EMR Complete: A Worktext - Anatomy and Physiology PDF

If this PowerPoint presentation contains mathematical equations, you may need to check that your computer has the following installed: 1) Math Type Plugin 2) Math Player (free versions available) 3) NVDA Reader (free versions available) 1 Planning Your Time Plan 90 minutes for this chapter as follow...

If this PowerPoint presentation contains mathematical equations, you may need to check that your computer has the following installed: 1) Math Type Plugin 2) Math Player (free versions available) 3) NVDA Reader (free versions available) 1 Planning Your Time Plan 90 minutes for this chapter as follows: The Human Body (70 minutes) Life Support Chain (20 minutes) Note: The total teaching time recommended is offered as a guideline only. Talking Points As an EMR, a basic understanding of anatomy and physiology will help you better understand the effects of illness and injury on a patient, provide appropriate emergency care, and communicate clearly with other health care providers. Teaching Time 70 minutes Teaching Tips Anatomy and physiology is an enormous topic. Be disciplined in the level of content. Use take-home work, research projects, and small-group exercises to add content beyond the designated lecture time. This topic lends itself well to multimedia presentation. Use graphics, models, and illustrations to enhance your lesson. Relate this topic to real-life situations. Use “war stories” to simplify complicated physiology. Points to Emphasize Study of anatomy and physiology is a first step toward understanding the structure and functions of the body. Understanding the structure and function of specific organs and how the larger body systems operate leads to an understanding of how the body works overall. Reviewing the major body systems provides a sound foundation for assessment and treatment. Class Activities Divide the class into small groups. Assign each group a major body system to research. Ask each group to report on its system to the class. Using household items (bags, funnels, tubing, rubber bands, and so on), have small groups design models of a body system. Have them present and explain their system’s structure and functions. Assign a knowledge search. Require each student to research and find one fact about a particular body system that is not presented in the text. Long Description: The cheek muscle is masseter. The muscle at the neck region is a sternocleidomastoid. The muscle at the shoulder region is deltoid. The muscle at the chest region is pectoralis major. The muscle at the arms region is the biceps. The muscle at the side of the arms is the triceps. The muscle at the abdomen region is the rectus abdominis. The muscle at the side of the abdomen region is external oblique. The muscle below the hip region is Sartorius. The muscle on the genital region is an adductor femoris. The muscle on the thigh region is the quadriceps femoris. The muscle above the knee region is the vastus medialis. The muscle on the side of the leg is gastrocnemius. The muscle below the knee is a tibialis anterior. 5 Talking Points Anatomy is the study of structure and can be divided into three general types: –Topographic anatomy—External surfaces and the shape of the body given by underlying structures –Gross anatomy—Structures visible to the naked eye that are within the body such as muscles, bones, organs, and so on –Microscopic anatomy—Structures that are visible only through a microscope such as blood and tissue cells Physiology is the study of function or how the body works. The purpose of physiology is for the body to maintain a state of normal working order. When all of the body systems are working in balance, we call it homeostasis. For example, if a patient loses a large amount of blood, the body attempts to compensate for the blood loss in order to maintain homeostasis. Anatomy and physiology are interrelated. A general knowledge of the structures of the body along with a general knowledge of what each body system does will assist you in determining what is wrong with your patient. Talking Points Just as a building has studs and trusses to support it and give it shape, the body has the skeletal system to provide support. The skeleton also provides protection to internal organs. For instance, the cranium protects the brain from injury. Bones of the skeleton consist of living and nonliving materials. Living tissue has a blood and nerve supply, and nonliving materials do not. Bone marrow, which is located inside of the bone, produces red blood cells for the body. The adult skeleton has 206 bones; the pediatric skeleton has fewer bones because some bones are not yet formed. Bones must be: –Strong enough to support the body and protect the organs –Flexible enough to respond to stress and pressure –Jointed to allow for movement Bones are connected to one another by ligaments. Long Description: The bone on the head is a skull. The bone in the mouth region is the maxilla and mandible. The bone on the neck is a cervical vertebrae. The ones on the chest are the ribs, and the central region is a sternum. The spine on the thorax region is thoracic vertebrae T 11, and in the abdomen is lumbar vertebrae L 4. The shoulder joint is a scapula. The bone in the arms is a humerus. The bone in the forearms is ulna and radius. The hip bone is the ilium and sacrum. The buttock bone is a coccyx. The wrist bone is carpals. The finger bone is phalanges, and the palm bone is metacarpals. The thigh bone is a femur. The knee bone is a patella. The leg bone is a tibia and fibula. The foot bone is tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. The ischium is the lower and back part of the hip bone. Pubis and coccyx bones are present in the pelvic region. 7 Talking Point We will discuss each of the major components of the skeletal system. Talking Points Skull consists of many bones that form the cranium and face. Cranium consists of fused bones (recall that the infant has fontanels that fuse as the child ages) that form a vault to house and protect the brain. Face consists of several bones that are fused together to form the eye sockets, nasal cavity, cheeks, and upper jaw. The lower jaw is a separate bone called the mandible. Talking Points The spinal column consists of 33 individual bones called vertebra. The spinal column is divided into 5 distinct sections: Cervical spine—Seven vertebrae that support the head and neck Thoracic spine—12 vertebrae that form the upper back Lumbar spine—Five vertebrae that form the lower back Sacrum—Five fused bones that form the posterior pelvic girdle Coccyx—Four fused vertebrae; also known as the tailbone Long Description: The bone on the head is a skull. The bone in the mouth region is the maxilla and mandible. The bone on the neck is a cervical vertebrae. The ones on the chest are the ribs, and the central region is a sternum. The spine on the thorax region is thoracic vertebrae T 11, and in the abdomen is lumbar vertebrae L 4. The shoulder joint is a scapula. The bone in the arms is a humerus. The bone in the forearms is ulna and radius. The hip bone is the ilium and sacrum. The pelvic bones include pubis and ischium. The buttock bone is a coccyx. The wrist bone is carpals. The finger bone is phalanges, and the palm bone is metacarpals. The thigh bone is a femur. The knee bone is a patella. The leg bone is a tibia and fibula. The foot bone is tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. 10 Talking Points Thorax, also called the rib cage, consists of 12 pairs of ribs that attach either directly or indirectly to the sternum or breastbone. Two pairs of ribs are attached to the spinal column but not to the sternum; they are called floating ribs. The xiphoid process is a piece of cartilage that is located at the end of the sternum. You may recall this from your CPR class. Critical Thinking Discussion What do you think the main purpose of the rib cage is? What do you think the purpose of the two floating ribs is? Talking Points Pelvic girdle, also called the pelvis, consists of three bones called the ilium, ischium, and pubis. –Iliac crests (superior portion of the ilium) form the “wings” of your hips. –Ischium forms two loops of the inferior pelvis. –Pubis is the anterior portion of the pelvis. The pelvic girdle is the point of attachment for the lower extremities. Critical Thinking Discussion What do you think the functions of the pelvic girdle are? Long Description: The bone on the head is a skull. The bone in the mouth region is the maxilla and mandible. The bone on the neck is a cervical vertebrae. The ones on the chest are the ribs, and the central region is a sternum. The spine on the thorax region is thoracic vertebrae T 11, and in the abdomen is lumbar vertebrae L 4. The shoulder joint is a scapula. The bone in the arms is a humerus. The bone in the forearms is ulna and radius. The hip bone is the ilium and sacrum. The pelvic bones include pubis and ischium. The buttock bone is a coccyx. The wrist bone is carpals. The finger bone is phalanges, and the palm bone is metacarpals. The thigh bone is a femur. The knee bone is a patella. The leg bone is a tibia and fibula. The foot bone is tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. 12 Talking Points Shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle, also called the collar bone, and the scapula, also called the shoulder blade. Shoulder girdle is the point of attachment of the upper extremities. Shoulder girdle allows for a circular movement of the upper extremities. Talking Points The upper extremities consist of the upper and lower arm, the wrist, and the bones of the hands. Upper arm bone is the humerus and extends from the shoulder girdle to the elbow. Elbow is a joint that is formed by the distal end of the humerus and the proximal end of the radius. Lower arms consist of two bones, the radius and the ulna. The radius is on the thumb or lateral side of the lower arm, and the ulna is on the medial side. The radius and ulna extend from the elbow to the wrist. Wrist is a joint that is formed by the distal ends of the radius and ulna and bones of the hand. Hands consist of carpals, metacarpal bones, and phalanges (bones of the fingers). Long Description: The bone on the head is a skull. The bone in the mouth region is the maxilla and mandible. The bone on the neck is a cervical vertebrae. The ones on the chest are the ribs, and the central region is a sternum. The spine on the thorax region is thoracic vertebrae T 11, and in the abdomen is lumbar vertebrae L 4. The shoulder joint is a scapula. The bone in the arms is a humerus. The bone in the forearms is ulna and radius. The hip bone is the ilium and sacrum. The pelvic bones include pubis and ischium. The buttock bone is a coccyx. The wrist bone is carpals. The finger bone is phalanges, and the palm bone is metacarpals. The thigh bone is a femur. The knee bone is a patella. The leg bone is a tibia and fibula. The foot bone is tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. 14 Talking Points The lower extremities consist of the bones of the upper leg, lower leg, ankle, and foot. Femur, also called the thigh bone, is the large bone of the upper leg. It joins with the pelvic girdle at the proximal end and extends to the knee. Knee is a joint formed by the distal end of the femur and the tibia. The knee is protected by the patella, or knee cap. Tibia and fibula make up the lower leg. The shin bone is called the tibia, and the fibula is the other bone in the lower leg. These bones extend from the knee to the ankle. Ankle is a joint at the distal ends of the tibia and fibula and bones of the foot. Foot consists of tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges (toes). Long Description: The bone on the head is a skull. The bone in the mouth region is the maxilla and mandible. The bone on the neck is a cervical vertebrae. The ones on the chest are the ribs, and the central region is a sternum. The spine on the thorax region is thoracic vertebrae T 11, and in the abdomen is lumbar vertebrae L 4. The shoulder joint is a scapula. The bone in the arms is a humerus. The bone in the forearms is ulna and radius. The hip bone is the ilium and sacrum. The pelvic bones include pubis and ischium. The buttock bone is a coccyx. The wrist bone is carpals. The finger bone is phalanges, and the palm bone is metacarpals. The thigh bone is a femur. The knee bone is a patella. The leg bone is a tibia and fibula. The foot bone is tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. 15 Talking Points A joint is where two or more bones meet. Joints allow for movement of bones and have three categories. Immovable—The bones of this type of joint are fused. Examples include the skull and sacrum. Slightly movable—Bones of these joints allow for limited movement. An example includes the vertebrae that make up the spine. Freely movable—Bones of this type of joint allow for a great range of motion. Types of freely movable joints include: –Hinge joints—Knee, elbow, fingers, and toes –Ball and socket joints—Hip and shoulder –Gliding joints—Wrist and ankle –Saddle joints—Thumb Talking Points The muscular system works in conjunction with the skeletal system to provide support and movement of the body. Tendons attach the muscles to bones. These two systems are interdependent and are often referred to as the musculoskeletal system. There are 600 muscles in the body, and each has its own special purpose. Most muscles work in pairs: as one muscle contracts, the opposing muscle relaxes. Muscles are made up of bundles of fibers bundled together with an insulating cover. A nerve is attached to each muscle and causes the muscle to contract when stimulated. Long Description: The cheek muscle is masseter. The muscle at the neck region is a sternocleidomastoid. The muscle at the shoulder region is deltoid. The muscle at the chest region is pectoralis major. The muscle at the arms region is the biceps. The muscle at the side of the arms is the triceps. The muscle at the abdomen region is the rectus abdominis. The muscle at the side of the abdomen region is external oblique. The muscle below the hip region is Sartorius. The muscle on the genital region is an adductor femoris. The muscle on the thigh region is the quadriceps femoris. The muscle above the knee region is the vastus medialis. The muscle on the side of the leg is gastrocnemius. The muscle below the knee is a tibialis anterior. Talking Points The three types of muscle in the body are: Voluntary muscle, also called striated or skeletal muscle, is under voluntary control. It is attached to bones and when contracted provides movement. Your brain sends impulses through the nervous system that stimulates the nerves in muscle, causing it to contract. Involuntary muscle, also called smooth muscle, is under involuntary control. Unlike voluntary muscle, we have little to no control over this type of muscle. This type of muscle is smooth in appearance and can be found in the airways of the respiratory system, the digestive tract, and the blood vessels. This type of muscle is stimulated to contract without our conscious thought. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and has special properties that allow it to generate its own stimulation in order to contract. Discussion Question How do the three types of muscles differ? Long Description: An inset from a shoulder shows the skeletal muscle. The skeletal muscle is a thin tube-like structure with small oval-shaped structures over the tube. An inset from the heart shows the cardiac muscle. The cardiac muscle is y shaped small thin, tube-like structures with small oval-shaped structures over the tube. An inset from a stomach shows the smooth muscle. The smooth muscle is a thin elongated oval-shaped structure with an oval-shaped structure at the center. 18 Talking Point The respiratory system is responsible for air entering and exiting the lungs, where the needed oxygen is exchanged with the body’s waste product carbon dioxide. Discussion Question With regard to the respiratory system, explain what is meant by, “The air goes in and out and the blood goes round and round.” Knowledge Application Assign a disorder (such as COPD) to each student. Have students research the disorder and then report on its relationship to the affected body system. How has the disorder interrupted the system’s function? Critical Thinking Discussion How might an injury to the cranium affect the respiratory system? Long Description: The respiratory system starts with the small tube from the neck, trachea. The two triangles lobed structure are lungs. The anterior region of the lungs is the apex of the lungs. The lungs have three regions: upper, middle, and lower lobe. The left side is the left lobe, and the right side is the right lobe. Between the lungs, the heart is present. Below the base of lungs, a diaphragm is present. 19 Talking Points The process of air entering and exiting the lungs and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood is called respiration. –Inspiration or inhalation occurs when air enters the body. –Expiration or exhalation is when air leaves the body. –One cycle of inspiration and expiration is counted as one respiration. The adult resting respiratory rate is 12–20 respirations per minute. Pharynx—Lies posterior to the oral cavity Larynx—At the superior end of the trachea and is commonly called the “voice box” Trachea—Commonly called the “wind pipe” and consists of C-shaped cartilage rings to keep it open Bronchi—Branch off of the trachea to form a right and left branch; branch off into smaller airways called bronchioles Alveoli—Tiny air sacs located at the most distal end of the respiratory system; site where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place Diaphragm—Major muscle of respiration; separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and moves air in and out of the lungs by contracting and changing air pressure in the lungs Talking Points Cardiovascular system consists of the heart and vessels of the body. The blood vessels carry blood from the heart to all of the tissues of the body where oxygen is delivered and carbon dioxide is picked up. Blood then runs back to the heart and lungs where carbon dioxide is eliminated and oxygen is picked up through respiration. The blood also carries components to help fight off infection and produce clotting. Heart consists of two superior chambers called atria and two inferior chambers called ventricles. Heart works as the right side of the heart receives blood from the body and contracts, moving the blood to the lungs. From the lungs the blood returns to the left side of the heart where it is moved to the body through contraction of the left side of the heart. Surface of the heart has coronary arteries, blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart’s muscle. If this circulation to the heart muscle is diminished, the patient experiences chest pain that may result in a heart attack. Critical Thinking Discussion How might an injury to the skeletal system affect the cardiovascular system? Long Description: The heart is a diagonal oval-shaped structure with four chambers. The first thick tube at the top from the body is a superior vena cava, the second tube is the aorta, the tube at the bottom in inferior vena cava and the tube to body is descending aorta. The blood from the body passes through a superior vena cava, and the blood to the body passes through an aorta. The muscle tissue of the heart is a myocardium. The right and left top chamber is the right and left atrium, respectively. The two small horizontal tubes on the top of the heart are the right and left pulmonary arteries that connect to the pulmonary valve. The two small tubes below the pulmonary artery are right and left pulmonary veins. The artery carries the blood to the lungs and the veins from the lungs. The lower two chambers of the heart are the right and left ventricles. The valve between the right atrium and ventricle is a tricuspid valve. The valve between the left atrium and ventricle is a mitral or bicuspid valve and is positioned above the aortic valve. The posterior end of the heart is an apex. The muscle between the chambers is an interventricular septum. 21 Talking Points Blood vessels are responsible for the transport of blood through the body. Arteries—Carry blood away from the heart and have thick muscular walls that allow them to constrict and dilate in response to the body’s circulation needs Arterioles—As arteries reach the tissues and become smaller, they are called arterioles Capillaries—Very thin blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products takes place Venules—Smaller veins that begin the transport of blood back toward the heart Veins—Larger vessels responsible for transporting blood back to the heart Most arteries carry oxygenated blood with the exception of the coronary arteries. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood with the exception of the pulmonary veins. Talking Points The blood is made up of several components, each with a specific role. Plasma—Yellowish liquid in which the blood cells are suspended Formed elements include: –Red blood cells—Carry oxygen to the cells –White blood cells—Fight infection –Platelets—Responsible for clotting of the blood Talking Points The nervous system receives, interprets, and responds to various stimuli by coordinating the activities of various organ systems. It consists of: Sensory nerves—Receive information from various receptors in the body Interpretive nerves—Interpret and analyze sensory input then determine a response Motor nerves—Carry out appropriate responses, such as the contraction of muscles Critical Thinking Discussion Describe the function of the nervous system as you put your hand on a very hot surface. Long Description: The nervous system consists of a brain in a cranial cavity. The thin tubes form nerves of the nervous system. The thin tube along the neck to shoulder is a brachial plexus. The nerves in the hand are axillary, ulnar, musculocutaneous, radial, and median nerves. The tube along the chest is a phrenic nerve. The central bone is the spinal cord. The tubes on the sides of the spinal cord in the abdomen region are lateral femoral cutaneous. The nerves in the leg regions are femoral, sciatic, common peroneal, tibial, superficial peroneal, saphenous, deep peroneal, and sural nerves at the bottom. An inset shows the major nerves of the shoulder. The three nerves at the top regions are the lateral cord, axillary, and musculocutaneous. The nerves at the bottom regions are radial, median, and ulnar. The posterior and medial cord is present in the underarms region. 24 Talking Points Central nervous system—Consists of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system—Consists of all nerves that transmit messages to and from the central nervous system Somatic nervous system—Voluntary nervous system responsible for all voluntary movement Autonomic nervous system—Involuntary nervous system responsible for all involuntary actions of the body; system has two divisions –Sympathetic nervous system—Excites the body –Parasympathetic nervous system—Slows the body Reflex—An impulse that travels straight from the body to the spinal cord, producing a response; example includes immediately jerking your hand away when touching a hot surface Talking Points The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, and nails. Skin provides a protective barrier from the environment. It is the first line of defense against infection and helps regulate body temperature. Skin has three layers: –Epidermis—Outermost layer of the skin –Dermis—Middle layer of the skin –Subcutaneous layer—Innermost layer mainly composed of fat Hair—Helps with protection and temperature regulation Nails—Help manipulate and pick up objects Discussion Question Describe the function of the integumentary system. Long Description: Talking Point The digestive system is responsible for processing food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating wastes. Knowledge Application Assign small groups the task of designing a body system assessment (acknowledging that you have not yet taught patient assessment). Reflect later on the differences. Long Description: The digestive system shows the tubular structure of the alimentary canal, a dome-shaped, nearly triangular-like lobes of the liver. A flat dumbbell-shaped structure covering the top of the liver and stomach; oval-shaped branch of the gallbladder; a sac-like structure of stomach; elongated tapered structure of pancreas behind the stomach; the stomach continue into a short tubular structure showing duodenum; highly coiled like the structure of small intestine and a tubular like the structure of large intestine covering all the sides of small intestine ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon ending in the tubular rectum which ends in the anus. The ascending colon ends in a sac-like structure of caecum ending in a thread-like structure showing the appendix. Talking Points The digestive system consists of a long tube called the alimentary canal and accessory organs of digestion. Two processes of digestion –Mechanical—Includes chewing food, swallowing, the rhythmic movement of food through the digestive tract called peristalsis, and the elimination of wastes or defecation. –Chemical—Includes the release of various chemicals throughout the digestive tract to assist in the breakdown of material and the absorption of nutrients Stomach—Once food is swallowed, it ends up in the stomach through the esophagus. Once in the stomach, material is churned with digestive chemicals. Material then moves into the small intestine where additional chemicals are added and further digestion and absorption occurs. Talking Points The urinary system is responsible for the filtration of blood and removal of excess water, salts, minerals, and other waste products. The urinary system also helps regulate blood pressure. Knowledge Application Pick two related body systems and assign small groups the task of explaining how they are related or how they work together. Long Description: The male urinary system shows an oval-shaped structure, a urinary bladder. The small bean-shaped structure below the bladder is a prostate gland. The small tube from the bladder passes through a prostate gland and reaches the penis is a urethra. The female urinary system shows the triangle-shaped structure, the urinary bladder. The elongated oval-shaped structure above the bladder is a uterus. The small thick tube from a uterus is the vagina. The small tube from the bladder is a urethra. Talking Points Kidneys—Serve as filters Ureters—Carry the urine and waste from the kidneys to the urinary bladder Urinary bladder— Receives urine and waste from the ureters and holds it until elimination Urethra—Carries the urine from the urinary bladder for elimination Talking Points The lymphatic/immune system helps defend the body against infection and disease and returns tissue fluids back to the bloodstream. Excess fluid from the tissues is collected in the lymphatic tissues, moved through the lymphatic ducts, and released back into the circulatory system. Lymph nodes filter the fluid where white cells help defend against infection. Tonsils are a pair of lymph nodes in the posterior oral cavity. Critical Thinking Discussion Why do lymph nodes become swollen? Talking Point The endocrine system helps regulate various body systems and processes through the release of hormones into the bloodstream. The endocrine system consists of a number of glands that release chemicals called hormones. Hormones help regulate various body systems and processes. They affect physical and mental abilities, reproduction, and behavior. Glands of the endocrine system include: –Hypothalamus –Pineal –Pituitary –Thyroid –Adrenal –Pancreas –Ovaries –Testes –Parathyroid –Thymus Critical Thinking Discussion What resources exist for increasing your knowledge of anatomy and physiology? Why might deeper knowledge be valuable? Talking Points The reproductive system is responsible for the development of specialized cells and structures designed to create and protect the fetus until birth. The male and female reproductive systems are very different. Male reproductive system consists of the following: –Two testicles that produce sperm –Two vas deferens that carry the sperm from the testes. –Accessory glands –Penis Long Description: The spherical-shaped structure shows the urinary bladder. The tube from the posterior region shows the triangle-shaped structure below the urinary bladder, prostate. At the back of the prostate, the small Elongated rodshaped structure shows the seminal vesicles. The small tube from the prostrate connects the large bend tube-like structure of the penis. The anterior region of the penis is the glans penis. The front side of the bladder shows the vas deferens. The elongated thin oval-shaped structure between the bladder and vas deferens is the public bone. The vas deferens reach the oval-shaped structure testicle at the back of the penis. The sac-like structure that holds the testicle in the scrotum. The small thin tube-like layer on the testicle shows the epididymis. 33 Talking Points Female reproductive system consists of the following: –Two ovaries that store the ovum, or eggs –Two fallopian tubes that carry the ovum to the uterus –Uterus, where the fetus develops –Vagina Long Description: The small oval-shaped structure shows the ovary. The anterior region of the ovary has the branched tube that leads to the thin tube down are the fallopian tube. The fallopian tube and the small thin tube from the ovary reach the uterus's long thick, slightly curved, rod-shaped structure. The uterus has a thin central tube with a W shape at the end shows the cervix. The end of the uterus shows the slanted vertical tube vagina that reaches the small horizontal tube labium minus. The right angle triangle-shaped structure below the uterus is the urinary bladder connected to the labium minus by the small vertical tube. The slanted oval-shaped structure below the bladder shows the public bone. At the anterior region of the labium minus the Cshaped structure below the public bone is the crus of the clitoris. 35