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21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD GRD SEM STEM 12 - AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025...

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD GRD SEM STEM 12 - AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025 MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. 12 01 S.Y 2024 - 2025 Literature Visual Literature ➣Is a term used to describe written and spoken material, books, posters, web sites, and other media that merge literary commonly refers to the creative imagination, including poetry, topics with an enhanced visual environment. drama, fiction, nonfiction, and in some instances, journalism and Characteristics of Literary Text song. 1. it narrates a story; ➣traditionally defined as body of written works associated to 2. it expresses feelings, thoughts, and ideas which can either be imaginative and creative works of poetry and prose and can be based from the imagination or real life experiences of the classified according to variety of systems such as language, author or other people; and national origin, historical period, genre and subject matter. 3. it delivers significant information and crosses boundaries of time, ➣Covers both oral and written forms of works which manifest places, cultures and languages. expressive or imaginative quality, nobility of thoughts, timelessness, and universality. Literary Structure ➣Literature takes significant human experiences as the main refers to the organizational method used in literature in which the subject. most common type is the narrative. ➣It mainly discusses various dimensions of life as well as miseries and glories. literary structure may involve arrangement of various elements according to purpose, style, and genre to effectively convey the ➣ Littera - “a letter of the alphabet,” intended meaning for the audience. ➣ Litteratura - Which means writing Parts of the narrative structure (or plot) are : ➣ Litteratus - learning exposition, Reasons of Reading Literature rising action, ➣Acquisition of relevant information/knowledge climax, ➣Entertainment/Amusement falling action, ➣Uplift cultural understanding and resolution (denouement). ➣Escape from reality Poetry ➣To understand life Greek word poiein = “to make”: a poem is something made Key Features of Literature ➣Literature is a form of communication. This literary type is usually written in lines and is characterized by ➣Literature is an art having the element of rhythm, sound, imagery, and form. ➣Nobility of thoughts ➣Timelessness Its main purpose is to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. It can ➣Universality be divided into three types: narrative, dramatic, and lyrical poetry. ➣Literature has utility Prose From Latin word prosa = straightforward Literature In contrast to poetry, this literary piece applies a natural flow of speech and grammatical structures which are mainly consisting of Oral Written Visual complete sentences arranged logically and sequentially in a Literature Literature Literature paragraph form. Importance of Prose ➣In literature, the basic purpose of prose in writing is to convey an Prose Poetry idea. deliver information or tell a story. ➣The writer fulfills the basic promise to a reader to deliver a story with characters, setting, conflict, a plot, and a final payoff. Fiction Non-Fiction Narrative Lyric Drama Short Story Biography Epic Haiku Dramatic Novel AutoBiography Ballad Ode Monologue Poetry Prose Play Narrative Essay Metrical Elegy Solilloquy Legend Memoir Tales Sonnet Words hold multiple Both Words are clear Fable Diaries and Journal Song and direct meanings ➣Literature can either be in oral, written or visual form. Nouns and verbs Musicality Nouns and verbs ➣The oral literature handed down from one generation to another, separate close together Use of literary Lines break at the then later on transformed into written form. Stanzas devices Imaginative focus page POV: the speaker Use of Pragmatic focus Literary text - the products of written literature colloquialisms Can be paraphrased Cannot be paraphrased Show, No end-rhyming Remember: No use of meter Intentional line don't tell breaks Paragraphs A text can be considered literary if it has the elements of Ability to tell Use of rhyme POV: the narrator psychological characterization and chronology. Use of meter stories As few words Can be intentionally Also, literature uses literary devices such as metaphor and as possible verbose symbolism. Reading for entertainment and learning is the most common reason why people read literature. 1 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD GRD SEM STEM 12 - AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025 MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. 12 01 S.Y 2024 - 2025 Differences between Prose and Poetry Sound deals with the common use of rhymes and other literary devices Prose Poetry such as: repetition (repeating of words, phrases, or lines), Prose does not pay attention to Poetry pays attention to rhyme alliteration (repeating same consonant sounds), rhyme and rhythm and rhythm assonance (repeating same vowel sounds), and The writer usually has no word Poets use a limited number of onomatopoeia (the use of the actual sound to represent someone limit words or something), Ideas are written in sentences: Ideas are written in lines; lines sentences are grouped into Rhythm is more concerned with the flow of the beat such as are grouped into stanzas paragraphs whether it is fast or slow. Language is more natural and Language is figurative and Literary Traditions grammatical rhythmical refers to the specific traits of literary works that define a generation More than one reading may be or period in history. Can be understood by reading needed to understand the once meaning is a collection of works that have an underlying interconnectedness and coherence that makes them more than simply a group of 3 types of Poetry works sharing geography or group. Narrative Poetry Geographic Origin This poetry tells a story and has the elements of a narrative such as ➣refers to the place where a piece of literature came from. characters, setting, conflict, etc. ➣For example, the classic song Matud Nila came from the Visayas Dramatic Poetry region. This is an emotionally appealing drama written in verse that tells a Linguistic Origin story and is intended to be recited or sung in front of the audience ➣of a piece of literature is somewhat related to its geographic by a character speaking in poetry. origin. For example, if a poem is written using the Visayan dialect, Lyric Poetry most probably, it originated from the Visayas region. It is the most common type of poetry that focuses on expressing ➣Note though that a particular region may have more than one feelings rather than telling a story. dialect. Take as an example the Bikol dialect which may be 2 types of Prose classified into Bikol Sorsogon, Bikol Albay, Bikol Camarines Sur, and Fiction other dialects in the Bicol Region. This serves as a product of the writer's wild imagination and Ethnic Origin creative thinking where the characters react to the conflict and ➣which refers to the racial or cultural beginning. various issues central to the main idea of a literary work. Its three ➣An Ilocano poem that makes use of the Ilocano dialect may types are: short story, novel, and novella. The main genres are most probably trace its origin to the Ilocano race and discusses crime, fantasy, romance, science fiction, western, inspirational, things related to the Ilocano culture. We may, however, have historical fiction and horror. pieces of Non-Fiction ➣refers to the ethnic or cultural origins of the person's ancestors. These are stories inspired by real events where the writers aim to ➣The largest Filipino ethnic groups include the Tagalog, Cebuano, present, interpret, or describe experiences based on facts. The Ilocano, Bicolano, Kapampangan, Maranao, Maguindanao, and judgments, opinions, and commentaries of the writers may be Tausug. presented in the form of essays, journals, diaries, feature articles, editorials, and the like. Genre Raja/Rajah Lakan ➣refers to the forms of literature (Luzon and Visayas) (Luzon) ➣The most general genres in literature are epic, tragedy, comedy, and creative nonfiction. They can all be in the form of prose or poetry. ➣Genre should not be confused with age categories, by which Datu literature may be classified as either adult, young-adult, or (Luzon, children's. They also must not be confused with format, such as graphic novel or picture book.” Visayas and Mindanao Literary Elements ➣refer to particular identifiable characteristics of a whole text. ➣For example, every story has a theme, a setting, a conflict, and has a particular point-of-view, etc. ➣The common elements of a story are setting, character, conflict, theme, point of view, and plot (has its own element). 4 Essential Element of Poetry 1. form Sultan 2. imagery (Mindanao) 3. rhythm 4. sound 2 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD GRD SEM STEM 12 - AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025 MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. 12 01 S.Y 2024 - 2025 Rajah, Lakan, Datu and Sultan Folk Songs ➣ All rajah and sultan can be datu, but not all datu can be sultan These are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that and rajah. emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These songs mirrored the early ➣ All lakan can be Sultan, Rajah, and Datu, but not all Rajah, forms of culture. Many of these have 12 syllables. Sultan, and Datu can be lakan. It is a form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, Oral Literature During the Pre-Colonial Period the people’s lifestyles as well as their loves. Chant (Bulong) This was used in witchcraft or enchantment especially in remote Different Folk Songs places in the Visayas. 1. Hele or oyayi – lullaby Riddles (Bugtong) 2. Ambahan (Mangyan) – 7-syllable per line poem that are about Battle of wits among participants human relationships and social entertainment Tigmo (Cebu) 3. Kalusan (Ivatan) - work songs that depict the livelihood of the Paktakon (Ilonggo) peopled. Patotdon (Bicol) 4. Tagay (Cebuano and Waray) – drinking song. 5. Kanogan (Cebuano) – song of lamentation for the dead Proverbs (Salawikain) Wise sayings that contain a metaphor used to teach as a food for Tanaga thought etc. A type of Filipino poem consisting of 4 lines with 7 syllables with the same rhyme at the end of each line. Tanaga do not have titles Saying (Kasabihan) traditionally because the Tanaga should speak for itself. A sentence that people often say and that gives advice or information about human life and experience. A well-known Literature During Colonization Period expression or wise statement. Spanish Colonization Period (1565 - 1898) ➣ It has two distinct classifications: religious and secular. Geography ➣ It introduced Spanish as the medium of communication. ➣ the study of places and the relationships between people and Religious Literature their environments. Religious Lyrics written by ladino poets or those versed both Spanish ➣ Location of where the literary text is located. and Tagalog were included in early catechism and were used to teach Filipinos the Spanish language. Language a system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written Pasyon symbols by which individuals express themselves long narrative poem about the passion and death of Christ. The most popular was "Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Cristong Ethnicity Panignoon Natin" by Aguino de Belen equality or fact of belonging to a population group or subgroup Senakulo made up of people who share a common cultural background or Dramatization of the pasyon; it shows the passion and death of descent. Christ. Tagalog Salubong Tausug Ilocano ➣ celebration of Easter begins before dawn. Many Filipinos rise by 3 or 4 a.m. for a ritual procession called Salubong. The Pre-Colonial Period Literature ➣ a pre-dawn meeting of two processed images, one of the Risen Folk Tales Christ, and the other of a still-mourning Mary. These are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror, Panunuluyan and humor where one can derive lessons. An example of this is THE "asking for lodgings") is a Philippine Christmas dramatic ritual MOON AND THE SUN. narrating the Holy Family's search for a place to stay in Bethlehem for Jesus Christ's birth through song. Different Folk Tales Myths Secular Literature (Non-Religious Literature) In the Philippines, the sarswela is a play with songs and dances explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess usually written in prose, containing from one to five acts, depicting certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls, the vagaries of romantic love among idealized Filipino characters, volcanoes, mountains, flora, or fauna. and often incorporating contemporary social, political, economic Legend or cultural issues for relevance and interest. in Filipino (Alamat) explain the origin of things; examples are Why Awit the Pineapple Has Eyes and The Legend of Maria Makiling. colorful tales of chivalry made for singing and chanting. Korido Fables metrical tale written in octosyllabicquatrains (a line of verse with use animal characters and allegory. eight syllables). Fantasies Prose Narratives deal with underworld characters such as “tiyanak,” “aswang,” written to prescribe proper decorum. “kapre,” and others. Dialogo (Dialogue) The Epic Age Ejemploii (Ejemplo) (Exemplum) *Manual de Urbanidad Epics are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic (Conduct Book) achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length. Tratado (treaty) 3 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD GRD SEM STEM 12 - AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025 MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. 12 01 S.Y 2024 - 2025 Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898) Literature During Colonization Period The Propaganda Movement Japanese Colonization Period (1941 - 1945) This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle- Philippine Literature was interrupted in its development when class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, another foreign country, Japan, conquered the Philippines Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro between1941-1945. Philippine literature in English came to a halt. Paterno. This led to all newspapers not to be circulated in the community Propaganda Literature except for TRIBUNE and PHILIPPINE REVIEW. REVIEW. Reformatory in objective. Three types of poems emerged during this period: Political Essays a. Haiku, Haiku, a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made satires, editorials, and news articles were written to attack and up of 17 syllables divided into three lines and expose the evils of Spanish rule. b. Tanaga - like the Haiku, is short, but it had measure and rhyme. c. Karaniwang Anyo (Usual Form) Diariong Tagalog - founded by Marcelo del Pilar Filipino Poetry during war years (1942-1944) La Solidaridad - editor-in-chief was Graciano Lopez-Jaena 1. Tagalog poets broke away from the Balagtas Political Novels tradition and instead wrote in simple language and free verse. directly criticize an existing society or present an alternative, even fantastic, reality. 2. Fiction prevailed over poetry a. 25 Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino (1943) compilation Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo - Jose Rizal's master pieces of the entries to the short story contest by the military government. that paved the way to the revolution. b. Suyuan saTubigan by Macario Pineda c. Lupang Tinubuan by Narciso Reyes Revolutionary Literature more propagandistic than literary as it is more violent in nature and d. Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa by Liwayway Arceo demanded complete independence for the country Period of Activism (1970 - 1972) According to Pociano Pineda, youth activism in 1970-72 was due to Political Essays domestic and worldwide causes. Because of the ills of society, the helped inflame the spirit of revolution. youth moved to seek reforms. Kalayaan - newspaper of the The Literary Revolution society, edited by Emilio Jacinto The youth became vocal with their sentiments. It was manifested in Poetry the bloody demonstrations and the sidewalk expressions and in True Decalogue - Apolinario Mabini literature. Katapusan ng Hibik ng Pilipinas - Andres Bonifacio Period of the New Society (1972 - 1980) Liwanag at Dilim - Emilio Jacinto The period of the New Society started on September 21, 1972. The Literature During Colonization Period Carlos Palanca Awards continued to give annual awards. Poems American Colonization Period (1898 - 1946) dealt with patience, regard for native culture, customs, and the Linguistically, Americans influenced Filipino writers to write using beauties of nature and surroundings. Newspapers donned new English language. Jose Garcia Villa became famous for his free forms. verse. News on economic progress, discipline, culture, tourism, and the The languages used in writing were Spanish and Tagalog and the like were favored more than the sensationalized reporting of dialects of the different regions. But the writers in Tagalog, killings, rape, and robberies. continued in their lamentations on the conditions of the country Period of the Third Republic (1981 - 1985) and their attempts to arouse love for one's native tongue and the After ten years of military rule and some changes in the life of the writers in English imitated the themes and methods of the Filipino, which started under the New Society, Martial Rule was at Americans. last lifted on January 2, 1981. Period of Apprenticeship (1910-1930) 1. Filipino writers imitated English and American models. The Philippines became a new nation, and this, former President 2. Poems written were amateurish and mushy, whose phrasing and Marcos called "The New Republic of the Philippines." diction was awkward and artificial. Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and Short Stories revolutionary. Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were true- 1. Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez to-life like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of 2. The Key by Paz Latorena God, of country and fellowmen. 3. Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia Villa Post-Edsa Revolution (1986 - 1995) Novels History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino people regained 1. Child of Sorrow - first novel in English by Zoilo Galang their independence, which they lost twenty years ago. In four days Period of Emergence (1920-1930) from February 21-25, 1986, the so-called People Power (Lakas ng Highly influenced by Western literary trends like Romanticism and Bayan) prevailed. Realism. In the short span of the existence of the real Republic of the Philippines, several changes already became evident. It was Short Stories - Most Prevalent Literary Form noticed in the new Filipino songs, newspapers, speeches, and even Jose Garcia Villa - earned the international title "Poet of the in the television programs. The now crony newspapers that enjoyed Century". an overnight increase in circulation were THE INQUIRER, MALAYA, and the PEOPLE'S JOURNAL. 4 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD GRD SEM STEM 12 - AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025 MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. 12 01 S.Y 2024 - 2025 21st Century Period Chick Lit/ Chick Literature The new trends have been used and introduced to meet the Is genre fiction which addresses issues of modern womanhood, needs and tastes of the new generation. often humorously and lightheartedly. Chick Lit typically features a female protagonist whose 21st Century learners are demanded to be ICT inclined to compete femininity is heavily thermalizing in the plot. with the style and format of writing as well. Scarlet Bailey’s The night before Christmas and Miranda Dickinson’s It started with a Kiss are New codes or lingos are used to add flavor in the literary pieces Flash Fiction produced nowadays. Is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity Illustrated Novel There is no widely accepted definition of the length and Story through text and illustrated images category. It could range from word to a thousand. 50% of the narrative is presented without words Six-word Flash Fiction The reader must interpret the images to comprehend the story Ernest Hemingway: For sale: baby socks, never worn. completely. Margaret Atwood: Longed for him. Got him, Shit. Textual portions are presented in traditional form. Some illustrated novels may contain no text at all. Writing Prompt Span all genres. Six-word stories can be a good way to jump-start your creativity. Examples include The Invention of Hugo Cabret by Brian Think of a six-word story (or choose one of the many examples Selznick and The Arrival by Shaun Tan. online) and then expand on it in a writing sprint. Who knows – you Digi-Fiction may wind up with some good story ideas that way. Triple Media Literature Combines three media: book, movie/video and internet Focus Your Story website To get the full story, students must engage in navigation, The six-word idea can also help focus your writing. Think of the story reading, and viewing in all three forms. you’re currently working on. Patrick Carman’s Skeleton Creek and Anthony Zuiker’s Level 26 are examples. “Future on hold. Accused of treason.” ~ The Traitor “Married. Divorced. Trying again.” ~ Second Chances Graphic Novel Narrative in comic book formats Creative Non-Fiction Narrative work in which the story is conveyed to the reader Also known as literary non-fiction or narrative non-fiction using a comic form. A genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to The term is employed in broadly manner, encompassing non- create factually accurate narratives. fiction works and thematically linked short stories as well as Contrasts with other non-fiction, such as technical writing or fictional stories across a number of genres. journalism, which is also rooted in accurate fact, but is not Archie Comics by John Goldwater and illustrator, Bob Montana, primarily written in service to its craft. is a good example As a genre, creative non-fiction is still relatively young and is only beginning to be scrutinized with the same critical analysis Manga given to fiction and poetry. Japanese word for comics 1000 Gifts by Ann Voskamp and Wind, Sand, and Stars by It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all Antoine de Saint-Exupery are examples comic books and graphic novels originally published in Japan. Considered as an artistic and storytelling style. Science Fiction Ameri-manga- sometimes used to refer to comics created by Is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative American artists in manga style. concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space Shonen- Boy’s Manga (Naruto, Bleach, One Piece) travel, time travel, faster than light travel, a parallel universe Shojo- Girl’s Manga (Sailormoon) and extra-terrestrial life. Seinen- Men’s Manga (Akira) Often explores the potential consequences of scientific and Josei- Women’s Manga (Loveless, Paradise Kiss) other innovations and has been called a “literature of ideas”. Kodomo- Children’s Manga (Doraemon, Hello Kitty) Examples include Suzanne Collins’ Mockingjay and Sarah Maas’ Kingdom of Ash. Doodle Fiction Literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle Blog writing, drawings and handwritten graphics in place of the A weblog, a website containing short articles called posts that traditional font. are changed regularly. Drawing enhances the story, often adding humorous elements Some blogs are written by one person containing his or her own Examples include The Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff Kinney and opinions, interests and experiences, while others are written by Timmy Failure by Stephan Pastis. different people. Text-Talk Novels Blogs, email and IM format narratives Stories told almost entirely in dialogue simulating social network exchanges. 5 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD GRD SEM STEM 12 - AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025 MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. 12 01 S.Y 2024 - 2025 Hyper Poetry Cultural Context Digital poetry that uses links and hypertext mark-up Having insight into the culture of the characters in work of writing It can either involved set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are provides important insights relevant to interpreting the story or presented in variable order but sit on the page much as situation. traditional poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem that Historical Context move and transform. It refers to what was going on in the world during the timeframe in It is usually found online, through CD-ROM and diskette versions which a work is set or was written. exist. The earliest examples date to no later than the mid-1980’s. Physical Context Poetry Hyperpoetry It refers to the setting in which a work of writing takes place. Literature that uses aesthetic and Rhetorical Context Digital poetry that is available on It refers under which to the circumstances a particular piece of often rhythmic qualities of a webpage and uses hyperlinks. writing is created. language Created using a paper-based Poets use a limited number of Imagery medium words It is creating a picture in the reader's mind by using words that Traditional poets handle their Involves lines of verse that appeal to the senses. language in such a way that is appear with links to footnotes, evokes readers’ imagination, poetry generators, sub-poems, or 3 Types of Imagery creating visual and other poetry with images or 1. Visual Imagery imagery in the readers’ mind. movement. 2. Auditory Imagery 3. Kinesthetic Imagery Hyper Poetry Digital poetry that uses links and hypertext mark-up Visual Imagery It can either involved set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are Produced by the use of words that appeal to the sense of sight presented in variable order but sit on the page much as Auditory Imagery traditional poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem that Produced by the use of words that appeal to the sense of hearing move and transform. Kinesthetic Imagery It is usually found online, through CD-ROM and diskette versions Produced by the use of words that appeal to the actions and exist. The earliest examples date to no later than the mid-1980’s. movement Context It refers to information that helps readers accurately interpret the meaning of a text. Context adds richness to a work of literature and helps to truly engage readers in the text. Reading and appreciating literature Different Types of Context can be made possible by understanding the context and text’s Writer’s Context meaning. Knowing about the writer's life, values assumptions, gender, race, sexual orientation, and the political and economic issues related to Interpret the author. Explain the meaning of an information or idea 1. Who is the author/writer? Multimedia 2. What is his/her educational background? Marshall (2001) defined multimedia as computer-controlled 3. What are his/her personal information? integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images 4. How do these affect/influence the text? (video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type Reader’s Context of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and It is about the reader's previous reading experiences, values, processed digitally. assumptions, political and economic issues. Multimedia Formats in Interpreting Literary Text 1. What are your prior experiences related to the text? Audio 2. What is your impression of the text? Is relating to the sound that is heard on a recording or Text’s Context broadcast. It is about its publishing history. It is part of the larger text such as It is important because it can tell us about character, place, newspaper, history, events, translated in it. and time. It also informs us and moves us in ways visuals can’t, and 1. Where was the text published? because certain combinations of sound and visuals can evoke 2. What year was it published? what neither can do alone and can determine what we see. 3. What publishing company printed the text? Visual Media Social Context Are pictures produced by a camera, artist, mirror. Social context and socio-cultural of a text feature the society in It is important in presenting literary text through multimedia which the characters live and in which the author's text was because our brain can interpret images much quicker than produced. text. Additionally, images give depth and context to a description or 1. What kind of society emerged during the time when the story and provide a much more immersive experience than literature was created? writing alone. 2. What type of government or historical event happened significant during its publication? 6 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD GRD SEM STEM 12 - AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025 MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. 12 01 S.Y 2024 - 2025 Motion Media Flash Fiction Use a series of drawings, computer graphics, frames or A flash fiction, also known as short-short story, typically contains photographs of objects that are slightly different from one less than 1000 words which is most often used to describe short another and that when viewed quickly one after another casual written works. create the appearance of movement. Although a flash fiction may be written in any genre, the most These raw files are then processed using online or offline video famous ones are in romance, thriller, horror and sci-fi. Even with application to produce a content combining images, texts and only a number of words, a flash fiction also bears the essential sound. elements of a short story. The paramount of all the elements for this type of literature is the plot. Blog or Weblog is a website containing informational articles about a person’s own Short Story opinions, interests and experiences. These are usually changed A short story is a work of short, narrative prose that is usually regularly (DepEd 2013, 9). centered around one single event. It is limited in scope and has an introduction, body and conclusion. Although a short story Mind Mapping has much in common with a novel, it is written with much is a graphical technique to visualize connections of ideas and greater precision. pieces of information. This tool structures information to better analyze, comprehend, synthesize, recall and generate new ideas. Short Story Flash Fiction You can use Microsoft Word or online mind mapping tools in is significantly shorter than a is a much shorter version of a creating a mind map (Pasuello 2017). novel short story Mobile Phone Text Tula consists of 1000 -10, 000 words in composed of 100 -1000 words in is a traditional Filipino poem. A particular example of this poem is a length length tanaga that consists of 4 lines with 7 syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line. (DepEd 2013, 8). has a well thought out plot and has a fleshed-out plot, well- great characters, but they don't rounded characters, and a Slideshow Presentation necessarily need to be fully developed setting and theme. is created with the use of Microsoft PowerPoint. It contains series of developed pictures or pages of information (slides) arranged in sequence and has one or a few characters and often displayed on a large screen using a video projector one or a few settings (limited in (Computer Hope 2018). place and time, such as a day or shouldn't be more than one plot Tag Cloud a couple of weeks) and and one theme. is a visual, stylized arrangement of words or tags within a textual expresses a single theme, or content such as websites, articles, speeches and databases message. (Techopedia 2020). is punchy and to the point, a story of extreme brevity with the Video generally is more flexible. There is plot pared down to the core of is an electronic device used to record, copy, playback, broadcast, more space to develop ideas, the story. Every detail, every and display moving visual media (Lexico 2020). plot, character and theme; there character gesture, every is at most, one plot and a small Anecdote subplot or a plot and a half. description counts; each word An anecdote is a short entertaining or interesting story about a has its place. Take one word real incident or person (Nagpal 2016). away and the meaning is lost. Anecdotes tell about a variety of stories and tales, since they can be about any topic under the sun. It is a short story about a Characteristics of Flash Fiction real person or event which usually intends to make the listeners Story Structure laugh or ponder over a topic (Your Dictionary 2020). A flash fiction story is not the shortened version of a longer story; it Purpose of Anecdotes still follows the elements of plot, including a beginning, middle and To Bring Cheer end, as well as a conflict and satisfying resolution. Stories pop up anywhere and these are just sometimes making Setting people laugh to brighten their mood. Most flash fiction stories take place in one setting, as moving To Reminisce between locations uses up too much space. It allows the writer In most anecdotes, people are talking about their experiences in and reader to focus on the plot. the past. They try to look back on moments in their lives and share Characters and Back Story the joy of that time with others. Flash fiction pieces are plot-driven and include no more than three To Caution or four characters. They may include some character Sometimes, just giving rules for individuals is not effective. Sharing to development, but too much backstory can use valuable space. them frightening stories of dangers can be helpful for them to Description realize the possible consequences of their actions. One may think that flash fiction stories are short on description to To Persuade or Inspire save space. However, a strong piece can balance vivid Sometimes, people share stories on how they surpassed their descriptions with a quick moving plot. Stories that lack description struggles in life. These, most of the time, give encouragement to are not satisfying to read, and a flash fiction piece should feel others who have been in similar situations. complete. 7 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD GRD SEM STEM 12 - AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025 MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. 12 01 S.Y 2024 - 2025 Elements of Short Story Point of View (POV) Setting This is the way the story is told or narrated. It is also known as the Setting is a description of where and when the story takes place. In vantage point that a writer uses to narrate the story. a short story, there are fewer settings compared to a novel. Characterization The following are the types of point of view in a short story: Characterization deals with how the characters in the story are a. First Person – the narrator participates in and tells the story using described. The characters are revealed according to: the pronoun ‘I’. b. Limited Third Person – the narrator is not in the story and 1. Action of the character narrates using the pronouns ‘she’ or ‘he’. Also, the narrator is 2. Thoughts of the character unable to see into the minds of the characters. 3. Descriptions of the character c. Omniscient Third Person – the narrator is not in the story and tells the story using the pronouns ‘she’ or ‘he’. In this point of view, Plot the narrator can tell the thoughts of the characters as he can see Every written story has a plot- the series of events and characters’ into their minds. actions that includes a beginning, a middle and an end. Also, every written story has a plot structure or a narrative arc. Although Credits to: Ma’am Joan and Ma’am Kristel it is important for a story to have all its essential elements, the plot is the major element of all as it is what the story is all about. The plot is the actual story. Without it, a writer has not penned anything. Two Types of Plot 1. Unified plot has a story that is realistic with a central character and action and the story happens in one place during a short span of time- a day, several hours or even just for an hour. 2. Episodic plot, on the other hand, has a story that happens in a much-extended period of time. A writer who employs the episodic plot frequently uses the technique of ‘flashback’ to lay out background details of the story. The plot is the main sequence of events that make up the story. 5 STAGES OF PLOT Introduction/exposition – the beginning of the story where the characters and setting is revealed. Rising Action – the part where the situation become complicated. The conflict in the story is revealed. Climax – the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story. Falling Action – the conflict begins to resolve Resolution/End (Denouement) – the final outcome of the events in the story. This is the solution to the problem in a story. When a writer brings resolution to end the story, he can end the story with either an open or closed ending Conflict Every story needs to have a problem, and this problem is called conflict. The main character needs to have someone or something to challenge him. Without conflict, the story will not go anywhere and will not be very interesting to the readers. a. conflict arising between the main character and nature. b. conflict arising between the main character and another person. c. conflict arising between the main character and his own feelings or beliefs. Theme The theme is the main idea, lesson, or message in the short story. It may be an abstract idea about the human condition, society, or life. 8 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS