor -oma tumor lymphoma tumor of lymph tissue -plasm growth; development neoplasm a new growth ( tumor ) -sarcoma malignant chondrosarcoma malignant tumor of cartilage connective tissue tumor -therapy treatment radiotherapy radiation treatment Reference : The Elements of Medical Terminology – Applegate Page 16 of 16