21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World PDF

Highlighting System **TOPIC.** Important Information. Example. Purpose or Main Function. Key Words Lesson 1: Major Forms Types of Literature **LITERATURE.** Comes from the word "litera" which means letter. 3 Types of Literature - Oral - Written - Visual **MAJOR FORMS OF LITERATURE...

Highlighting System **TOPIC.** Important Information. Example. Purpose or Main Function. Key Words Lesson 1: Major Forms Types of Literature **LITERATURE.** Comes from the word "litera" which means letter. 3 Types of Literature - Oral - Written - Visual **MAJOR FORMS OF LITERATURE** - Poetry - Prose **LITERARY ELEMENTS** - Character - Setting - Plot - Conflict - Theme - Point of View **POETRY.** Poetry consists rhythm, sound, imagery, and form. Its main purpose is to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. TYPES OF POETRY. A. **Narrative** - Tells a story - B. **Dramatic** - Emotionally Appealing drama - Written in verse - Recited or sung in front of the audience by a character speaking in poetry C. **Lyrical** - Expressing feelings - Most commonly used EXAMPLES. a\. **[Narrative Poetry]** - **Epic** -- Heroic Adventures - **Metrical Tales** -- Written Inverse - **Ballad** -- Shortest and Simplest narrative poem. It tells a single incident. b\. **[Lyrical Poetry]** - **Folksongs** -- Short poems intended to be sung. - **Sonnets** -- Poem containing 14 lines dealing with emotions or an idea. - **Elegy** -- Expresses feelings of grief and melancholy. - **Ode** -- This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity, with no definite number of syllables or lines in a stanza. - **Psalms** -- Song Praising God or a Hillsong. Containing philosophy of life. c\. **[Dramatic Poetry]** - **Dramatic Monologue** -- Poem written in the form of a speech of an individual character. - **Soliloquy** -- An act of speaking one\'s thoughts aloud by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF POETRY. **Forms** - Poetry comes in different forms such as free verse, couplet, limerick, etc. **Imagery** - Reason why we see pictures in words and it adds color in any types of literature especially in poetry. **Sound** - Deals with the common use of rhymes and other literary devices such as repetition (repeating of words, phrases, or lines), alliteration (repeating same consonant sounds), assonance (repeating same vowel sounds), and onomatopoeia (the use of the actual sound to represent someone or something). **Rhythm** - More concerned with the flow of the beat. - Sounds and rhythms are the key ingredients that give poetry a musical effect. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ PROSE. It consists of written words with in the common flow of conversation presented in a straight forward manner. TYPES OF PROSE. I. **Fiction** - Product of the writer's wild imagination and creative thinking - The main genres are crime, fantasy, romance, science fiction, western, inspirational, historical fiction and horror. II\. Non-fiction - Stories inspired by real events - Writers aim to present, interpret, or describe experiences based on facts. - Writers may be presented in the form of essays, journals, diaries, feature articles, editorials etc. TYPES OF FICTION AND NON-FICTION PROSE. 1\. **Novel** - Long narrative divided into chapters. 2\. **Short story** - Narrative involving one or more characters, one plot and one single impression. 3\. **Legends** - Narratives usually about origins that provide historical information. - Commonly talks about the culture and views. 4\. **Folktales** - Narratives usually with unknown origin being handed down orally. - These are made up of stories where one can adopt some lessons. 5\. **Fables** - Deals with animals and inanimate things that speak and act like people. - Their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways and attitude. 6\. **Myth** - A traditional sacred story - Revolving around the activities of gods and heroes - Aim to explain a natural phenomenon (creation of the world and humans) or cultural practice. 7\. **Anecdotes** - Writer's imagination - Main aim is to bring out lessons to the reader. 8\. **Essay** - Expresses the view point or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or event. 9\. **Biography and Autobiography** - Deals with life of a person. 10\. **News** - Report of everyday events 11\. **Oration** - Formal treatment of a subject and is intended to be spoken in public. Lesson 2: Figurative Language **FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE OR FIGURES OF SPEECH.** Literary authors use figurative language or figures of speech to deliver a more effective, persuasive, and impactful message. This enriches a literary text to further elevate the themes and concepts presented in it. A. **Analogy** - An analogy is a comparison that presents the similarities between two concepts or ideas. **Example:** Just as a sword is the weapon of a warrior, a pen is the weapon of a writer. B. **Cliché** - A word, a phrase, a sentence, or a whole text used to be perceived as clever but has become demonde. **Example:** 1. Raining cats and dogs 2. Lovely as a rose 3. Quick as lightning C. **Connotation** - is the secondary or suggestive meaning of the word, one that is not its literal or primary meaning in the dictionary. Denotation is the literal meaning of the word, one that is usually its primary meaning in the dictionary. **Example:** 1. Green home 2. Green products 3. Green living The word green in the examples does not only refer to the color but has also become synonymous to being environmentally sound. D. **Euphemism** - is used to substitute for a description that is considered harsh or blunt. This figurative language is most often used for delicate matters such as sex, death or violence, and embarrassing topics. **Example:** She is with our Creator now E. **Hyperbole** - is a gross exaggeration to achieve an effect, usually for humor or emphasis. **Example:** I was dying of boredom while I was waiting in line. F. **Metaphor** - compares two seemingly unlike objects that have similar or common characteristics without the use of like or as. **Example:** The assignment was a breeze. G. **Metonymy** - is a word or phrase that is substituted for another that is closely associated to it. **Example:** 1. I swore allegiance to the CROWN. (Crown means king/queen) 2. I'm going for a meeting with the SUITS from head office. (Suit means businessperson) 3. In his new movie, Keanu Reeves plays the part of a hired GUN. (Gun means assassin) H. **Oxymoron** - is a combination of two ideas that appear to be opposite or contradictory. **Example:** 1. Complete break 2. Dirty white 3. Tuck out I. **Paradox** - is an assertion that seems to be contradictory or silly but actually reveals some truth. **Example:** \"I must be cruel to be kind.\" Hamlet, William Shakespeare J. **Personification** - is a statement or statements wherein an animal, object, or abstract idea is given human attributes or characteristics. **Example:** The flowers bathe in sunlight, and the grass reached out to the sky. K. **Simile** - compares two seemingly unlike objects by using the words like or as. **Example:** Our soldiers are as brave as lions. L. **Synecdoche** - is used when a part or portion of something is used to represent the whole or vice versa. **Example:** 1. I brought my wheels. 2. How many heads are coming to the party? M. **Onomatopoeia** - is a figure of speech in which words are used to imitate sounds made by a person, an animal or a thing. **Example:** 1. Moo Moo 2. Bang Bang 3. Meow Meow Lesson 3: Literary Devices Literary devices (or literary techniques) are distinct structures used to add meaning or create a more captivating story or poem. One of the easiest literary devices to use and observe in written work is sound devices. **COMMON SOUND DEVICES.** A. **Alliteration** - is the repetition of similar sounds, either consonants or vowels, at the beginning of closely spaced words. **Example:** **[S]**uffering **[S]**tan **[s]**tays in the **[s]**un to keep from having to **[s]**tutter. B. **Assonance** - are the repetition of vowel sounds that form internal rhymes in a line. **Example:** F**[a]**ye\'s d**[a]**ys are l**[a]**zy and w**[a]**steful. C. **Consonance** - is the repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the end of words. **Example:** Wa**[sh]** the lea**[sh]** off of mu**[sh]** to keep A**[sh]** from having a ra**[sh]**. D. **Cacophony** - is the use of jarring, unpleasant sounds, usually harsh because the sounds do not go together; meant to convey disorder and would sometimes be hard to pronounce. **Example:** \"Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves and the mome raths outgrabe \" Excerpt from \"Jabberwocky\" by Lewis Carroll E. **Euphony** - is the use of devices such as alliteration, rhyme, and assonance; meant to create a pleasant experience to the ear. **Example:** \"Than Oars divide the Ocean, Too silver for a seam- Or Butterflies, off Banks of Noon Leap, plashless as they swim.\" F. **Repetition** - is the repetition of words or phrases to form rhythm or to emphasize an idea. **Example:** \"**[In every]** cry of every man, **[In every]** infant\'s cry of fear **[In every]** voice, **[In every]** ban The mind-forg\'d manacles I hear\" G. **Rhyme** - is the repetition of similar sounds in two or more words, most often at the end of lines in a poem. There are four different kinds of rhymes: the full rhymes, slant or half rhymes, near rhymes, and sight rhymes. 4 Types of Rhymes - [Full Rhymes] -- are words that sound alike on both the consonant and vowel sounds; all their syllables rhyme. 1. b**[each]**, r**[each]**, t**[each]** 2. l**[inger]**, f**[inger]** - [Slant or half rhymes] -- are words that have the same final consonant sounds but different initial consonants and vowels. 1. ca**[ll]**, bow**[l]**, se**[ll]** 2. ba**[ck]**, wre**[ck]**, tu**[ck]** - [Near rhymes] -- are words with the same final vowel sounds but different final consonants. - [Sight rhymes] -- are when words or the end of words are usually spelled the same but are pronounced differently. 1. lo**[ve]**, tro**[ve]** 2. bo**[ugh]**, eno**[ugh]** 3. c**[all]**, app**[all]** **OTHER LITERARY DEVICES/TECHNIQUES.** a\. **Allusion** - is a passing reference, without explicit identification, to a literary or historical person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. b\. **Allegory** - is a narrative in which the characters and their actions and setting is contrived by the author to represent something happening in the current situation. It may be historical, political or ideological in form. **Example:** Jose Rizal\'s El Filibusterismo is an allegorical novel. \"Bapor" c\. **Dichotomy** - divides a concept, idea, story, or plot into two equal and contradictory parts; or between two opposing groups. This is often used for creating conflicts in stories and plays. **Example:** In Modesto de Castro\'s Urbana at Felisa, the dichotomy between the life of a woman in the city (Urbana) and the life of a woman in the province (Felisa) was portrayed. d\. **Juxtaposition** - is a technique wherein two or more ideas, places, characters, and their actions are placed side by side to develop comparisons and contrasts. **Example:** In popular culture, the use of \"Reality vs. Expectation Memes\" is an example of juxtaposition wherein what a person expects and what really happens are compared and contrasted.