World Literature BS PSYCH Reviewer - PRELIMS PDF

WORLD LITERATURE BS PSYCH | REVIEWER | PRELIMS Topic Outline: Kinds of Lyric Poetry Topic I Literature Topic II Literary Criticisms Folksong (Awiting Bayan) Topic III Enuma Elish & Epic of...

WORLD LITERATURE BS PSYCH | REVIEWER | PRELIMS Topic Outline: Kinds of Lyric Poetry Topic I Literature Topic II Literary Criticisms Folksong (Awiting Bayan) Topic III Enuma Elish & Epic of Gilgamesh Sonnet - composed of 14 lines Topic IV Bible Old Testament ○ Shakespearean or English Sonnet - Topic V The Iliad rhyme pattern is ABABCDCDEFEFGG ○ Petrarrchan or Italian Sonnet - rhyme pattern is ABBA ABBA CDECDE, or ABBA Week 1: LITERATURE ABBA CDD CDD. Elegy - theme is about death. Etymology of the word: “literatum” meaning writing. Ode - praises nature causing dignified language. Brother Azurin says literature is an expression of Psalm - song of praise to God. people’s feelings. Corrido - octosyllabic read with martial beat. Webster says it is anything printed. Song (Awit) Atienza, et al. say it is any piece of undying written work. Kinds of Dramatic Poetry General Types of Literature Poetic Plays ○ Comedy: comes from the greek word Prose - uses ordinary language “komos” meaning festivity or revelry. It has a Poetry - uses figurative language, rhyme, rhythm, and happy ending. meter. ○ Tragedy: it has a sad ending. Novel ○ Farce: exaggerated comedy; too good to be Short Story true. Play ○ Melodrama: used in musical plays with Legend opera. Fable ○ Historical Play: taken from lives of Anecdotes (shortest narrative) outstanding historical figures. Essay Masque - court pageantry. Biography Dramatic Monologue - only one character speaks News throughout but presence and actions of other Oration characters are implied. Journals Parables Elements of Poetry Types of Poetry Speaker - sets tone and voice. Diction - choice of words. Can be denotative or Narrative Poetry - a poetry that tells a story. connotative; Lyric Poetry - it expresses the speaker’s personal ○ Denotation has a literal meaning. emotions and feelings. ○ Connotation is the other meaning appealing Dramatic Poetry - written in verse and meant to be to emotions and feelings. recited in public or acted out. ○ Elision is the omission of syllables for the sake of rhyme. Imagery - patterns of related details to produce a Kinds of Narrative Poetry mental picture. ○ Visual (something seen) Epic - longest narrative about adventures of ○ Aural (something heard) superheroes. ○ Tactile (something felt) Metrical Tales - stories about knights and their ○ Olfactory (something smelled) ladies. ○ Gustatory (something tasted) ○ Metrical Romance Figure of Speech ○ Idyll - presents simple scenes such as the ○ Simile - consist of comparing two things countryside. using the words “like” or “as”. Balad - shortest and simplest. ○ Metaphor - uses direct comparison of two RP | 1 WORLD LITERATURE BS PSYCH | REVIEWER | PRELIMS unlike things and ideas. elements, including elements such as stanza length, ○ Personification - gives human traits to rhyme scheme, and meter. inanimate objects or ideas. ○ Couplet - two lines stanza ○ Metonymy - substitutes a word that closely ○ Triplet - three lines stanza relates to a person or a thing. ○ Quatrain - four lines stanza ○ Synecdoche - uses a part to represent a ○ Quintet - five lines stanza whole. ○ Sestet - six lines stanza ○ Hyperbole - makes use of exaggeration. ○ Septet - seven lines stanza ○ Irony - says the opposite of what is meant. ○ Octave - eight lines stanza ○ Allusion - refers to any literary biblical, ○ Nona - nine lines stanza historical, mythological, scientific event, ○ Deca - ten lines stanza character or place. ○ Undecima - eleven lines stanza ○ Antithesis - involves contrast of words or ○ Dodeca - twelve lines stanza ideas. ○ Sonnet - fourteen lines. Stanza ○ Paradox - uses a phrase or statement that Theme - the lesson about life or statement about on a surface seems contradictory but makes human nature that the poem expresses. some kind of emotional sense. ○ Litotes - makes a deliberate understatement used to afford by negating Week 2: Literary Criticisms its opposite. ○ Oxymoron - put together in one statement; Literary Criticisms - a systematic study and two contradictory terms. evaluation of literary works. ○ Onomatopoeia - the formation or use of words which imitate sounds, but the term is generally expanded to refer to any word Types of Criticism whose sound is suggestive of its meaning. Biographical Criticism - begins with the simple but ○ Alliteration - is the repetition of initial central insight that Literature is written by actual identical consonant sounds or any vowel people and that understanding an author’s life can sounds in successive or closely associated help readers more thoroughly comprehend the work. syllables, especially stressed syllables. Cultural Criticism - an approach to literature that Symbolism - it uses symbols to represent ideas or focuses on the historical as well as social political and qualities. economic contexts of a work. Deconstructionism - critical dismantling of tradition Syntax - refers to the set of rules that determines the and traditional modes of thought arrangement of words in a sentence. Feminist Criticism - an approach to literature that Object-Verb-Subject seeks to correct and supplement what may be Sound Devices regarded as a predominantly made dominated critical ○ Alliteration - repetition of the same sound perspective with a feminist consciousness. at the start of a series of words in Formalist Criticism - an approach to literature that succession whose purpose is to provide an focuses on the formal elements of a work such as its language, structure and tone. audible pulse that gives a piece of writing a Gay and Lesbian - an approach to literature that lulling, lyrical, and/or emotive effect. focuses on how homosexuals are represented in ○ Assonance - repetition of the vowel sound literature. across words within the lines of the poem Gender Criticism - an approach to literature that creating internal rhymes. explores how ideas about men and women- what is ○ Consonance - a resemblance in sound masculine and feminine- can be regarded as socially between two words, or an initial rhyme can constructed by particular cultures. Historical Criticism - an approach to literature that also refer to shared consonants, whether in uses history as means of understanding literary work sequence or reversed. more clearly. ○ Rhythm - the beat and the pace of the Marxist Criticism - an approach to literature that poem. focuses on the ideological content of the work of Karl ○ Caesura - a pause that occurs within a line Marx. of poetry usually marked by some form of Mythological Criticism - an approach to literature that seeks to identify what in work creates deep punctuation such as a period, comma, universal response in readers, by paying close ellipsis, or dash. attention to the hopes, fears and expectations of the ○ Meter - it describes the rhythm (or pattern of entire cultures. beats) in a line of poetry. New Criticism - an approach to literature that Structure - refers to the organization of the poem’s focuses on explication- extremely close textual RP | 2 WORLD LITERATURE BS PSYCH | REVIEWER | PRELIMS analysis. maintain prosperity. Psychological Criticism - an approach to literature Miraculous healings would display his compassion, that draws upon psychoanalytic theories. while divine messages or prophecies could guide his Sociological Criticism - an approach to literature people with wisdom. that examines social groups, relationships and values Creating extraordinary structures or artifacts through as they are manifested in literature. magic would symbolize his divine craftsmanship and Reader Response Criticism - an approach to reinforce his status as a powerful and benevolent literature that focuses on the reader rather than the leader. work itself. Structuralism - – an approach to literature that examines how literary texts arrive at their meanings To differentiate Marduk from both the younger and older rather than the meaning itself. rivals in the context of vying for leadership Queer Criticism - focused its inquiries into natural and unnatural behavior with respect to homosexual Marduk’s Unique Magical Powers: behavior, queer theory expands its focus to Shaping the realm encompass any kind of sexual activity or identity that Providing prophetic insight falls into normative and deviant categories. Offering comprehensive healing Moral-Philosophical Criticism - evaluates a work in Creating protective barriers terms of the ideas and values it contains – in relation Inspiring loyalty to a particular ethical, philosophical or religious Crafting magical artifacts system. Excelling in diplomatic influence Comparison to the Younger Rival: The Three Theories used in digesting Literary Pieces Marduk’s abilities are more mature and extensive Showcases advanced magic and strategic foresight Author Dependent Theory - focuses on the not yet possessed by the younger rival. perspective and the background of the author. Text Dependent Theory - focuses on the form, style Comparison to the Older Rival: and structure of the literary text itself. Marduk offers innovative and magical solutions Reader’s Dependent Theory - focuses on the Contrasts with the older rival’s traditional methods. perspective and own interpretation towards the Highlights a more dynamic and adaptable approach literary text of the reader himself. to leadership. Week 3: Enuma Elish and Epic of Gilgamesh How is Marduk superior to Tiamat in War? Genesis Marduk was obviously equipped with a sequence of The first book of the Bible. powerful weapons, equipment and other beneficial It tells the story of how God created the world in 6 strategies. days. He had the full support and even granted a series of Enuma Elish abilities by other gods. It is an ancient Babylonian myth. Having the ability to create storms and other It describes how the world was created. destructive forces. He also showcased extraordinary intelligence by coming up with an intelligent approach such as What miracles or magic could Marduk do to make him fit devising a plan and using other strategic skills to for a ruler? surely defeat Tiamat. Physical Aspect: In ancient times, a key indicator of a ruler’s suitability ○ He is younger was their ability to perform miracles or wield magic. ○ He has four eyes Marduk demonstrated this by making a cloth vanish ○ He has four ears and reappear before the gods. He was also depicted with four eyes to perceive all and large ears to hear everything, along with the How does the war between the gods reflect Human Life? power to control the winds. Marduk could perform miracles that highlight his The war between these two gods symbolizes the divine authority and benevolence to affirm his role as human desire for order and stability in the face of a ruler. conflict and chaos. He might reshape chaos into order, restore harmony It is also believed to mirror the political and conflict and stability to the cosmos, or reveal hidden truths to between religions that characterized ancient ensure justice and fairness. Mesopotamian societies. Demonstrating control over natural forces like Humans were created to worship and serve the gods. calming storms, ending droughts, or ensuring a The gods were like people in many ways, fighting and bountiful harvest would showcase his ability to changing just like humans do. RP | 3 WORLD LITERATURE BS PSYCH | REVIEWER | PRELIMS The relationships between the gods also mirror the Responsible for God Enlil Yahweh (God) complexities of human family life, including love, the Flood rivalry, and betrayal. The Hero, and Utanapishtim; Noah; he is why he is chosen reason not specify favored by God Why did the gods want to create human beings? So that they can serve or worship the gods by providing foods, drinks, and sacrifices to the temples. How the deity God Ea; through a God tells Noah To release the gods from further toil or manual labors. warns the Hero dream himself To keep order in the world and keep it working. Why did the gods want to create human beings? Building Cube Ark; 14,400 Rectangular Ark; Instructions cubits^2 15,000 cubits^2 Babylonians become polytheistic ○ Polytheistic - they worship more than one god. Who’s inside the Utanapishtim; his Noah, his wife, his ○ Lord of the Wind - Enlill, Elill Ark? family and sons, and their The structure of the city was also affected. relatives, wives, then 2 of The culture of Babylonians also developed. craftsmen, animals each animal Blood of Kingu - it is used to create the first human beings. ○ After Tiamat’s defeat, Kingu was taken Duration of the 6 days and 7 40 days and 40 captive and executed; the God Enki (ea) Flood nights nights created humans from the blood of Kingu. Sources of Flood Storm; made the Heavy rain river overflow What is the parallelism between the Deluge or Flood in the Epic of GIlgamesh and Noah’s Flood? Landing Location Mt. Nisir Mt. Ararat Both the Epic of Gilgamesh and Genesis where Noah’s Biblical Story was told, share major Test to find land; Sending out birds; Sending out birds; similarities and differences when it comes to their Types of Birds Dove, Swallow, Raven, Dove (2x) narratives. Raven The Hero made Yes; sheep and Yes; animals and Key Similarities sacrifices offered incense birds Storyline / Plot Themes Deity Promises Immortality Blessed; no more ○ Mortality and Immortality flood ○ Human Nature ○ Divine Power ○ Hope ○ Renewal Enuma Elish Survivors: Cultural Significance Utanapishtim Relatives Family Key Differences Craftsment Animals Plot / Story Line The Epic of Genesis (Noah’s Genesis Survivors: Gilgamesh Biblical Story) Noah and Wife Sons and their son’s wives Reason for the Noise and clamor The Wickedness 2 pairs of animals Flood of humans of Humanity Themes Purpose of the To punish and To punish and Fear of death Flood wipe the entire restore the Reward of friendship human race goodness of his creation ○ Personal Growth ○ Legacy RP | 4 WORLD LITERATURE BS PSYCH | REVIEWER | PRELIMS ○ Strength and Courage It is marked by lighting candles, reciting blessings, Learning to face reality and growing up and refraining from work. The folly of the pursuit of immortality Week 4: Bible Old Testament Beliefs Monotheism The ancient Hebrews are known for their early What are the Traditions of Ancient Hebrews? adoption of monotheism – the belief in a single, all-powerful God, Yahweh. Sacrificial System This belief was central to their religions identity and distinguished them from any of their neighbors who Offerings and Sacrifices:: practiced polytheism. The ancient Hebrews practiced various forms of Covenant sacrifices, including burn offering, peace offerings, Central to their belief system was the concept of a and sin offerings, as a way to worship God and seek covenant between Yahweh and the people of Israel. atonement. This covenant was believed to have been established These rituals were carried out at the Tabernacle (in with Abraham and renewed through Moses. the desert) and later at the Temple in Jerusalem. It included promises of land, blessings, and protection in exchange for adherence to Yahweh’s laws. The Torah Sacred Texts The Torah or the First Five Books of the Hebrew Bible, contained laws and teachings that were The Torah: fundamental to their religious and social life. The Torah or Pentateuch, consists of the five books These laws included ethical guidelines, rituals, and of the Hebrew Bible: commandments given by Yahweh. ○ Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus ○ Numbers ○ Deuteronomy What is Judaism? It contains laws, teachings, and stories that were foundational to Hebrew life. The religion of the Jewish people, Judaism is one of Prophets and Writings: the three Abrahamic Religions that also include Other parts of the Hebrew Bible include the historical Christianity and Islam. accounts in the Former Prophets, and the wisdom It is the religion that was professed by the Jews literature and prophetic writings in the writings known as the “people of the book” in reference to (Ketuvim). their sacred text written covering nearly a thousand years and formalized a canon of teaching by the end of the first century. Festivals and Holy Days Passover (Pesach): What are the following in Judaism? Celebrates the Israelites’ escape from slavery in Egypt. Judaism God It involves a ritual meal known as the Seder and the The God of Judaism is Yahweh. removal of leavened bread from homes. Often represented by the tetragrammaton YHWH, Shavuot (Feast of Weeks): which is considered too sacred to be spoken aloud by Occurs seven weeks after Passover and devout Jews. commemorates the giving of the Torah at Mount Instead, names like Adonai (lord) or Hashem (the Sinai. name) are used in reverence. Sukkot (Feast of Tabernacles): Yahweh is viewed as the one and only God, the A harvest festival that also recalls the Israelites’ 40 eternal, omnipotent, and omniscient creator of the years of wandering in the desert. universe, who is involved in every aspect of life. Participants build temporary shelters (sukkahs) and Judaism Religion live in them during the festival. Judaism is a monotheistic religion that originated Rosh Hashanah: over 3,000 years ago in the ancient Near East. The Jewish New Year, a time of reflection and It is centered on the belief in one God (Yahweh), who repentance. entered into a covenant with the Jewish people, Yom Kippur: promising them guidance and protection in exchange The Day of Atonement, the holiest day of the Jewish for their loyalty and observance of His laws. year, dedicated to fasting, prayer, and repentance. Sabbath (Shabbat): Judaism Belief Observed from Friday evening to Saturday evening. The Sabbath is a day of rest and spiritual renewal. RP | 5 WORLD LITERATURE BS PSYCH | REVIEWER | PRELIMS Jewish people believe there’s only one God who has Background: established a covenant—or special agreement—with Abraham was born in the city of Ur in Mesopotamia, them. in a time when polytheism was common. His family later moved to Haran Most Jews (with the exception of a few groups) Name Change: believe that their Messiah hasn’t yet come—but will God later changes Abram’s name to Abraham, one day. meaning “father of many nations”. Judaism Symbol Family: The six pointed Star of David is a common symbol Abraham’s wife, Sarai (later sarah), was barren for both Judaism and Israel. (infertile). Known in Hebrew as a Megan David / Shield of Despite this, God promised that Abraham would have David, geometrically it is two triangles superimposed many descendants. on each other, forming the shape of a hexagram. Eventually, Sarah gave birth to Isaac, the child of Judaism Founder promise, when Abraham was 100 years old. Abraham (Avraham) ○ was the first Jew, the founder of Judaism, the physical and spiritual ancestor of the Jewish people, and one of the three God’s message to Abraham Patriarchs (Avot) of Judaism. The Call and Promise (Genesis 12:1-3) Promise of Descendants (Genesis 15:5) The Covenant of Circumcision (Genesis 17:1-8) What is the Book of Genesis? The Test of Faith (Genesis 22:1-18) The Book of Genesis is the first book of the Bible and the Torah, serving as the foundation for both Jewish Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah and Christian traditions. Sodom and Gomorrah are two ancient cities It is typically credited to Moses and is divided into two mentioned in the Book of Genesis, known for their main parts: extreme wickedness and subsequent destruction by ○ The Primeval History (Chapter 1-11) divine judgment. ○ The Patriarchal History (Chapter 12-50) The destruction is often interpreted as a warning against sin and moral decay. Creation and the Expansion of Human Race 1. Creation of Humankind (Genesis 1-2) Who is Lot? a. Genesis 1:26-28 b. Genesis 2:7, 18-25 Lot was the nephew of the biblical patriarch Abraham 2. The Fall and its Consequences (Gen 3) who lived in the wicked cities of Sodom and a. Genesis 3:1-19 Gomorrah. b. Genesis 3:20-24 Lot is portrayed as a righteous man who was 3. The Expansion of the Human Race (Genesis 4-5) distressed by the wickedness of Sodom (2 Peter a. Cain and Abel (Genesis 4:1-16) b. The Descendants of Adam (Genesis 2:7-8). 4:17-26; Genesis 5) His life was spared due to Abraham's intercession, 4. The Flood and the New Beginning (Genesis 6-9) but his family was deeply impacted by the a. The Wickedness of Humanity (Genesis wickedness of Sodom and Gomorrah. 6:1-8) b. The Flood and the Covenant with Noah (Genesis 7-9) What is the Book of Job all about? 5. The Tower of Babel and the Dispersion of Nations (Genesis 10-11) The book of job is a narrative history; a storytelling a. Table of Nations (Genesis 10) b. The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9) from the past. 6. The Lineage from Shem to Abraham (Genesis The Book of Job is found in the “Ketuvim” or 11:10-32) Writings section in the Hebrew bible and first of the poetic books of the old testament in Christian bible. Who is Abraham? Job is presented as a good and prosperous family man who is suddenly beset with horrendous disasters RP | 6 WORLD LITERATURE BS PSYCH | REVIEWER | PRELIMS that take away all he holds dear—a scenario intended Psalms 1-41 (Book 1) to test Job's faith in God. Psalms 42-72 (Book 2) Psalms 73-89 (Book 3) Psalms 90-106 (Book 4) Characters Psalms 107-150 (book 5 Job a good and prosperous family man who is suddenly Week 5: The Iliad beset with horrendous disasters that take away all he holds dear—a scenario intended to test Job's faith in Who is Homer? God. 3 Comforter Friends The Greek poet credited with The Iliad and the Eliphaz the Tehanite - had a wrong understanding of Odyssey. A minstrel or balladeer than a cultivated poet. God's character. A foundational figure in Greek culture and a Bildad the Shuhite - sage who looks to the authority cornerstone of western literature. of tradition. Dialects of his works suggested he’s from Ionia / Zophar the na’amathite - accuses Job of Being Minor Asia, existing between 1200 BC and 750 BC. Wicked. Elihu the Buzite (surprise friend) - important function in confronting Job with the sin of his Book I: Major Events self-righteousness, something which Job will later ‘repent’ of when he meets the LORD (42:6). The 10th Year of the War - The Plague The priest Chryses, father of Chryseis, begs the Achaians to return his daughter who is held captive by Agamemnon. Five Lessons from the Book of Job Agamemnon refuses, angering Apollo who sends a plague upon the Achaians. 1. God is Great - Job's sin (and the lesson that he Achilles’s Intervention: learned) was that the greatness of his God far On the 10th day, Achilles calls a meeting and surpassed what Job originally thought. demands the Achaians either return home or seek 2. Our strength is in God, not self - Job's faith found a advice from a soothsayer. way to persevere because it was fixed on God and The soothsayer, Kalchas, reveals that the plague is not upon himself. Apollo’s punishment for Agamemnon’s actions. Agamemnon reluctantly agrees to return Chryseis but 3. Your faith works only when you work your faith - demands compensation, leading to a dispute with We note at the beginning, before he faced all of the Achilles. crises, Job practiced those things that built a strong The Dispute and Achilles’s Rage: faith. Agamemnon demands Briseis, Achilles’s captive, as 4. Sometimes you don’t know, and you will never compensation for returning Chryseis. know why - Even though in the end God faced and Achilles is enraged and threatens to leave the war. The Departure of Achilles: spoke to Job, corrected him, forgave and restored Agamemnon sends heralds to take Briseis from him, He never revealed to Job the reason for his Achilles. suffering. Achilles, heartbroken and angered, prays to his 5. God often uses crisis to bless us spiritually - It is mother, Thetis, for revenge. usually after a crisis of some kind in our lives that we Thetis promises to ask Zeus to help the Trojans gain a greater understanding of God and His nature, defeat the Achaians. power and ways. Zeus’s Intervention: Thetis appeals to Zeus, reminding him of her past favor. Zeus, despite Hera’s objections, agrees to help the What is the Book of Psalms all about? Trojans. The gods gather on Mount Olympus and Zeus is a collection of 150 religious songs, prayers, and announces his decision. poems found in the Old Testament of the Bible. The End of Book 1: It is primarily a book of worship, expressing a wide The gods feast and celebrate Zeus’s decision. range of human emotions, from despair and lament to The story ends with the departure of Chryseis on a joy and praise. ship to her father, and the anticipation of the consequences of Zeus’s intervention. The psalms address themes of faith, struggle, thanksgiving, and God’s (Yahweh) role in the life of believers. RP | 7 WORLD LITERATURE BS PSYCH | REVIEWER | PRELIMS Book 1: Roles of Gods and Goddesses Thus, remembering why their husbands are out there on the battlefield. What gods were in Iliad? Hector reunites with his wife and son, and there is a The three goddesses; appear in The Iliad and their moment where the fearsome chief warrior of Troy lifts beauty competition to find out who is the fairest his helmet and reveals a loving father underneath it. instigates the ensuing battle between the Trojans and the Greeks. ○ Hera The End of Book VI ○ Athena ○ Aphrodite Before Hector returns to the battlefield, he visits his How are the gods portrayed in Iliad? wife, Andromache, and his infant son, Astyanax. The gods and goddesses in The Iliad seem more Andromache begs her husband not to return, but likely squabbling, petty, and vain siblings more than Hector insists that he cannot escape his fate, heavenly royalty. whatever it may be. Their argument over who is fairest leads to utter After kissing his son, who was initially scared by his chaos and war for the mortals whose lives they father’s helmet crest, Hector departs. influence. Andromache, convinced that he will not survive, In Book 1 of The Iliad, the gods & goddesses play begins to mourn him. significant roles in shaping the events of the moral world, Hector and Paris meet on the former’s way out of the especially influencing the conflict between the Greeks and city and the brothers prepare to rejoin the battle. the Trojans. Gods and Goddesses: ○ Apollo Book VIII: What Zeus Did ○ Athena ○ Thetis Zeus forbade other gods from interfering in the war. ○ Zeus Zeus went to the mountains of Ida near Troy to take ○ Hera command by weighing the fate on his scales and the The gods and goddesses in The Iliad act as powerful Achaians lost. beings who intervene in human affairs, often based Zeus drives the Achaians back with his thunderbolts. on personal grudges or alliances. Zeus answers the prayer by Agamemnon which They influence the actions of moral characters, but allows his men to live by sending a sign of assent (an their involvement also reflects the themes of fate, eagle, with a fawn gripped in its talons). power, and divine will in the epic. Zeus sends Iris to warn Hera and Athena not to interfere by telling them Hector will rampage until Achilles returns to battle. Book VI: The Conflict Book VI shows many forms of conflict; Book VIII: The Ultimate Results of the Battle Cruelty and Mercy Menelaus considers a ransom for a Trojan he The Trojans gained the upper hand over the subdued named Adrestus. Achaeans. Agamemnon instead persuades Menelaus to kill him Under the leadership of Hector, The Trojans drive the instead. Achaeans back towards their fortifications, all the way Barbarity and Honor to their ships. While the Trojans retreat, Diomedes and Glaukos This shift of momentum is largely due to Zeus’ step into personal combat during a short lull in intervention, as he tips the scales of battle in favor of fighting. the Trojans and forbids the other gods from While explaining their individual ancestry, they interfering. realized that there were once ties of friendship The Trojans are confident in their success. between their grandfathers. Hector, in particular, is encouraged and camps his Thus, according to the heroic code, they must troops near the Greek fortification. maintain these same bonds of friendship. Nightfall has saved the Greeks for now, but Hector Hedonism and Duty believes that the next day will bring the destruction of As Hector returns to Troy, he visits his brother Paris. the Greek ships and their final victory. The latter claimed he has been too grief-stricken to fight, yet has been at home with Helen and her handmaidens. Book IX: Why Achilles was mad and why he refuses to This angers Hector as he rebukes his own brother for fight his irresponsibility. This directly opposes Hector’s own diligence and loyalty to Troy. Disrespect from Agamemnon Peace and War Agamemnon, the Greek commander-in-chief has One Hector returns to Troy, he meets the wives of the taken Achilles’ prized war captive, Briseis, as a prize. Trojan warriors. This act is seen as a personal insult and a violation of the warrior code. RP | 8 WORLD LITERATURE BS PSYCH | REVIEWER | PRELIMS Lack of Recognition Achaians Achilles feels that his contributions to the Greek Thetis cause have not been adequately acknowledged or Mother of Achilles rewarded. Goddess of the sea He believes he is the greatest warrior among the Staunch advocate of her son in his quarrel with Greeks and deserves greater respect. Agamemnon Frustration with the War Paris The prolonged war has taken a toll on Achilles. Prince of Troy He is weary of the fighting and the constant threat to Son of Priam and Hekuba; husband of Helen his life. His reputation is that of a “pretty boy” Menelaus Main Reasons why Achilles refuses to fight King of Sparta Brother of Agamemnon, husband of Helen 1. Achilles refused to fight again after the death of Kicked off the Trojan War Patroclus. Helen 1.1. His closest friend and confidant, Patroclus One of the Iliad’s most interesting characters was killed in the battle by Hector, the Trojan Is notable for her conflicted attitude toward her prince. Achaian origins and her new home in Troy 1.2. This loss deeply affected Achilles, filling him Originally married to Menelaus, she ran away to Troy with immense grief and anger. with paris and became his wife 2. Loss of the meaning of war In the eyes of most Trojans, Helen means nothing but 2.1. After he avenges the death of Patroclus by trouble as she’s considered as self-centered killing Hector, Achilles realizes the futility of war. 2.2. He saw that war was an endless cycle of PREPARED AND ARRANGED BY: violence and destruction, and he wanted no part of it. _____________________________________ Achilles’ refusal to fight is a direct consequence of his Renz P. Parado anger. He believes that Agamemnon’s insult has dishonored PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OLFU-QC, him, and he refuses to return to battle until he EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE receives proper restitution. His withdrawal from the fighting has a significant CHECKED BY: impact on the Greek army, as they struggle to hold off the Torjans without his leadership and fighting prowess. _____________________________________ Nicole P. Hernandez Key Characters of The Iliad PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OLFU-QC, Achilles HEAD OF EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE The central character of the Iliad Son of Thetis and Peleus Greatest warrior in the Achaean Army Extremely emotionally volatile and full of pride ______________________________________ Chief Virtue: A Fighter Lian Jill Magallanes Hector One of the most noble characters in the Iliad PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OLFU-QC, Prince of Troy OFFICER-IN-CHARGE OF EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE Son of Priam and Hekuba Greatest of the Trojan Warriors Commander of all the Trojan and allied forces Note: This reviewer is exclusively for the students of the Family-oriented and duty-bound Psychology Department at OLFU-QC. Kindly refrain from Zeus sharing this material outside the program or the university, as it The supreme god and King of Olympus Carried out the will of destiny constitutes our intellectual property. Thank you. Agamemnon Commander-in-Chief of the expedition against Troy Disclaimer: We disclaim any responsibility if the content of The well-meaning but irresolute King of Mycenae this reviewer does not appear in the actual exam. Please refer Chief Virtue: being a King to your professor’s materials, such as textbooks or Hera presentation slides, for further information. Goddess of women and childbirth Most fanatical of all the Olympian supporters of the RP | 9