LIT-122 Midterm Reviewer PDF

encompasses all literary works that circulate beyond their culture of origin, either in translation or in their original language. - *Body of written works* produced in a particular language, country, or age. - They are writings in prose or verse; especially, writings having excellence...

encompasses all literary works that circulate beyond their culture of origin, either in translation or in their original language. - *Body of written works* produced in a particular language, country, or age. - They are writings in prose or verse; especially, writings having excellence or universal interest. - A creative writing of artistic value (Davids, 2010). - To entertain and instruct (or to delight and enlighten) the reader through the imagination. - **ORAL** - **WRITTEN** - **VISUAL** - - expressions in verse - with measures, rhymes, rhythm, lines, stanzas and melodious tones. - It came from the Greek word ***poiesis*** which means **'making'.** 1. NARRATIVE 2. LYRIC 3. DRAMA - tells a story. It is often contrasted with lyric verse and verse drama. - *Ex. Ballad, Epic, Idyll, Lay/Lai* - Refers to either poetry that has the form and musical quality of a song, or a usually short poem that expresses personal feelings or thoughts of a speaker. - *Ex. Elegy, Sonnet, Ode, Psalm* - Composition in verse or prose intended to portray life or character or to tell a story usually involving conflicts and emotions through action and dialogue and typically designed for theatrical performance. *Ex. Comedy, Tragedy, Tragicomedy, Melodrama* - ordinary spoken language - common flow of conversation. - derived from the Latin word **prosa** which means **'straightforward'.** 1. **FICTION** 2. **NON-FICTION** - created from the imagination - not presented as fact though it may be based on the true story of situation. *Ex. Short stories, novels, fables, plays* - definitely real, true, something that can be verified. - It can also refer to literature, but to something that is real, based on arguments, statistics and data, revealing real, true events or facts. - *Ex. essays, biography, diaries* - three-line poem with seventeen syllables - written in a 5/7/5 syllable count. - Often focusing on images from nature, haiku emphasizes simplicity, intensity, and directness of expression. **ELEMENT OF FICTION, POETRY AND DRAMA** 1. PLOT 2. CONFLICT 3. CHARACTER 4. POINT OF VIEW 5. SETTINGS 6. STYLE 7. THEME 8. TONE - Arrangement of events that make up a story. - Many fictional plots turn on a *conflict*, or struggle between opposing forces, that is usually resolved by the end of the story. - A struggle between two opposing forces. - Provides crucial tension - It is often used to reveal a deeper meaning in a narrative while highlighting characters' motivations, values, and weaknesses **TYPES OF CONFLICT** - Character vs. self - Character vs. character - Character vs. nature - Character vs. supernatural - Character vs. technology - Character vs. society - Can be conveniently classified as major and minor, static and dynamic. - It refers to who tells the story and how it is told. The possible ways of telling a story are many, and more than one point of view can be worked into a single story. **Third-person Narrator (he, she, they)** - Omniscient - Limited - Objective **First-person Narrator (I)** - Physical and social context in which the action of a story occurs. - The major elements of setting are: - Time - place - social environment that frames the characters. - the way a writer chooses words (diction), or arranges them in sentences and longer units of discourse (syntax) and exploits their significance. - The verbal identity of a writer, as unmistakable as their face or voice. - Reflecting their individuality - Is the central idea or meaning of a story. - Author's implicit attitude toward the reader, subject, and/or the people, places, and events in a work as revealed by the elements of the author's style. - May be characterized: - serious or ironic - sad or happy - private or public - angry or affectionate - bitter or nostalgic - attitudes and feelings that human beings experience. 1. **Persona --** The speaker of the "I" in poetry **Listener --** people that the persona addresses the poem 2. **RHYTHM** is the music made by the statements of the poem, which includes the syllables in the lines. It can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain. **Foot** \- unit of meter. \- a foot can have two or three syllables. \- usually consists of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables. 3. **RHYME** is the repetition of sounds within different words, either end sound, middle or beginning. In rhyme, words sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds.   4. **Sound Devices**     - An imitation of an action. - It is a branch of literature which is both literary art and representational art. - Deals with fiction or an imaginary story that is presented through characters and dialogue. - acted out rather than narrated. **1. Plot** **2. Theme** **3. Character** **4. Dialogue** - This refers to the words written by the playwright and spoken by the characters in the play. **5. Spectacle** - This refers to the visual elements of a play: sets, costumes, special effects, etc. - It is everything that the audience sees as they watch the play. - produced in a variety of vernacular languages including Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali, Bengali, Bihari, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Oriya, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Lahnda, Siraiki, and Sindhi, among others, as well as in English.  - Literature produced across the Indian subcontinent prior to the creation of the Republic of India in 1947 and within the Republic of India after 1947 - canonical Hindu sacred writings - Written in Sanskrit - added prose commentaries such as the *Brahmanas* and the *Upanishads.* - **Srila Vyasadeva** (Author) - Narrates the **struggle between two groups of cousins** in the *Kurukshetra War* and the fates of the [Kaurava ]and the [Pandava ]princes and their successors. **Kaurava vs. Pandava princes** - Longest epic poem with 200,000 verse lines - Narrates the life of Rama**.** 14 year exile **Rama --** prince of the Legendary Kingdom of Kosala **King Dasharatha** -- father of Rama **Kaikeyi** -- stepmother **Sita** -- wife of Rama **Lakshmana** -- brother **Rava** -- evil king of Lanka - The song of God - 700-verse Hindu - **Gita** -- dialogue between Pandava Print Arjuna and his guide and Charioteer Krishna. - **Dharma** - cosmic law and order - **theistic bhakti** - love of god - **yogic ideals of moksha** -- enlightenment - One of the 18 great Parunas (Great Histories) - wide range of topics including cosmology, astronomy, genealogy, geography, legend, music, dance, yoga and culture - compiles by **Srila Vyasadeva** (Incarnation of God) - comparable to English literature in age and variety. - It is one of the major bodies of Oriental Literature - one of the richest of Oriental traditions.  - Before the middle of the 19th century, the source of influence was the culture of China. - After the middle of the 19th century, the impact of modern Western culture became predominant - Heain-kyō (Kyoto) - Foundation of this city as the capital of Japan - Period of great brilliance - Works:  - **The Pillow Book** - Sei Shonagon - **The Tale of Genji** - Murasaki Shikibu - It covers - Kamakura period (1192-1333), - Muromachi period (1338-1573), and - Zuchi-Momoyama periods (1574-1600) - transitional period for the nation\'s literature.  - genres and literary forms developed: - ***gunki monogatari* **and** *otogi-zōshi*** - prose narratives, - ***renga*** - linked verse, - ***noh*** -- theatrical form - The ***restoration of peace and the unification*** (early 17th century. ) - **250 years -** uninterrupted peace. - **mid-1630s to the early 1850s -** Japan was closed, by government decree - The adoption of printing (early 17th century) - Work: - The haiku of Matsuo Basho - **Introduction of Western literature** and translations of Western works - Post-war novels: - Shusako Endo (Silence), - Kenzaburo Oe (A Personal Matter) - Haruki Murakami (Norwegian Wood) - Modern drama - Popular fiction, cell phone novels, and manga - unrhymed poetic - 17 syllables arranged - three lines - 5, 7, and 5 syllables - a five-line - 31-syllable poem - historically been the basic form of Japanese poetry - traditional Japanese popular drama with singing and dancing performed in a highly stylized manner. - it has been a major theatrical form in Japan for four centuries. - **traditional Japanese theatrical form** - one of the oldest extant theatrical forms in the world. - style of animation that originated in Japan. - It is characterized by high contrast, bright colors, and thematic elements of science fiction and fantasy - Is a style of Japanese comic books and graphic novels. - first Japanese author to receive the award - Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968 - Japanese novelist and short story writer - Works: - Snow Country - Beauty and Sadness - The Dancing Girl of Izu - a major figure in contemporary Japanese literature. - His works are influenced by French and American literature deal with: - political, social and philosophical issues, including; - nuclear weapons - nuclear power - social non-conformism, - existentialism. - Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1994 for creating *\"an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today\".* - Works: - A Personal Matter - Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids - A Quiet Life - His work are bestsellers in Japan as well as internationally - Translated into 50 languages - His work has received numerous awards - World Fantasy Award - Frank O\'Connor International Short Story Award - Franz Kafka Prize, - Jerusalem Prize. - Works: - Norwegian Wood - A Wild Sheep Chase - Kafka on the Shore - What I Talk about When I Talk About Running - IQ84 - slight action and unusual characters. - Works: - Kitchen - Asleep - The Lake **Arabic literature**  - (Arabic ,**الأدب العربي** ) *Al-Adab Al-Arabi*, is the writing produced, both prose and poetry, by speakers (not necessarily native speakers) - ***adab* **- \"to invite someone for a meal\" and implies politeness, culture and enrichment. - The monotony of nomadic life - The rise of Islam - The Arab conquests - The imperial luxury of early Abbasids - The interaction and cross fertilization with other civilizations (notably in Spain) - The decline and overthrow of the Caliphate - The period of cultural stagnation - The reactions and inspirations owing to the colonial encounter - The eventual reawakening of the Arab world to form the vibrant independent states of today - literally \"the recitation\" - **Quran**, **Koran**, or **Al-Qur\'an** - The central religious text or Scripture of Islam. - Consider the text in its original Arabic to be verbatim the word of Allah - Revealed to Muhammad by Gabriel over a period of 23 years between 610 and 632 C.E.  - God\'s final revelation and complete message to humanity. - Adam - the first prophet - Arabian nights - *Hazār-o Yak Šab*, Arabic: كتاب ألف ليلة و ليلة  - Medieval Middle Eastern literary epic - Tells the story of Scheherazade who must relate a series of stories to her malevolent husband, King Shahryar to delay her execution. - Scheherazade (*Šahrzād)* - Sassanid Queen - King Shahryar *(Šahryār)*- her husband - Greatest Sufi mystic and poet in the Persian language - Famous for his: didactic epic *Mas̄navī-yi Ma*ʿ*navī* "Spiritual Couplets" - Use Persian and Arabic in his poetry some Turkish and less Greek - Censorship and the lack of an educated readership have restricted literary activity in many of the Arab countries. - Cities of Salt - Author: Abdelrahman Munif (1933-2004) - one of the greatest modern novels - discovery of oil in a remote oasis, and the impact of American business and corrupt Arab rulers on the lives of the poor local community. - An **Egyptian writer** who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature.  - One of the first contemporary writers of Arabic literature, along with Taha Hussein, to *explore themes of existentialism.* - Known for the following novels:   - Midaq Alley (1947), - The Cairo Trilogy (1956-1957), - Children of the Alley (1959),  - Adrift on the Nile (1966) - Born 27 October 1931 - Described as \"the Simone de Beauvoir of the Arab World\". - Egyptian **feminist writer**, activist, physician, and psychiatrist. - She has written many books on the subject of women in Islam, paying particular attention to the practice of female genital mutilation in her society. - A Lebanese-American writer, poet and visual artist, also considered a philosopher although he himself rejected the title.  - Author of ***The Prophet*** - first published in the United States in 1923 - become one of the best-selling books of all time - translated into 100 languages - Popular works - The Prophet - Sand and Foam - The Madman - book of 26 poetic essays - author: Khalil Gibran - A best-selling book of popular mysticism,  - Gibran's narrative frame relates that the Prophet, about to board a ship that will take him home after 12 years in a foreign city, is stopped by a group of the city's inhabitants, who ask him to speak to them about the mysteries of life. He does so, discussing love, marriage, beauty, reason and passion, and death, among other topics. - Refers to the glorious thirty years (30 yrs) from the May Fourth Movement in 1919 until the foundation of the Peoples\' Republic of China in 1949. - They tried to approach the public with more oral and excellent works as well as the literary association. - Called the Westernized Literature - **Sun Yat-sen** - led a revolution that marked the end of Chinese dynasties in which a clan rules an empire. - Classical language wasn't used. - A lot of politically oriented literature printed - **1923** - Cultural movement - Writers generally wanted to lead the way in transforming China into a modern industrialized country and replacing Confucian life-style with a westernized one. - the harbinger and master of modern literature - Composed the **Madman\'s Diary** - The first work set completely in exoteric language and which sharply revealed the essence of society. - **Ah Q** - True strory - His finest novel and built up the image of spiritual anesthesia in both Chinese and world literature. - Skillful in utilizing the Peking dialect and Camel Xiangzi - **The drama Tea House** - are his masterpieces which reflect the helplessness of the lower classes in the old China. - Literally "ice heart" - original name Xie Wanying - was born in Changle, Fuzhou city. Fujian province. - Coms - Her pen name. - from the verse "my heart is pure as ice in a jad cup," written by the Tang poet Wan Changling (658-756). - Poet, writer, translator, and author of children's literature. - well known for her **morbidezza style of writing** - as she wrote as though painting a picture with the finest and most tender detail. From her works you can get an insight of mother love and innocence. - Wrote many essays - Created the novel **Moment in Peking**, and won the nomination for the Nobel Prize for Literature. - A much-traveled lyric poet - Wrote **Second Farewell to Cambridge.** - Evocative poem - Expressed his feelings of longing for the days when he was at Cambridge University - Died in an Air Accident in 1931 - Inherited Western literary genres - Thai writers - Share similar visions of anti-globalization and anti-capitalism with international writers in this gobal village. - have been influenced or inspired by many world masterpieces, especially of the West. - M.L. Boobpha Nimmanhaemindha (real name) - She was a novelist in the pioneering age. - Many of her works have been assigned as books for external reading for students at the secondary and tertiary levels of education today. - Her best-known works were for example: - Phu Di - Nung Nai Roi - Nit - Chaichana Khong Luang Naruban - His pen name - Mae Anong and Noi Intanon - expert in his own right in both full length and short stories. - Thung Maharat - a novel based on rural life, - Long Phrai - adventure in the forest - The pen name of **Kan Phungbun Na Ayudhya**, whose novel ; - **Khun Suk** - won much admiration during his time and was on several occasions adapted for television drama. - A pen name of **Chot Praephan** - Popular work *Phu Chana Sip Thit* - a legend of Burmese royal court - A popular novelist - Kularb Sai Pradit -- real name. - Work: Khang Lang Phap, or literally Behind the Portrait -- a love story - former Prime Minister - short stories: - **Lai Chiwit** - Exemplary work embodying the finest Thai prose - **Si Phandin(or Four Reigns)** - His most outstanding novel - revolves around the court life from the reign of King Rama V to Rama VIII - Novelist. - written over one hundred novels *on love* and *complexities of family life*. - She has won both domestic and international awards. - Her well-known novels: - *Rua Manut* and *Tawan Tok Din*, won the SEATO literary Awards. - She was also awarded the National Artist status. - The doyen of modern writers. - his works deal with class conflicts, exploitation, and urban society. - Pisat, Evil Spirits, his most popular novel, is about the conflict between new and old generations. - He also won the National Artist status. - A former painter - was a highly successful woman writer. - Her best novel: - **Khao Chu Kan (His Name is Kan)** - won a SEATO literary Award. - It is about a young doctor who sacrifices a brilliant career in one of the nation's leading hospitals to work in a rural area where peasants have no access to modern medicines. - pen name **of Lao Kam Hom**, - low-profile but powerful writer - his short stories recreate northeastern village life. - **Fa Bo Kan** is about the hardship the Northeasterners must face during a cruel drought. - a literature in the western sense, including novels, short stories, essays and biographies has developed. - **"Yellow Race -- White Race",** - The first modern novel - by **Prince Akat Damkoeng** - which deals with the problems encountered by a westernized young Thai when he returns to his native country. - Thailand has a rich store of **fairy tales** and **legends** reflecting centuries-old traditions**,** as well as **proverbs** and **folk poetry** which often provide the theme of cradle songs and folk songs.